Fourier correction for spatially variant collimator blurring in SPECT

In single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), projection data are acquired by rotating the photon detector around a patient, either in a circular orbit or in a noncircular orbit. The projection data of the desired spatial distribution of emission activity is blurred by the point-response function of the collimator that is used to define the range of directions of gamma-ray photons reaching the detector. The point-response function of the collimator is not spatially stationary, but depends on the distance from the collimator to the point. Conventional methods for deblurring collimator projection data are based on approximating the actual distance-dependent point-response function by a spatially invariant blurring function, so that deconvolution methods can be applied independently to the data at each angle of view. A method is described here for distance-dependent preprocessing of SPECT projection data prior to image reconstruction. Based on the special distance-dependent characteristics of the Fourier coefficients of the sinogram, a spatially variant inverse filter can be developed to process the projection data in all views simultaneously. The algorithm is first derived from Fourier analysis of the projection data from the circular orbit geometry. For circular orbit projection data, experimental results from both simulated data and real phantom data indicate the potential of this method. It is shown that the spatial filtering method can be extended to the projection data from the noncircular orbit geometry. Experiments on simulated projection data from an elliptical orbit demonstrate correction of the spatially variant blurring and distortion in the reconstructed image caused by the noncircular orbit geometry.     

全相位DFT数字滤波器的设计与实现

本文提出了全相位数据空间的概念,并基于DFT/IDFT滤波导出了一种新型的零相位滤波器——全相位DFT(APDFT)数字滤波器.本文给出了它的脉冲响应与相应的DFT滤波响应向量之间的正、反变换公式,证明了这种滤波器的一些重要性质.APDFT方法兼有窗函数法和频率采样法的优点,是一种设计FIR滤波器的新方法.理论分析和模拟实验证实,其总体性能优于传统方法.APDFT数字滤波器除可用通常的卷积结构实现外,也可用一种直接频域网络实现.本文给出了这种网络结构及其简化算法.这种网络具有实时自设计功能.它可以构成时变系统用于滤波器传递函数实时可变的场合,可以方便地集成为一个长度和频响均可编程的通用零相位数字滤波器,而且还可用于实现严格互补子带滤波.     

一种有源滤波器的电流检测算法

有源滤波器能够实现良好滤波效果的关键在于可以准确实时地补偿谐波电流,这一点在很大程度上主要依赖于电流检测算法。文中在滑窗迭代离散时间傅立叶变换（DFT）算法的基础上,提出了基于自适应有限脉冲响应（FIR）预测算法和滑窗迭代离散时间傅立叶变换（DFT）算法相结合的电流检测算法,进行了Matlab的仿真实验,从采样时间离散程度、电网滤波效果以及系统稳定性等方面与基于滑窗迭代的离散时间傅立叶变换（DFT）算法相比较,验证了新算法的可行性与有效性。     

Power converter line synchronization using a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based on a variable sample rate

Line synchronization of grid connected power converters is a well recognized problem when the grid is weak, or derives from a remote area power supply with poor frequency regulation. Such systems can suffer significant line voltage distortion due to notches caused by power device switching and/or low frequency harmonic content, which can easily corrupt the output of a conventional zero crossing detector. This paper presents a method of filtering the incoming grid voltage using a recursive discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The filter provides a high degree of noise immunity but does produce a phase shift between the incoming grid voltage and the filtered output voltage when the DFT time window does not match the grid period. Two methods of compensating this phase shift are presented, based on tracking the drift in the phase predicted by the recursive DFT. The first method makes a deadbeat adjustment to the time window (thereby changing the sampling rate) while the second approach calculates the phase error based on the linear phase response of the DFT. These compensation algorithms can correct for discrepancies of at least 25% between the DFT time window and the system period, and can track grid frequencies with slew rates as high as 40 Hz/s with negligible phase shift (<2/spl deg/) between the grid voltage input and the filtered output waveforms.     

高功率激光系统空间滤波的离焦容限分析

在惯性约束聚变高功率激光装置中,严重的低频波前畸变会引起空间滤波的小孔截断,降低光束质量。采用相位调制的离焦波前来分析不同程度的离焦对空间滤波过孔和输出光束质量的影响,得到了空间滤波器对波前离焦的容限。在这种模型下的计算结果表明,球面相位因子入射光聚焦光斑焦点位置的偏移距离与其曲率半径成反比,光束质量随着输入光束曲率半径的绝对值减小而降低。对于等焦距11.8m、小孔半径角200μrad的空间滤波器,临界频率处畸变波前的球面相位因子曲率半径绝对值不能小于3.5km。曲率半径为3km时,相位调制的空间频率小于1.57mm-1时光束质量会急剧下降。     

Design of 2D oversampled linear phase DFT modulated filter banks via modified Newton's method

In this paper, the structure of the 2D oversampled DFT modulated filter banks is analyzed and a spatial-domain condition of a filter bank without transfer function distortion is derived. Based upon the spatial-domain condition, a modified Newton's method is presented for fast design of 2D oversampled linear phase (LP) DFT modulated filter banks with nearly perfect reconstruction (NPR). We formulate the design problem into an unconstrained optimization with a fourth-order objective function, which is the weighted sum of the transfer function distortion of the filter bank and the stopband energy of the prototype filter (PF). The optimization is solved by the modified Newton's method, where each of iterations updates the PF by a set of linear equations. It is proved that the iteration process fast converges to a stationary point of the objective function. Compared with the existing methods, the new method is fast in computation and can design 2D filter banks with a large number of subbands.     

对FIR数字滤波器频域实现错误观点的讨论

关于FIR数字滤波器的频域实现存在一种错误的观点和做法,即直接在离散傅利叶变换域将输入信号属于阻带的谱线清零,而属于通带的谱线保留,再离散傅利叶反变换到时域,并且认为通过这种方法得到的信号是对输入信号理想滤波的结果.本文针对这一观点,利用频域取样的概念,从时域和频域两个角度分析,指出该做法并不能实现理想滤波,并且滤波性能通常不能达到指标要求.     

MSK-type signals in the presence of adjacent channel interferenceand white noise

In this letter, the problem of adjacent channel interference (ACI) caused by the close packing of constant envelope MSK-type users in a given frequency band is considered. An optimal receiver filter, based on the theory of matched filtering, is found, and it serves as an upper bound on the signal-to-interference ratio. The intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by the time response of the matched filter is eliminated by a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) which, however, degrades performance. It was found that the matched-filter upper bound allows about 3-15 dB more ACI than the performance of a classical correlation detector (for additive white Gaussian noise only), depending on the frequency separation between channels. The DFE performance is only a little bit worse than that of the matched filter     

A fast algorithm for FIR digital filtering with a sum-of-triangles weighting function

A doubly recursive algorithm for time domain convolution with a piecewise linear weighting function is presented that combines the speed of a recursive (IIR) digital filter with the flexibility and ease of design of a nonrecursive (FIR) digital filter. The approach approximates the desired FIR weighting function by a sum-of-triangles weighting function. ForL triangles (or triangle pairs for a linear phase filter) the algorithm is of orderLN. The approximation improves with the number of triangles. A significant advantage of the algorithm compared to FFT filtering or direct convolution is that there is no necessity of a tradeoff between frequency response accuracy and computation time per output point as the data spacing decreases in the filtered signal. The computational complexity is dependent on the number of triangles chosen, not the width of the weighting function, so the algorithm is especially effective for filters with an inherently wide FIR weighting function.     

一种基于飞行时间相机的点云目标提取方法

基于飞行时间(Time of Flight,TOF)原理的深度相机成像方法不同于二维图像来计算三维信息,而是通过光在空气中的飞行时间,来计算出目标的距离,从而直接获取场景目标的三维点云信息。本文通过研究基于飞行时间红外相机的三维重建技术,设计了一种基于飞行时间红外相机的点云目标提取方法。利用飞行时间相机直接获得场景的三维点云数据,提出一种双阈值空间滤波算法,对点云数据进行空间滤波,并对滤波效果进行了对比评价。在双阈值空间滤波算法的基础上提出了一种改进的基于法向量的随机抽样一致性(RANSAC)算法,实现了对三维点云数据的目标提取,为基于飞行时间相机的场景目标三维重建奠定了基础。     

Weighted backprojection approach to cone beam 3D projection reconstruction for truncated spherical detection geometry

A new analytical three-dimensional cone beam reconstruction algorithm is presented for truncated spherical detection geometry. The basic idea of the proposed algorithm is the formation of spatially invariant 3D blurred back-projected volumetric image by the use of the weighted backprojection of cone beam projection data and subsequent 3D filtering using an acceptance angle dependent rho filter. The backprojection weighting function is calculated on the basis of each given geometrical condition, i.e. detection geometry or degree of truncation, position of cone beam apex, and backprojection point. The proposed algorithm is derived analytically and is computationally efficient. Performance of the algorithm is evaluated by the reconstruction of 3D volumetric images using simulated data from arbitrarily truncated spherical detector geometries.     

数字图像模糊滤波盲取证算法

数字图像模糊滤波操作常用于美化润饰“伪造”图像.针对常用的均值滤波、空域高斯低通滤波与中值滤波,提出了一种能同时检测上述3种操作的盲取证算法.首先将高频残差作为特征提取域,然后分别基于二值局部模式LBP和自回归模型提取特征,最后使用支持向量机构造模糊滤波检测器.实验结果表明,所提算法能有效地检测模糊滤波操作,对抗JPEG压缩的鲁棒性能较好.     

A subband adaptive filter allowing maximally decimation

Conventional subband adaptive filters (ADF) using filter banks have shown degradation in performance because of the nonideal nature of filter banks. For this problem, the authors propose an alias free subband structure for adaptive filtering using polyphase frequency sampling filter (FSF) banks. As a preliminary, they make it clear that the conventional polyphase discrete Fourier transform (DFT) bank is equivalent to a class of the FSF bank. Then, they propose a new class of ADF using the FSF banks based on the frequency sampling theorem. As a result, the proposed technique enables subband adaptive filtering without the degradation effect of both the aliasing and cross terms, even if one chooses critical subsampling     

基于FPGA的通信信号数字滤波分离技术

以现代软件无线电信道化理论和FPGA技术为背景,围绕通信信号的数字滤波分离技术进行研究。提出了以离散傅里叶变换（DFT）实现滤波器组的数字信号滤波分离功能的方案。在具体实现DFT时,结合快速傅里叶变换（FFT）理论,以Verilog HDL语言为载体,结合现代FPGA工具--ModelSim软件,实现了高效DFT,并对其能否实现期望的功能进行了验证。     

通信对抗中的自适应滤波技术

自适应滤波是在维纳滤波和Kalman滤波等线性滤波基础上发展起来的一种最佳滤波方法,具有较强的适应性和较优的滤波性能。这里将自适应滤波技术应用于电子对抗领域,利用自适应滤波原理计算出一个数字滤波器,对各信道的增益失配与相移失配进行精确的通道均衡补偿;利用自适应滤波方法设计具有特定频率响应的FIR滤波器,可实现时域宽带波束形成技术,并实现了基于自适应滤波的同平台干扰抵消技术。     

Practical method to determine the filter shape function used in the three-dimensional Fourier filtering method

The procedure to determine the appropriate filter shape function used in the three-dimensional Fourier filtering method (3D-FFM) is discussed from a practical point of view, so as to reduce the artificial contrast induced by the processing and to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio. The effects of cutting off the high spatial frequency of the filter shape function and damping at low spatial frequency were investigated by using through-focus images of a gold (110) thin film. In addition, the effect of the width of the filtered area was discussed using through-focus images of a carbon nanotube. For reliable image processing, the filter shape function should be cut off beyond the information limit and attenuated with damping at low spatial frequency. Furthermore, the extraction area should include the distributed area of the relevant structural components appearing in the 3-D Fourier spectrum.     

快速傅立叶变换辅助设计数字低通滤波器

详尽讨论了快速傅立叶变换(FFT)应用于有限冲击响应(FIR)数字低通滤波器(DLPF)的设计和分析方法.应用FFT算法,将理想DLPF幅频特性转换到变换域,获得其变换域序列;设计窗函数对该序列开窗,获得FIR有限序列;应用快速傅立叶逆变换(IFFT)对其进行变换,获得相应窗函数可实现DLPF幅频特性.结果发现,FFT算法可获得与传统卷积算法相同的结果;不需要推算窗函数的频谱解析表达式;可以处理Kaiser窗等变换域解析式复杂、频域解析式难以精确求解的窗函数设计与分析.与传统的卷积分析法相比,FFT不仅算法简单、灵活,而且处理能力强,是分析FIR DLPF设计的有力工具.     

Fully three-dimensional reconstruction for a PET camera with retractable septa

A fully 3-D reconstruction algorithm has been developed to reconstruct data from a 16 ring PET camera (a Siemens/CTI 953B) with automatically retractable septa. The tomograph is able to acquire coincidences between any pair of detector rings and septa retraction increases the total system count rate by a factor of 7.8 (including scatter) and 4.7 (scatter subtracted) for a uniform, 20 cm diameter cylinder. The reconstruction algorithm is based on 3-D filtered backprojection, expressed in a form suitable for the multi-angle sinogram data. Sinograms which are not measured due to the truncated cylindrical geometry of the tomograph, but which are required for a spatially invariant response function, are obtained by forward projection. After filtering, the complete set of sinograms is backprojected into a 3-D volume of 128x128x31 voxels using a voxel-driven procedure. The algorithm has been validated with simulation, and tested with both phantom and clinical data from the 953B.     

全相位DFT数字滤波器的一种等价结构

本文根据[1]中提出的全相位DFT数字滤波器的理论,导出了一种新型的频域网络结构。对于相同长度和频率响应的滤波器,该结构与[1]中的方案滤波效果相同,但运算量只有[1]的一半,硬件实现简单。由于可以直接得到梯度向量,因此可应用于自适应滤波领域,实验证明,它比传统的频域自适应滤波器具有更好的性能。     

基于对数调频生物仿生波信号的军事雷达测距优化方法分析

研究军事雷达测距的仿生波形准确设计和优化问题,为了加强数调频仿生信号的时延分辨力。在传统的军事雷达生物仿生波信号测距方法的基础上引入对数调频对仿生波测距过程进行优化,给出了该仿生模型的处理过程,特别在滤波器组滤波过程中,运用一组Q值相同的对数调频信号,带宽呈Lyons Cochlear模型变化的FIR线性滤波器组实现。仿真结果表明在军事雷达测距中,采用该方法对接收到的回波信号进行处理分析,从目标检测曲线、距离估计方面与匹配滤波方法相比,准确性更高,性能更稳定。