欧盟RoHS指令与电池指令解读

欧盟RoHS指令(关于电子电气设备中有害物质使用的限制)从2006年7月1日起开始实施。指令的主要内容有哪些?企业如何应对?怎样进行符合性评价?电池生产商还应执行哪些相关指令?上下游产品标准不一致时到底按哪个标准执行?根据中国电池工业协会7月5日北京会议精神,现对欧盟RoHS指令及与电池相关的环保指令作如下解读,并对其间的相互关系作了分析。     

电动自行车用电池的现状和展望

阀控铅酸蓄电池在电动自行车用电池中地位如何？还有多长生命期？是否会被锂离子蓄电池取代？电动自行车用阀控铅酸蓄电池又如何发展？这些是电动自行车业界普遍关心的问题,特别是生产电动自行车用阀控铅酸蓄电池的厂家。本文将介绍各种电动自行车电池的现状,以说明上述问题。     

Biomedical engineering: the career of choice

In the author's opinion, the biomedical engineer is ideally trained to work at the intersection of science, medicine, and mathematics to solve biological and medical problems, so that a university degree in biomedical engineering will prepare you for many professions. The following questions are explored: What do biomedical engineers do? How do biomedical engineers differ from other engineers? How much education does a biomedical engineer require? How can a high school education prepare me for studies in biomedical engineering? What types of university courses will prepare me to be a biomedical engineer? What kind of practical experience can I expect to gain while training? Where do I get more information?.     

产品绿色特性分析与评价模型研究

随着人们环境意识的提高和科学技术的发展,绿色产品的生产必将成为今后产品生产的主导方向。如何评估绿色产品成为制造者和消费者共同关注的问题。本文在总结分析的基础上,给出了较系统的绿色产品定义,分析了绿色产品的特点,并讨论了产品的绿色特性,最后在考虑设计需求和评价需求的基础上建立了绿色产品的评价模型。     

解读非激光光辐射安全的制造导则

IEC/TR 62471—2：2009非激光光辐射安全的制造导则作为IEC62471的一个垂直性的产品技术报告,主要是协助非激光类灯和灯系统制造商做出解释,作为应用危害等级信息的指南,本文主要内容是对该导则的一个解读。     

A survey of control systems education in the United States

In August of 1988 the Education Committee of the IEEE Control Systems Society sent out a questionnaire to 120 committee members on control systems education. A total of 28 responses were received from departments of electrical engineering in the United States. The responses received are discussed. The object of the survey was to answer some of the following questions: What fraction of the department faculty are in the control area? How many MS and PhD degrees were awarded for the academic year 1987-1988? How many BSEE programs require at least one course in control systems? What control topics are required in the BSEE degree program? What advanced mathematics is required at the undergraduate and graduate level? What text books are being used for various control courses?     

Are electric utilities aboard the ‘train to Ithaca’?

Increasing competition for electric utilities, including distributed generation in the form of renewables, such as wind and solar has given rise to a paradigm shift in the industry that poses complex questions. How should the carrier-of-last resort obligation be administered? What form of price restructuring is required? The telecommunications industry traversed a similar path. The lessons from that experience suggest that regulation changes markedly slower than technology. This inertia poses a considerable risk for the utilities.     

Computer Animation-An Exciting New Tool for Educators

A tutorial paper on computer animation is presented that answers the following questions. 1) What is computer animation and how did it begin? 2) Who is active in the area? 3) What is the present state of the art? 4) How is computer animation accomplished in a batch-processing environment? 5) What is the role of interactive graphics? 6) What are some of the special techniques that are being developed? 7) How does one get started? In addition, extensive bibliographies on computer animation publications and films are included.     

Engineering and the law-how is an anesthesia machine like alawnmower? The problem of the learned intermediary

This article is the first in a series about the dilemmas posed by products-liability law. The authors point out that manufacturers of complex medical devices may have an unrealistic expectation about user expertise, the lack of which often causes injury to patients, thereby leading to litigation over the devices. The learned-intermediary problem arises when engineers and lawyers disagree over whether a device is designed for a sophisticated rather than unsophisticated user. The authors discuss why the law assumes that anesthesia machines are like lawnmowers, which are usually operated by untrained users, rather than airplanes. However, they argue that anesthesia machines, being complicated to understand as well as dangerous, are much more like airplanes. They conclude that medical-device manufacturers must develop strategies to assure that legally risky devices are restricted to competent users; otherwise, innovation will suffer and legal costs will destroy the competitiveness of the US medical device manufacturers.     

Product liability and the plant engineer: an introduction

The influence of jury verdicts in product liability lawsuits on both manufacturers and suppliers of a wide range of products is growing. Since this influence cannot be ignored, it should be consciously incorporated in as another design input. The major theories of product liability recovery are introduced, along with some suggestions on how to address certain of the concerns raised     

智能低压电器最新发展方向

现场总线等大量的新技术被嵌入到低压电器产品中,这些新技术将引领低压电器今后一段时期的发展潮流.     

The OSHA Hazard Communication Standards impact on cables

Since regulators have begun to consider acetophenone as toxic or hazardous, manufacturers and users of products containing this chemical must review its impact on their compliance programs, particularly the Hazard Communication Standard. Electrical wire and cable containing acetophenone can no longer be considered an “Article” exempt from the Hazard Communication Standard. Therefore, manufacturers of electrical wire and cable must now issue material safety data sheets (MSDSs) for any wire and cable product containing acetophenone in order to comply which federal regulations. Electrical distributors, who are subject to OSHA requirements, must add the MSDSs for these products into their existing Hazard Communication Program or institute such a program. The electrical distributors must also provide copies of the Manufacturer's MSDSs to the end user as required under the law. Industrial and commercial users of these wire and cable produces must add the MSDSs for these products into their Hazard Communication Programs at each facility. They must also provide the MSDSs with scrap or obsolete wire and cable sent to metal reclaimers     

Eliminating barriers to the telecommunications revolution

The author asks the question: why have convergence and telecommunications not “taken off“ as some of us had anticipated? The reason is that three inhibitors block the arrival of the age of convergence and one of these is the lingering presence of a web of cross subsidy that fosters economic and emotional barriers to marketplace entrants with new technologies. The author discusses various questions concerning this cross subsidy: what is the approximate size of the residual cross subsidy that still flows from other services to local residential service? How might this cross subsidy affect the dynamics of technological evolution? What, if anything, might stemming the flow of the most egregious elements of the cross subsidy imply?     

过程控制决定高压XLPE绝缘电力电缆产品质量

通过对国内17家110 kV高压交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘电力电缆生产企业28条交联电缆生产线生产制造过程的质量控制情况进行调研分析,发现了一些问题并提出一些建议,希望能为各生产企业提供借鉴,加强生产过程质量控制,提高产品质量,为用户提供优质产品。     

The global HazLoc impact of the IECEx scheme

The IECEx scheme is an international certification scheme intended to facilitate global trade in electrical equipment for use in hazardous (classified) locations. Such hazardous locations are also commonly referred to as explosive atmospheres, with the equipment for use in such locations or atmospheres commonly referred to as HazLoc equipment or Ex equipment. The scheme provides a structured system to achieve global acceptance for explosion-protected equipment designed for hazardous locations. Scheme members declare that they will abolish national differences for product requirements in their countries during the coming years. This international scheme will greatly impact the free trade explosion-protected apparatus needed for the petrochemical and chemical industry if the scheme members recognize and accept harmonized worldwide International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. The goal is to develop and maintain uniform product evaluation to protect users against products that are not compliant with the required level of safety. Markers for trade in explosion-protected apparatus are growing as a result of global market integration and industry mergers across national and regional boundaries. The abolition of differences in the relevant national standards is especially important for products used in hazardous locations. Furthermore, relationships between conformity assessment bodies, such as testing agencies, can help accelerate the merging of markets     

Distribution reliability: what is it?

Distribution reliability is a topic that has received attention because distribution reliability performance directly affects customers. In this age of fierce competition, everyone wants to have their company in the top quartile of utilities in terms of distribution reliability performance. The key to reaching the top quartile is understanding distribution reliability; answering the following questions will aid in that endeavor. What is distribution reliability? How is it defined? What factors affect it? Why are consumer hours important? Why are investor-owned utilities using other measures, and what are the measures? How does reliability impact cost decisions? Practical ways to improve reliability. This article answers the outlined questions to help REAs and municipals understand the approach that investor-owned utilities are taking to reliability. It may also help them formulate new distribution planning and operations techniques based on distribution reliability. There are three main reasons to calculate and track distribution reliability. They are: system design to minimize the effect on the system for the failure of any given component; modification of environmental parameters to minimize their effect on the distribution system; and assessment of the impact of distribution reliability on cost to the utility and the customers     

电力工业控制系统信息安全测评体系研究

工业控制系统广泛应用于社会生产活动中,其安全性直接关系到国家安全和社会稳定。文章分析了电力工业控制系统面临的安全威胁和安全防护现状,提出了一个由实验验证环境、产品检测能力和安全服务能力等3部分组成的电力工控系统信息安全测评体系框架,并探讨了体系的建设方案。通过测评体系的建设可进行测评标准规范的研究和工具研发,为工控产品生产商提供产品安全检测服务,为电力企业在运工控系统提供常态化信息安全服务。     

基于电气安全的LED灯具产品开发模型

从传统LED灯具产品开发的弊端出发,提出了基于电气安全的LED灯具产品开发模型。结合LED灯具产品欧盟安全标准,从产品决策、设计、制造和使用维护4个阶段,详细阐述了电气安全的设计要求及测试。结合国内LED灯具企业的应用实例,取得了满意的效果。     

Risk analysis methodology applied to industrial machine development

This paper will explore applied risk analysis techniques used during the development and application of industrial machines. The method discussed is used to help define the hazard to be addressed, apply a quantitative value to the hazard, evaluate the applied quantitative value with consistent benchmarks, record the mitigating next steps or record that the estimated residual risk is below the established benchmark and that the process is complete. The method will include hazards identified from the machine design and those that occur from the mitigating methods. This paper, while identifying some resources, does not address generic risk analysis technology.     

Engineering and the law. The Supreme Court rules on medical deviceliability-or does it?

In previous articles the author has discussed the evolution of federal preemption for state products-liability claims against medical-device manufacturers. This is a controversial approach, and federal district and appeals courts have made opposing rulings on cases that are legally identical. Some courts have refused to allow any products-liability claims for devices, some have limited claims against only some devices, and some courts refused to limit claims in any cases. The United States Supreme Court has now reviewed this law to resolve the conflicts between the lower courts. The Court rendered its decision in Medtronic, Inc., v. Lora Lohr, 116 S.Ct. 2240, June 26, 1996. The Court did not find preemption in the case it reviewed, but neither did it clearly eliminate the chance of preemption in other cases. Ruling in a split decision, it assured that confusion will still reign