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1.
Radar cross sections of dielectric or plasma coated conducting spheres and circular cylinders 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Radar cross sections for a variety of spherical and cylindrical scatterers having homogeneous dielectric or plasma shells are obtained by using both the exact boundary value solutions and approximate, semi-empirical methods based on physical principles. The plasma is assumed to have the macroscopic properties of a lossless dielectric with a permittivity less than that of free space. A superposition approximation for the radar cross section of a dielectric coated conducting body is obtained by considering the scattered field to be the phasor sum of two principal components, the field scattered by the air-dielectric interface and the field scattered by an equivalent conducting body which differs from the actual body because of the lens action of the shell. This approximation yields very good agreement with the exact solutions for both spherical and cylindrical dielectric clad scatterers with radii in the Rayleigh region and in the resonant region, and for bistatic scattering as well as for backscatter. The echo area of a conducting sphere with nonconcentric spherical dielectric shell calculated by means of the superposition approximation is in excellent agreement with experimental measurements, thus demonstrating the validity of this method in a case for which the exact solution cannot be obtained. 相似文献
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Free W. Cain F. Ryan C. Jr. Burns C. Turner E. 《Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on》1974,22(4):582-584
The results of a study to develop a high temperature dielectric lens antenna for use in the microwave frequency range are presented. The design and fabrication of spherical and hemispherical constant-index lenses are described. Radiation patterns, gain, polarization, and VSWR characteristics of spherical and hemispherical constant-index dielectric lens antennas over the frequency range from 2 to 11 GHz are presented. The results from high-power testing of both spherical and hemispherical constant-index lenses at a 2 kW average power level indicate that this power level causes no degradation in the performance of the lenses. 相似文献
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该文提出了一种适用于微波通讯系统的超宽带(UWB)高增益透镜喇叭天线。该天线由一个E面喇叭天线,一个球面介质透镜和双楔形金属脊构成,并由同轴线馈电及采用HFSS软件仿真。仿真结果表明,双楔形金属脊可有效增加喇叭天线的带宽,有效频率带宽达到2~12 GHz。当仅使用双金属脊来改善喇叭天线的性能时,喇叭天线的增益会下降。文中使用一种球面介质透镜来补偿双金属脊对喇叭天线增益的负面影响。仿真结果表明,该透镜可有效提高喇叭天线在工作频带内的增益。采用透镜和金属脊结构后,该喇叭天线拥有超宽带,高增益和较强的定向辐射性能,可以应用于各类通信系统中。 相似文献
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Yamane T. Nishikata A. Shimizu Y. 《Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE Transactions on》2000,42(4):441-448
The resonance suppression for the electromagnetic shielding enclosure is theoretically investigated. A simple model of a double-layered spherical shell with a plane-wave illumination is assumed. When a spherical shell made of conductive dielectrics is covered with a thin metal layer, the conductivity of the dielectrics has an optimum value which minimizes the Q-factor at the fundamental resonant frequency. The optimum conductivity is shown to be a function of the resonant frequency and the thickness of the dielectric layer. The improvement of the shielding effectiveness by introducing the optimum conductivity is shown 相似文献
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An iteration technique is applied to the design of a bifocal dielectric lens antenna. A bifocal lens has two conjugate off-axis focal points and offers good off-axis scanning performance. A computer model was developed to aid in the design analysis and far-field performance evaluation of a bifocal lens. The computer simulation results demonstrate that the bifocal dielectric lens can provide a higher-gain radiation pattern for multibeam antenna (MBA) applications over a large field-of-view. The computer study also indicates that the quadratic phase error can be significantly reduced by constraining the feed along an optimized focal arc 相似文献
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Wait has calculated the impedance seen by a small circular loop of wire placed in an insulating spherical cavity in an infinite homogeneous conducting dielectric. The same technique may be used to compute the impedance of a loop inside a spherical shell. Attention is focused on the change in impedance of an electrically small wire loop when it is placed inside a spherical shell of lossy dielectric material whose radius is small compared to the free-space wavelength. The self-impedance in the absence of the shell can be calculated separately. Simple formulas are developed for the case where the conduction currents in the shell dominate over displacement currents and the shell is thin compared to the skin depth. 相似文献
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The dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of the lens of the eye have been investigated throughout the frequency range from 0.5 to 200 Mc. The values obtained are frequency dependent. The frequency dependence is found consistent with the assumption of lens fiber membranes which are characterized by a membrane capacitance of very approximately 1?f/cm2. This is typical for biological membranes in general. Thus the existence of lens fiber membranes which are similar in molecular structure to the membranes of other biological cells is indicated. The dielectric data at very high frequencies are satisfactorily explained by the lens protein content. 相似文献
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Design optimization of radially nonuniform spherical lens antennas is the focus of this paper. In particular, special attention is given to the optimal design of nonuniform Luneburg (1964) lens antennas. One of the important engineering objectives of designing an optimal Luneburg lens antenna is to use as small number of shells as possible while maintaining an acceptable gain and sidelobe performance. In a typical radially uniform design, by reducing the number of shells, the gain is decreased and the grating lobes are increased. This deficiency in the radiation performance of the uniform lens antenna can be overcome by designing the nonuniform lens antenna. This necessitates the optimum selection of each layer thickness and permittivity. A genetic algorithm (GA) optimizer with adaptive cost function is implemented to obtain the optimal design. In this manner, the GA optimizer simultaneously determines the optimal material and its thickness for each shell by controlling the gain and sidelobes envelope of the radiation pattern. Various lens geometries, including air gaps and feed offset from the lens surface, are analyzed by using the dyadic Green's functions of the multilayered dielectric sphere. Many useful engineering design guidelines have been suggested for the optimum construction of the lens. The results have been satisfactory and demonstrate the utility of the GA/adaptive cost-function algorithm. Additionally, the radiation characteristics of a novel two-shell lens antenna have been studied, and its performance is compared to the Luneburg lens 相似文献
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H. Sakurai M. Ohki K. Motojima S. Kozaki 《Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves》2000,21(10):1639-1652
Focusing effect of the Luneberg lens for wide bandwidth is studied with emphasis on experiment. A model experiment was performed using a stepped index (six-layer) spherical lens. The total electric field amplitude along the propagation axis has the maximum value (focal point) on the surface of the lens. As the size parameter ka (k: wave number, a: radius of the sphere) is larger, the electric field amplitude at the focal point becomes larger. These results correspond with the power of convergence (focusing effect) by the Luneberg lens. The experimental values are in a good agreement with theoretical ones that are calculated using homogeneous multilayered approximate method. They are also in a good agreement with the results using exact solutions for the inhomogeneous dielectric sphere (the ideal Luneberg lens). Therefore, it is found that the six-layer spherical lens has the optimum variation of dielectric constants for the Luneberg lens and maintains focusing effect for wide bandwidth. 相似文献
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Kwok Kee Chan Rao S.K. Morin G.A. Tang M.Q. 《Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on》1997,45(8):1277-1285
A new method of analysis for the radiation characteristics of dielectric lens antennas with arbitrary inner and outer surfaces is presented. The analysis is based on representing the feed illumination by a contiguous set of ray tubes and including the effects of surface reflections and ray divergence. Radiation patterns and the antenna gain are then computed by evaluating the closed-form expressions developed for the Kirchhoff's integral of the aperture fields. The validity of the analysis method has been demonstrated by comparing the computations with measured results of two different spherical lenses and a shaped lens configurations. The analysis method presented takes into account some of the practical aspects associated with lens design such as surface zoning to reduce the mass and surface matching to minimize the reflection loss 相似文献
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《Microwave Theory and Techniques》2005,53(8):2622-2627
A new form of a Rotman lens is proposed for microwave/millimeter-wave applications such as a collision-avoidance radar. The proposed lens can be described as a dielectric slab fed by slot lines. The new form is expected to show lower loss and lower mutual coupling than the conventional Rotman lenses fabricated with conducting plates at millimeter-wave frequency. Taking the field distribution inside the dielectric slab into account, the$ TE_0$ mode was chosen to excite the dielectric slab lens. The dielectric Rotman lens consists of a dielectric slab, tapered slot structure, and the transitions between the antipodal slots and microstrip lines for subminiature A connectors. The conventional design equations have been modified for use in designing the dielectric slab Rotman lens with a high dielectric material. A prototype was implemented with nine beam ports and nine array ports. Measurements from 10 to 20 GHz show that mutual coupling can be lowered at higher frequency. The obtained efficiency of the dielectric slab lens system is approximately 30%. The efficiency of the lens is comparable to that of the conducting plate lenses even though there is a spillover loss from the dielectric slab. 相似文献
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针对含有多层薄层介质的电大尺寸多尺度问题计算的难点,提出了多层薄层介质的等效阻抗边界条件,该边界条件计入了薄层介质引起的电磁场幅度和相位的变化,可简化含多层薄层介质电磁结构的计算,解决多层天线罩薄层介质引起的剖分奇异化问题,实现多层天线罩对于天线性能影响的数值研究。 相似文献
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用矢量球面波理论和互易原理分析伦伯透镜天线 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
伦伯透镜是一种球形分层介质天线,考虑到数值计算的复杂性,本文提出用矢量球面波理论和互易原理相结合,分析其性能。该方法首先用矢量球面波理论计算平面波入射到多层介质球的散射场,在此基础上,用互易原理将散射场转变成天线的远区辐射场。基于这种方法,本文着重研究了伦伯透镜天线的焦区场和远区场特性,包括透镜分层总数以及层与层之间存在的空气间隙对实际应用可能造成的影响。最后,对卫星通信中伦伯透镜天线多波束应用的可行性给出了分析结果。 相似文献
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The radar cross section (RCS) has been derived by an approximate method for a thin dielectric plate and for thin spherical and conical dielectric shells. The computed results for a flat plate and a conical shell are compared with experimental patterns. The computed results for a conical shell are presented in the form of constant RCS contours on the aspect angle-frequency plane. 相似文献
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Jaeheung Kim Choon Sik Cho Barnes F.S. 《Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE》2005,15(5):348-350
A new form of a Rotman lens has been proposed for applications above 10 GHz, such as a collision avoidance radar. The proposed lens can be described as a dielectric slab fed by slot lines. The new form is expected to show lower loss and lower mutual coupling than the conventional Rotman lenses at higher frequency than 10 GHz. The prototype was implemented with nine beam ports and nine array ports. The measurements show that the mutual coupling can be lowered at higher frequency, and that the efficiency of the dielectric slab lens of about 30% can be obtained. We conclude that the dielectric lens is comparable to the conducting plate lens even though a spillover loss is presumed at frequency of the implementation. 相似文献
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Far-field patterns and Gaussian-beam coupling efficiencies are investigated for a double-slot antenna placed on hemispherical lenses with varying extension lengths. The radiation patterns of a double-slot antenna on a silicon dielectric lens are computed using ray-tracing inside the dielectric lens and electric and magnetic field integration on the spherical dielectric surface. The measured radiation patterns at 246 GHz and Gaussian-beam coupling efficiencies show good agreement with theory. The theoretical results are presented in terms of extension-length/radius and radius/λ, and therefore result in universal design curves for silicon lenses of different diameters and at different frequencies. The theoretical and experimental results indicate that for single units, there exists a wide range of extension lengths which result in high Gaussian-coupling efficiencies (50-60%) to moderately high f 's. These Gaussian-coupling efficiencies can be increased to 80-90°% with the use of a λm/4 matching-cap layer. For imaging array applications with high packing densities, an extension-length/radius of 0.38 to 0.39 (depending on frequency) will result in peak directivity and a corresponding Gaussian-coupling efficiency 15-20% lower than for single units 相似文献
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