合成工艺对氮化硅铁物相和结构的影响

以硅铁合金(FeSi75)为原料,分别采用闪速燃烧合成工艺和自蔓延高温合成工艺制备氮化硅铁样品,利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜对样品进行了表征,探讨了合成工艺对氮化硅铁物相和显微结构的影响。采用闪速燃烧工艺合成的氮化硅铁相组成为β-Si3N4,α-Si3N4,Fe3Si和少量SiO2;而采用自蔓延高温合成的氮化硅铁由β-Si3N4,α-Si3N4,Fe3Si和Si2N2O组成。闪速燃烧合成的氮化硅铁样品中存在大量长径比较高的柱状氮化硅晶体,Fe3Si位于柱状结晶所包裹材料的内部;自蔓延高温合成的氮化硅铁显微结构为致密的氮化硅块体,在块体表面覆盖有氧氮化硅膜,块体的间隙存在晶形细小的氮化硅晶体,含铁组分镶嵌在致密的块体中。闪速燃烧合成的氮化硅铁结构疏松,活性较强;自蔓延高温合成的氮化硅铁结构致密,性质稳定。     

铁元素在氮化硅铁中的存在状态

用化学分析、XRD，SEM，EDS等检测手段，首次对闪速燃烧工艺制备的新型合成原料——氮化硅铁(Fe-Si3N4)中铁元素的存在状态进行了研究。结果表明：以小于0．074mm的FeSi75颗粒为原料制备氮化硅铁时，FeSi75颗粒表面的硅原子氮化形成氮化硅包覆层，硅铁受热熔化；随着硅的持续氮化减少，铁含量相对增加，硅的氮化难度加大；最后，铁以Fe3Si和α-Fe两种形式保留下来，并且主要分布于氮化硅粉体颗粒的内部，并用热力学进行了分析。     

热力学相图计算技术在闪速燃烧合成氮化硅铁中的应用

将热力学相图计算技术应用于Si-Fe-O-N体系,以评估由FeSi75粉闪速燃烧合成氮化硅铁的条件和目标产物。结果表明:将闪速燃烧温度控制在1200～1500℃之间较为适宜,此时平衡态产物中除主要含有Si3N4以外,还有一定量的Fe与Si间化合物和少量稳定的SiO2存在。此计算结果与实际试验结果吻合良好。     

氮化硅铁在Al2O3-C体系中的高温行为

为了研究高温条件下Al2O3-C体系中氮化硅铁的状态,以闪速燃烧合成氮化硅铁、炭黑、刚玉粉为原料,将试样在高温炉中分别加热至1 450、1 500、1 600℃保温5 h,急速水冷后,对其进行XRD和显微结构分析。结果表明:1 450℃烧后试样的物相包含β-Si3N4、α-Si3N4、α-Al2O3和Fe3Si;1 500℃烧后试样的物相为β-Si3N4、SiC、α-Al2O3和Fe3Si;1 600℃烧后试样中Si3N4大部分转变为SiC,其他物相未发生变化。在升温过程中,氮化硅逐渐转化为碳化硅,材料结构致密。     

闪速燃烧合成氮化硅铁的氮化机理

以硅铁合金Fe Si75为原料,研究了闪速燃烧合成氮化硅铁的氮化机理。结果表明:在氮化过程中,首先是硅的活性氧化,硅被氧化生成气态Si O,使得体系氧分压降低,当氧分压p(O2)≤10–20 MPa(T=1 823 K)时,Si与N2(g)直接反应形成氮化硅,气态Si O最终与N2(g)发生反应生成氮化硅。硅铁合金Fe Si75中的Fe Si2与Fe0.42Si2.67没有促进氮化硅的形成,且与未参与氮化反应的硅反应形成Fe3Si。氮化硅铁的主要物相为氮化硅和Fe3Si,其中存在大量的柱状氮化硅,Fe3Si被柱状Si3N4包裹,呈孤立状态。     

埋碳条件下氮化硅铁-刚玉复合材料的反应机理

以热固型酚醛树脂为结合剂,在刚玉中分别引入质量分数为0、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%的氮化硅铁,制备出氮化硅铁-刚玉复合材料。结果表明:样品在埋碳气氛下于1 450℃保温24h处理后,常温耐压强度增加;添加氮化硅铁质量分数为15%的样品,耐压强度达到132MPa。氮化硅铁中部分Fe3Si转化成为Fe4N;热固酚醛树脂结合剂中部分残碳与氮气反应生成C3N4;氮化硅与刚玉发生固溶,生成Si5AlON7(Z=1)。氮化硅铁中的氮化硅与刚玉固溶形成Sialon。新形成的物相(Fe4N、C3N4和Si5AlON7)改善了样品的性能。     

新型氮化硅质耐火材料的制备与性能分析

以闪速燃烧法合成的不同粒度的氮化硅铁颗粒(w(Si)=48.76%,w(N)=30.65%,w(Fe)=14.15%,w(O)=2.2%,w(Al)=0.8%)作为骨料,以粒度≤0.088 mm的氮化硅铁粉和Si粉(w(Si)=98.22%,w(Al)=0.15%)作为细粉,经混料、困料、成型、干燥和1 450℃保温24 h氮化烧成等工艺,制备了以Si_3N_4为主晶相的新型氮化硅质耐火材料。检测结果表明:所制备试样的显气孔率为29.2%,体积密度为2.39g·cm~(- 3),常温耐压强度为151 MPa,常温抗折强度为40.3 MPa,1 400℃高温抗折强度为12.2 MPa;其物相组成(w)为:β-Si_3N_472.03%,α-Si_3N_49.20%,Si_2N_2O 6.23%,Fe3Si 11.60%,Si O_20.94%。在高温条件下,随着体系中氧分压的不断降低,絮状的Si_2N_2O和Si_3N_4结合相主要由体系气相组分中的Si O、Si蒸气与N2、O_2反应形成。     

硅铁粉粒度对合成氮化硅铁的影响

采用FeSi75为原料,利用直接氮化合成法制备了氮化硅铁粉末,研究了中位径(d50)分别为13.41μm、8.023μm和5.229μm的3种硅铁粉分别在1150℃、1250℃和1350℃保温9h处理后的氮化规律。借助XRD、SEM等测试手段测定和观察了产物的物相组成和显微形貌。结果表明:较细的硅铁粉(d50=5.229μm)氮化时,反应快速、剧烈,导致烧结严重,氮化效果差,而较粗硅铁粉(d50=13.41μm)氮化效果较好;较细硅铁粉氮化后易于形成须状、纤维状和柱状氮化硅晶体,较粗硅铁粉氮化后易于形成球状氮化硅团聚体。制备的氮化硅铁中有大量充满氮化硅的孔洞,产物中的Fe3Si与FexSi被其包围,这种结构有利于体现氮化硅铁的优异性能。     

氮化硅铁在空气气氛中的烧结试验

以闪速燃烧法合成的粒度≤0.074mm氮化硅铁细粉为原料,以胶水为临时结合剂,在250kN的压力下液压成型,干燥后于空气气氛中1500℃保温3h烧成,冷却后在试样内部钻取36mm×50mm的试样,检测其显气孔率、体积密度和常温耐压强度,同时对该试样和氮化硅铁原料进行了XRD分析。结果表明:烧成后试样的显气孔率、体积密度和常温耐压强度分别为39.6%、2.10g·cm-3和34.5MPa;与氮化硅铁原料相比,烧成后氮化硅铁中除Fe相及SiO2消失外,其余物相都存在。     

用Si-Fe反应烧结制备Fe-Si_3N_4-SiC复合材料的性能研究

以FeSi75和SiC为主要原料,直接氮化反应烧结,成功制备了综合性能优异的Fe-Si3N4-SiC复合材料。对硅铁氮化进行了化学热力学计算,并分析了产物的物相组成及显微结构。结果表明,氮化产物有α-Si3N4、β-Si3N4,呈纤维状、柱状;维持一定低氧分压对氮化过程有利;产物中存在大量细分散的硅铁金属间化合物,硅铁不能完全氮化,过多Fe阻碍Si的氮化,Fe以Fe3Si形式存在。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.