钛合金搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头研究现状

搅拌摩擦焊在焊接钛合金这类高熔点金属方面具有很大优势,但是搅拌头的磨损一直是其一大难点。对钛合金搅拌摩擦焊中的搅拌头结构、材料选择进行了讨论,认为圆锥形搅拌针综合性能较好,而在材料选择方面,认为目前应用前景较好的是钨铼合金,但不同材料的组合可能更符合未来发展的方向。为了研究搅拌头的磨损机理及如何减小磨损,列举了几种辅助焊接工艺及目前应用较广的模拟仿真,指出辅助焊接工艺可减小搅拌头磨损,但目前工艺不完善等问题依然存在,需要进一步优化,包括模拟仿真在内,对于钛合金搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头结构、材料优化、磨损机理、辅助焊接工艺等研究均较少,限制了其研究进展及应用。     

外加能量辅助搅拌摩擦焊技术的研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊接已经成为材料成形领域主要的固相连接工艺技术。在简要回顾搅拌摩擦焊及其衍生焊接技术研发现状的基础上,综述了近年来国内外开展的第二能量辅助搅拌摩擦焊的研究现状,主要包括激光、电弧、感应、电流、超声等能量辅助搅拌摩擦焊技术。进而着重综述了超声振动辅助搅拌摩擦焊的研究进展,介绍了目前出现的3种超声振动在搅拌摩擦焊中的施加方式。最后,对外加能量辅助搅拌摩擦焊下一步的研发方向进行了展望。     

钛合金搅拌摩擦焊研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊是一种固相连接技术,具有低应力、小变形、绿色环保等优点。在航空、航天等领域广泛应用的钛合金材料的搅拌摩擦焊技术,是目前国内外研究的热点与难点。主要从焊接接头的显微组织、力学性能、搅拌头磨损和复合工艺这几个方面,介绍了钛合金搅拌摩擦焊的研究进展,并对该技术未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

钛合金搅拌摩擦焊研究现状

搅拌摩擦焊是目前钛合金焊接技术研究的热点.从搅拌头材料与结构设计、焊接工艺与组织性能关系、焊接过程数值仿真等方面综述了钛合金搅拌摩擦焊国内外研究现状.以现有的研究结果来看,搅拌摩擦焊是实现钛合金高强可靠连接的有效途径,选择合适的焊接参数和焊后热处理工艺可获得高质量钛合金焊接接头;但由于对钛合金用高温高强高耐磨搅拌头研制...     

钛及钛合金搅拌摩擦焊研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊技术已经成功应用于铝合金等低熔点材料的焊接,但针对钛及钛合金等高熔点材料的研究仍在进行之中。从焊具设计、接头显微组织与力学性能和焊接过程仿真等方面综述了钛及钛合金搅拌摩擦焊国内外研究进展,为搅拌摩擦焊技术应用于钛及钛合金提供参考。     

铝基复合材料搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头设计

文中介绍了铝基复合材料搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头材料选择和结构设计方案。根据铝基复合材料复杂的微观和宏观结构,选定钢结硬质合金GT35制造搅拌头,并与选用工具钢制作的普通搅拌头进行对比。对比结果表明,普通搅拌头焊后磨损严重,焊缝质量较差。对搅拌头形状和尺寸进行了设计：最初的“一字凹凸槽”设计存在不同心德患,给加工制造造成困难;后改为分体式搅拌头,采用螺纹连接。采用这种搅拌头能得到表面光滑,宏观形貌良好的接头。     

镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数优化

为了优化镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数,对5 mm厚镁合金AZ31B板材的搅拌摩擦焊接技术进行了试验研究,利用SN比实验设计,对镁合金AZ31B搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数进行了方差分析,优化了搅拌头的材料、结构,最终确定搅拌头的材料为W6Mo5Cr4V2,结构为凹面圆台形.轴肩尺寸为12 mm.探针的根部直径为5.5 mm,端部直径为2.5 mm,长度为4.7 mm.获得镁合金AZ31B搅拌摩擦焊的工艺参数显著性顺序为旋转速度、横向速度和压力;确定了镁合金AZ31B搅拌摩擦焊的最优工艺参数为1500 r/min、47.5 mm/min、3kN.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头缺陷的超声检测方法研究综述

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊技术广泛运用于航空航天、汽车、船舶等制造领域,在国防工业的发展中扮演着重要角色,而超声波检测技术在对搅拌摩擦焊接头质量评估和控制方面起着不可或缺的作用。综述了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头缺陷的超声检测方法。介绍了接头缺陷的复杂多样的特点,分别阐述了超声检测A信号分析,超声C扫检测和超声相控阵检测方法在搅拌摩擦焊缺陷检测的应用,并介绍了3种检测方法检测能力,明确了搅拌摩擦焊缺陷超声检测尚需解决的突出问题并展望了未来研究的发展方向。     

铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属流动行为研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,焊缝成形与金属流动行为密切相关,而金属流动又取决于焊接工艺参数、搅拌头形貌、材料本身性能及温度场分布等影响因素。与铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊不同,厚板焊接时焊缝上部、下部温差太大,导致焊缝材料流动形态发生较大变化。基于焊缝成形理论,从焊缝金属流动分析方法、影响因素出发,分析厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属流动形态及特征,探讨焊缝中疏松、未焊透、包铝伸入、弱连接等缺陷的形成原因,揭示厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形机理。研究结果为铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊接技术在航空、航天等高科技领域的广泛应用提供科学依据和理论基础。     

6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能

目的 为了适应空间曲面构件的搅拌摩擦焊,开展6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能的研究。方法 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊用的搅拌头,对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材进行试验,研究焊缝成形及接头力学性能,并分析接头组织特征。结果 零倾角搅拌摩擦焊接头从组织上可区分为5个不同区域：焊核区(WNZ)、热力影响区(TMAZ)、热影响区(HAZ)、轴肩影响区(SAZ)和母材(BM);随着搅拌头转速增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均先变大后变小;随焊接速度增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均逐渐变小;当焊接速度固定时,随搅拌头转速增加,接头拉伸强度先增加后减小;当搅拌头转速固定时,随焊接速度增加,接头拉伸强度逐渐增大。结论 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊接方法,能够实现对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材的有效焊接。     

Friction stir welding for the transportation industries

This paper will focus on the relatively new joining technology—friction stir welding (FSW). Like all friction welding variants, the FSW process is carried out in the solid-phase. Generically solid-phase welding is one of the oldest forms of metallurgical joining processes known to man. Friction stir welding is a continuous hot shear autogenous process involving a non-consumable rotating probe of harder material than the substrate itself. In addition, FSW produces solid-phase, low distortion, good appearance welds at relatively low cost. Essentially, a portion of a specially shaped rotating tool is plunged between the abutting faces of the joint. Once entered into the weld, relative motion between the rotating tool and the substrate generates frictional heat that creates a plasticised region around the immersed portion of the tool. The contacting surface of the shouldered region of the tool and the workpiece top contacting surface also generates frictional heat. The shouldered region provides additional friction treatment to the weld region as well as preventing plasticised material being expelled. The tool is then translated with respect to the workpiece along the joint line, with the plasticised material coalescing behind the tool to form a solid-phase joint as the tool moves forward. Although the workpiece does heat up during FSW, the temperature does not reach the melting point. Friction stir welding can be used to join most aluminium alloys, and surface oxide presents no difficulty to the process. Trials undertaken up to the present time show that a number of light weight materials suitable for the automotive, rail, marine, and aerospace transportation industries can be fabricated by FSW.     

Joining of metal matrix composites using friction stir welding: a review

The application of fusion welding process is restricted to certain grades of alloys and materials. Solid-state joining process offers greater advantages over fusion welding process such as fumeless and effective joining, minimum or no preparation time, environment friendly, etc. One such solid-state joining process is friction stir welding (FSW), which uses a non-consumable rotating tool. This rotating tool joins the two faying surfaces of the workpiece by forging them. This joining technique successfully joins metals, alloys and metal matrix composite (MMC), which are considered as difficult to join using conventional processes. The present study is an endeavor to review a specific domain of FSW, i.e. joining of MMCs. The initial part of the study provides a detailed introduction about the FSW process, and along with it, an overview of the published literature related to FSW of alloys has been presented. The later part of the study pays specific attention to macrostructure, microstructure, joint properties and residual stresses in welded joints along with wearing of tool during welding of MMC. The observations of this study provide a basis for future research in the specified domain.     

Establishing relationship between the base metal properties and friction stir welding process parameters of cast aluminium alloys

In friction stir welding (FSW), the material under the rotating action of non-consumable tool has to be stirred properly to get defect free welds in turn it will improve the strength of the welded joints. The welding conditions and parameters are differing based on the mechanical properties of base materials such as tensile strength, ductility and hardness which control the plastic deformation during friction stir welding. The FSW process parameters such as tool rotation speed, welding speed and axial force, etc. play a major role in deciding the weld quality. FSW Joints of cast aluminium alloys A319, A356, and A413 were made by varying the FSW process parameters and the optimum values were obtained. In this investigation, empirical relationships are established and they can be effectively used to predict the optimum FSW process parameters to fabricate defect free joints with high tensile strength from the known base metal properties of cast aluminium alloys.     

A Review on Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding of Copper to Aluminum: Process,Properties, and Variants

Copper and aluminum materials are extensively used in different industries because of its great conductivities and corrosion resistant nature. It is important to join dissimilar materials such as copper and aluminum to permit maximum use of the special properties of both the materials. The joining of dissimilar materials is one of the most advanced topics, which researchers have found from last few years. Friction stir welding (FSW) technology is feasible to join dissimilar materials because of its solid state nature. Present article provides a comprehensive insight on dissimilar copper to aluminum materials joined by FSW technology. FSW parameters such as tool design, tool pin offset, rotational speed, welding speed, tool tilt angle, and position of workpiece material in fixture for dissimilar Cu–Al system are summarized in the present review article. Additionally, welding defects, microstructure, and intermetallic compound generation for Cu–Al FSW system have been also discussed in this article. Furthermore, the new developments and future scope of dissimilar Cu–Al FSW system have been addressed.     

Joining of Nylon 6 plate by friction stir welding process using threaded pin profile

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state process in joining thermoplastic materials. Polymers are engineering materials used for future technological development as the polymer processing and fabrication techniques have developed novel plastic products and components in major industries. Particularly Nylon 6 is one of the polymer materials with a lot of engineering applications and a study on the behavior of the joining properties of Nylon 6 by FSW is necessary at this stage. In this Paper, FSW process is applied to join a Nylon 6 plate of 10 mm thickness with specially designed left hand threaded tool pin profile. FSW of Nylon 6 was carried out with the tool rotational speed at 1000 rpm and welding feed at 10 mm/min. During FSW process, the effect of the joint formation by the rotation of the threaded pin profile in clockwise direction and counter clockwise direction was analyzed with a schematic diagram. The objective of this study is to find out the effect of the tool direction and to reduce the weld defects. It is found that the FSW joint fabricated with counter clockwise directed tool rotation produced defect free welds with better material properties.     

Application and exploration of friction stir welding/processing in plastics industry

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a green, pollution-free, low-energy technology with high manoeuvrability. Thermoplastic plastics have extensive applications in the present industry because they offer excellent physical and corrosion properties, high degree freedom of processing and design. In this paper, the current state of FSW/P in plastics industry, including tool improvement, welding methods, process parameters optimisation, metal and polymer joining as well as composites fabrication, has been addressed. Although it presents a major challenge, FSW/P has a great potential to produce defect-free joint and fabricate composites in polymer materials.     

Relationship between base metal properties and friction stir welding process parameters

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process for joining aluminum alloys and has been employed in aerospace, rail, automotive and marine industries for joining aluminium, magnesium, zinc and copper alloys. In FSW, the base metal properties such as yield strength, ductility and hardness control the plastic flow of the material under the action of rotating non-consumable tool. The FSW process parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, etc. play a major role in deciding the weld quality. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to establish relationship between the base material properties and FSW process parameters. FSW joints have been made using five different grades of aluminium alloys (AA1050, AA6061, AA2024, AA7039 and AA7075) using different combinations of process parameters. Macrostructural analysis has been done to check the weld quality (defective or defect free). Empirical relationships have been established between base metal properties and tool rotational speed and welding speed, respectively. The developed empirical relationships can be effectively used to predict the FSW process parameters to fabricate defect free welds.     

Material stirring during FSW of Al–Cu: Effect of pin profile

Friction stir welding (FSW) joins the material in solid state, and it gets evolved as a new and effective technique to join dissimilar materials such as aluminum and copper. FSW tool design and configuration critically affect the joint quality. This study has evaluated the effect of different pin profiles used during FSW of AA5754 Al alloy and commercially pure copper in a butt configuration on the microstructure, material movement, and microhardness for the different joints. The joining is performed through the different pin profiles of cylindrical, taper, cylindrical cam, taper cam, and square shape at the rotational and welding speed of 900?rpm and 40?mm/min respectively. Among all joints, the square pin profile provides good joining and microhardness. Square tool pin profile facilitates good amount of mixing at nugget zone, which consequently increases the hardness. The material movement in square tool pin profile joint is also studied on the longitudinal plane to understand the effect of pulsating and stirring action on the material mixing pattern in dissimilar FSW. It is evident that the softer material in the stir zone gets more stirring, and the flow lines are clearly visible for the stirred material.