Error grid analysis of noninvasive glucose monitoring via gingival cerevicular fluid

In order to realize a noninvasive blood glucose monitor, we monitored the gingival cerevicular fluid (GCF). In this paper, the clinical evaluations were performed on not only normal subjects but also diabetic subjects using a GCF-glucose monitor to determine blood glucose levels. Meal load tests were carried out and the time-course changes in blood glucose level and GCF glucose level were measured continuously. A positive correlation of more than 0.9 was found between blood glucose level and GCF glucose level, necessitating the calibration of individual correlations for every subject. Finally, the performance of the GCF-glucose monitor was evaluated using Error Grid Analysis. As the results, significant information for the glucose level decision was obtained not only for normal subjects, but also for diabetic subjects.     

Error grid analysis of noninvasive glucose monitoring via gingival crevicular fluid.

In order to realize a noninvasive blood glucose monitor, we monitored the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). In this paper, the clinical evaluations were performed on not only normal subjects but also diabetic subjects using a GCF-glucose monitor to determine blood glucose levels. Meal load tests were carried out and the time-course changes in blood glucose level and GCF glucose level were measured continuously. A positive correlation of more than 0.9 was found between blood glucose level and GCF glucose level, necessitating the calibration of individual correlations for every subject. Finally, the performance of the GCF-glucose monitor was evaluated using Error Grid Analysis. As the results, significant information for the glucose level decision was obtained not only for normal subjects, but also for diabetic subjects.     

基于ICA的主、被动雷达抗干扰性能研究

雷达抗干扰技术研究一直是雷达领域的研究重点和热点。本文提出了一种基于独立分培分析的改进算法,应用于主、被动雷达抗干扰处理过程中。通过从观测信号中将目标回波信号与干扰信号分离开来,提取目标回波信号,并抑制干扰信号,达到雷达抗干扰的目的。通过仿真实验表明,应用这种方法分离目标回波信号与干扰信号取得了较好的效果,证明其应用在主、被动雷达抗干扰处理中是可行和有效地。     

THE DYADIC GREEN''''S FUNCTION IN A LOADED RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE AND ITS APPLICATION

This paper presents a method to derive the Dyadic Green's Function(DGF)ofa loaded rectangular waveguide by using the image method.In the calculation of the DGF,we use the integral transformation and replace the multi-infinite summation by a single one;thus it greatly simplifies the calculation and saves computer time.As an example of the DGF'sapplication,we give the moment method's scattering field calculation of a metal sphere resting onthe broad wall of the loaded rectangular waveguide.Results of our calculations well agree withboth data of experiments performed in our laboratory and those are published.It is easy to seethat the method used in this paper can be expanded to other related waveguide problems.     

The Dyadic Green’s Function in a loaded rectangular waveguide and its application

This paper presents a method to derive the Dyadic Green’s Function (DGF) of a loaded rectangular waveguide by using the image method. In the calculation of the DGF, we use the integral transformation and replace the multi-infinite summation by a single one; thus it greatly simplifies the calculation and saves computer time. As an example of the DGF’s application, we give the moment method’s scattering field calculation of a metal sphere resting on the broad wall of the loaded rectangular waveguide. Results of our calculations well agree with both data of experiments performed in our laboratory and those are published. It is easy to see that the method used in this paper can be expanded to other related waveguide problems.     

A Low Complexity Suboptimal Energy-Based Detection Method for SISO/MIMO Channels

In this paper, we propose an actually novel and simple method for detection of transmitted symbols in MIMO channels. This method is based on the energy level of the received signals. At the receiver, we assume the knowledge of channel state information which can be estimated by different methods, e.g. by sending pilots. So, we can determine all possible levels of energy. This computation of energy levels is done only once for the quasi-static channels. Energy of the received signals is a criterion by which we can estimate the transmitted symbols. Detection of transmitted signal is made based on the nearest energy level and the points which lie on it. In other words, we have restricted our search space to a new smaller space with different levels of energy. Simulation results confirm approximately the same performance between the maximum-likelihood detector and the proposed approach especially in high signal-to-noise ratios with a remarkable reduction in the computational complexity.     

A stochastic model to assess the variability of blood glucose time series in diabetic patients self-monitoring

Several studies have shown that patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus can significantly delay the onset and slow down the progression of diabetes micro- and macro-angiopathic complications through intensive monitoring and treatment. In general, intensive treatments imply a careful blood glucose level (BGL) self-monitoring. The analysis of BGL measurements is one of the most important tasks in order to assess the glucose metabolic control and to revise the therapeutic protocol. Recent clinical studies have shown the correlation between the glucose variability and the long-term diabetes related complications. In this paper, we propose a stochastic model to extract the time course of such variability from the self-monitoring BGL time series. This information can be conveniently combined with other analysis to evaluate the adequacy of the therapeutic protocol and to highlight periods characterized by an increasing glucose instability. The method here proposed has been validated on two simulated data sets and tested with success in the retrospective analysis of three patients' data sets.     

葡萄糖溶液的太赫兹光谱观察

生物有机分子的生物功能必须在其水溶液中实现。太赫兹波对水非常敏感,太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)技术能够检测生物分子——水分子界面的集体水分子网络动力学变化,是检测和研究生物有机分子溶液的理想工具。本文利用太赫兹时域光谱技术研究了葡萄糖的分子结构,获得葡萄糖及其不同浓度的溶液在室温氮气环境下的太赫兹时域吸收光谱,以及在室温真空环境下的傅里叶远红外光谱(FTFIR)。结果表明葡萄糖溶液对太赫兹波有特征吸收峰,不同浓度的葡萄糖溶液对太赫兹波的吸收各不相同。故使用太赫兹时域光谱技术能够完成葡萄糖及其不同浓度溶液的鉴别。     

基于LabWindows/CVI的人工神经网络BP算法的实现

提出了一种BP学习算法的改进算法，与传统BP算法相比，本算法针对传统BP算法收敛速度较慢的缺点，提出了两点改进：一是选用奇函数作为激励函数；二是改进了学习过程中不随误差变化的误差反向传播因子，并给出了该算法在LabWindows／CVI环境下的实现方法。程序运行表明，本算法使学习速度有了较显著的提高。     

Recombination saturation effects in silicon solar cells

Significant interest has recently been shown in the use of dark and illuminated current-voltage (I-V) measurements for the characterization of high-efficiency silicon solar cells. Similar nonideal behavior, in the form of “humps” in dark I-V curves, has been observed by various research groups but apparently different interpretations of this effect given. In this paper we present detailed computer simulations of solar cells with defects (producing recombination centers within the bandgap) at a number of specific positions in the devices. It is found that a distinct shoulder (or “hump”) occurs in the I-V characteristics when the recombination centers exhibit unequal electron and hole capture rates. Furthermore, it is shown that these shoulders are a result of the saturation of (Shockley-Read-Hall) recombination via the defect levels, which dominates behavior at low forward bias. As the bias voltage is increased, recombination in the defected region increases again, beyond the saturation level. The simulations show conclusively that the shoulders in the measured dark I-V curves of high-efficiency silicon solar cells produced at the University of New South Wales arise from the rear Si-SiO₂ interface     

Quantify Glucose Level in Freshly Diabetic’s Blood by Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy

We demonstrate the capability of terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) to quantify glucose level in ex vivo freshly diabetic’s blood. By investigating the THz spectra of different human blood, we find out THz absorption coefficients reflect a high sensitivity to the glucose level in blood. With a quantitative analysis of 70 patients, we demonstrate that the THz absorption coefficients and the blood glucose levels perform a linear relationship. A comparative experiment between THz measurement and glucometers is also conducted with another 20 blood samples, and the results confirm that the relative error is as less as 15%. Our ex vivo human blood study indicates that THz technique has great potential application to diagnose blood glucose level in clinical practice.     

Online denoising method to handle intraindividual variability of signal-to-noise ratio in continuous glucose monitoring

In the last decade, the availability of new minimally invasive subcutaneous sensors for monitoring glucose level continuously stimulated research on new online strategies for improving the treatment of diabetes, including hyper/hypoglycemic alert generators and artificial pancreas. An important aspect that has to be dealt with in these applications is the random measurement noise that affects continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) signals. One major difficulty is that for a given sensor technology, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can vary from subject to subject (interindividual variability) and also within subject (intraindividual variability). Recently, a denoising approach implemented through a Kalman filter with parameters automatically tuned, once for all, in a burn-in interval was proposed to cope with the interindividual variability of SNR. In this paper, we propose a new denoising method able to cope also with the intraindividual variability of the SNR. The method resorts to a Bayesian smoothing procedure that uses a statistically-based criterion to determine, and continuously update, filter parameters in real time. The performance of the method is assessed on both Monte Carlo simulation and 24 real CGM time series obtained with the Glucoday system (Menarini, Florence, Italy). The method has a general applicability, also outside from the CGM context.     

混波室测量中辐射信号与观测信号相关性研究

采用有限元方法研究二维混波室结构辐射电流和测量的辐射场平均值的关系,目的是了解混波室测量环境是否能够满足电磁兼容辐射测量的要求.从二维数值计算结果可以看到,观测场的平均值和辐射电流具有很好的线性关系,从而证明混波室可以作为电磁兼容辐射测量的一个有效测试设备.     

Health care service delivery based on the Internet of things: A systematic and comprehensive study

Today, the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes a heterogeneous and highly distributed structure which can respond to the daily needs of people and different organizations. With the fast development of IT‐based technologies such as IoT and cloud computing, low‐cost health services and their support, efficient supervision of the centralized management, and monitoring of public health can be realized. Therefore, there has been increasing attention in the integration of IoT and health care both in academic and the business world. However, while the health care service industry fully holds the welfares of information systems for its personnel and patients, there is a need for an improved understanding of the issues and opportunities related to IoT‐based health care systems. But, as far as we know, the detailed review and deep discussion in this field are very rare. Hence, in this paper, we presented a literature review on the IoT‐based health care services from papers published until 2018. Moreover, the drawbacks and benefits of the reviewed mechanisms have been discussed, and the main challenges of these mechanisms are highlighted for developing more efficient IoT techniques over health care services in the future. The results of this paper will be valuable for both practitioners and academicians, and it can provide visions into future research areas in this domain. By providing comparative information and analyzing the current developments in this area, this paper will directly support academics and working professionals for better knowing the progress in IoT mechanisms. As a general result, we found that IoT could help the governments to improve health services in society and commercial interactions.     

Perceptual hash-based coarse-to-fine grained image tampering forensics method

As an active forensic technology, perceptual image hash has important application in image content authenticity detection and integrity authentication. In this paper, we propose a hybrid-feature-based perceptual image hash method that can be used for image tampering detection and tampering localization. In the proposed method, we use the color features of image as global features, use point-based features and block-based features as local features, and combine with the structural features to generate intermediate hash code. Then we encrypt and randomize to generate the final hash code. Using this hash code, we present a coarse-to-fine grained forensics method for image tampering detection. The proposed method can realize object-level tampering localization. Abundant experimental results show that the proposed method is sensitive to content changes caused by malicious attacks, and the tampering localization precision achieves pixel level, and it is robust to a wide range of geometric distortions and content-preserving manipulations. Compared with the state-of-the-art schemes, the proposed scheme yields superior performance.     

适合低功耗便携式血糖仪的SoC芯片与方案实现

本文介绍了适合便携式血糖仪的低功耗SoC芯片结构和性能,完成模拟数据采集和信号处理功能。本文还阐述了SoC芯片在血糖仪中的软硬件设计,并进一步说明了SoC设计在实际应用中的几个重要功能,例如低功耗睡眠模式,低噪声运放与温度传感器等。血糖和酶电极反应时所产生的微弱电流经过放大、滤波、模数变换后经SoC芯片数据处理,在液晶显示器上显示出测试结果。本文所提出的SoC设计整合低噪声运算放大器转换微弱的血糖信号成电压信号,测试范围达1.1-33.3mmol/L,单次采血量仅为3μL,完成一次测试的时间约4秒,片外的EEPROM可以存储256组历史记录,还具有自动温度补偿与校正功能,适合个人、家庭或医院使用。     

Digital rights management in consumer electronics products

In the current consumer electronics (CE) environment, we see many activities in content protection and digital rights management (DRM) which could lead to a situation with many standards and unnecessary limitations on the flow of content over various devices. As a result, the main challenge in the CE environment is to develop DRM solutions that allow interacceptable exchange of content that is acquired via any of the main distribution channels to the customer, being discs media, broadband, broadcast, and wireless. To achieve this, several important architectural and research issues have to be resolved. These solutions can only emerge through tight cooperation between the stakeholders and through the development of open standards.     

Expert PID control system for blood glucose control in critically ill patients

In this paper, the design of an expert proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control system for blood glucose regulation in patients, such as the intensive care population, is described. The control system applied the concept of expert system, and proportional, integral and derivative control in clinical sliding table technique, to effect a control algorithm in the form of an "active" sliding table that is used to prescribe insulin infusion rates. This combination provided dynamic properties to the sliding table control. Clinical results have shown a comparable performance between the control system and routine clinical treatment, in terms of blood glucose level maintained. Nevertheless, the control system is sensitive to sensor reading artefact, particularly in the lower ranges of blood glucose level, mandating manual intervention.     

一种探测二维电磁目标的新方法

电磁目标的探测对通信而言有着十分重要的意义。本文描述一种收敛迅速、结果准确、抗强随机噪声的探测二维电磁目标的新方法。首先从体等效原理出发得到一个积分方程组，此方程组可求解散射问题。随后，对此方程组求变分，变形后得到散射场变化与介电参数变化之间关系的矩阵方程，即反演方程。文中列举了几个例子，通过数值实验结果证明本法收敛速度快、反演精度高、适应复杂目标的能力强，能抗强随机噪声干扰