改性葡萄皮渣膳食纤维的理化特性和结构

以酿酒葡萄皮渣为原料,并以葡萄皮渣中的膳食纤维为研究对象,采用超微粉碎和挤压超微粉碎技术对其进行改性处理。通过测定改性前后葡萄皮渣膳食纤维的组成、物化性质及纤维颗粒的形貌结构变化,研究不同处理对膳食纤维的改性效果。结果表明：两种改性处理均能有效增加葡萄皮渣膳食纤维中水溶性纤维的含量,并使其理化性质发生显著改变。其中超微粉碎处理有助于增强膳食纤维的阳离子交换能力与抗氧化活性,而挤压超微粉碎处理则有利于提高纤维的持水力、膨胀力及阳离子交换能力,但其抗氧化活性则显著降低。形貌结构分析结果显示,改性后纤维颗粒的粒度急剧减小,但其主要成分及化学结构基本未受影响。     

超微粉碎对猕猴桃渣膳食纤维功能性质的影响

以猕猴桃渣为原料,通过酶法处理和经过过氧化氢漂白,再经胶体磨超微粉碎得到改性猕猴桃膳食纤维,研究超微粉碎工艺对猕猴桃渣膳食纤维物理性质及功能性质的影响。结果表明:超微粉碎显著提高了膳食纤维的比表面积及持水力,改性后的膳食纤维对NO2-的吸附作用,对葡萄糖的吸附能力,对镉离子和铅离子的吸附能力较对照样品均有明显增强。说明超微粉碎进一步增强了猕猴桃渣膳食纤维保健功能。     

超高压和超微粉碎改性对梨渣膳食纤维的影响

采用超高压和超微粉碎改性方法处理梨渣,研究不同改性方式对砀山梨渣中膳食纤维结构、物化特性、功能特性和单糖组成的影响。研究表明,两种方式改性后,可溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fibre,SDF)含量均显著上升,不可溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fibre,IDF)/SDF发生显著的变化。超高压改性前后梨渣的理化性质和功能特性均发生显著变化,梨渣的持水力、持油力、膨胀力和胆固醇吸附能力显著增加,而超微粉碎处理的未见显著变化;超微粉碎改性后,梨渣的平均粒度显著降低。由扫描电镜结果可知,超微粉碎改性后,颗粒变小而均匀,空间结构消失,而超高压改性后纤维组织结构较为疏松,空间结构部分保留。红外光谱结果显示,改性处理前后梨渣中的SDF主要成分和化学结构发生显著变化。气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)结果显示,改性前后梨渣中的SDF中单糖组成发生变化。     

苹果渣膳食纤维的改性研究

进行苹果渣膳食纤维的改性试验研究,比较了化学法和物理法对膳食纤维改性的影响,得出物理方法对膳食纤维有较好的改性处理。其中挤压处理后苹果渣SDF的含量由8.45%上升到12.68%;超微粉碎处理后,苹果渣膳食纤维的持水力提高了9.9%,膨胀力提高了9.8%。     

超微粉碎对甘薯膳食纤维成分及物化特性影响

为明晰超微粉碎对甘薯膳食纤维成分及物化特性影响,从而拓展其在食品工业中的应用,甘薯渣经筛法制备膳食纤维再进行超微粉碎处理,以大豆膳食纤维为对照,比较不同膳食纤维成分及物化特性指标。结果表明:与大豆膳食纤维相比,甘薯膳食纤维中可溶性膳食纤维、果胶、糖醛酸含量,持水性、吸水膨胀性、葡萄糖吸收能力和α-淀粉酶抑制能力显著高于大豆膳食纤维(P0.05)。甘薯膳食纤维经超微粉碎后,可溶性膳食纤维、果胶含量上升,淀粉、纤维素含量下降,蛋白、灰分等含量无明显变化;各项物化特性指标均显著上升(P0.05)。大豆膳食纤维、甘薯膳食纤维及超微粉碎后甘薯膳食纤维粒径分别为34.59、24.43、18.27μm,扫描电镜下,膳食纤维呈片状多孔结构。     

不同物理方法处理刺梨果渣理化性质分析

以刺梨果渣为研究对象,通过对果渣纤维进行改性,提高其加工适应性及功能品质。采用双螺杆挤压、超微粉碎和挤压-超微粉碎联用处理方式对刺梨果渣基本营养成分、微观形态结构和理化性质进行对比分析。结果表明:3种改性方式对刺梨果渣营养成分、理化性质等影响显著,其中挤压处理对果渣水溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF)含量提高效果最佳,其含量为24.39%,是原果渣SDF含量的3.11倍;超微粉碎组(粒径250~150μm)和挤压处理组果渣膨胀力较对照组(过60目筛的原刺梨果渣粉)提高,持水力较对照组都有所降低,葡萄糖吸附能力除挤压组在个别葡萄糖浓度条件下吸附量较对照组略高,其余各组都低于对照组。超微粉碎、挤压和挤压-超微粉碎联用处理使果渣的水溶性得到显著提高(P0.05)。挤压-超微粉碎联用处理对果渣阳离子交换能力改善最明显。刺梨果渣经改性后理化性质得到改善,可更好地发挥其生理功能,为开发制备高膳食纤维的功能性产品提供基础依据。     

低脂型膳食纤维发酵香肠的研究

采用单因素及正交试验,将两种辅料(玉米糁、猕猴桃渣)添加到新鲜猪肉中,开发出一种低脂型膳食纤维发酵香肠。通过测定贮藏期间香肠pH值、硫代巴比妥酸值(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)及菌落总数的变化研究膳食纤维对发酵香肠的抗氧化及抑菌作用。结果表明:在玉米糁和猕猴桃渣添加量分别为10%和5%的条件下,香肠的持水力、膳食纤维含量显著高于对照组;脂肪含量明显降低;微生物指标符合安全要求,能满足人们对食品营养及安全的需求。     

改性葡萄皮渣膳食纤维体外发酵特性研究

采用人粪便提取液为接种物,通过体外发酵技术研究不同改性处理的葡萄皮渣膳食纤维在模拟人体大肠环境条件下的发酵过程,测定不同发酵时间的pH值和短链脂肪酸(SCFA)的含量。结果表明：葡萄皮渣膳食纤维是一种理想的可被大肠微生物所利用的碳源,能够在体外模拟环境下发酵产生乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和异丁酸等短链脂肪酸;葡萄皮渣膳食纤维经过不同改性处理后对其发酵液pH值的变化无明显影响,但对发酵液中短链脂肪酸的总量和各组分含量均有一定影响。     

超微粉碎-酶法改性枣渣膳食纤维工艺优化

采用超微粉碎联合纤维素酶改性红枣果渣膳食纤维,探讨改性对枣渣膳食纤维SDF得率、持水力和吸附胆酸钠能力的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,以SDF得率为响应值,利用响应面法优化改性条件。结果表明:超微粉碎联合纤维素酶改性最佳工艺条件为超微粉碎10s,0.34%纤维素酶在pH 4.86,49℃下酶解1.43h,SDF得率为15.47%±0.37%,与模型预测值15.76%较为一致,将改性枣渣膳食纤维添加于果冻制作的成品呈红棕色,酸甜可口,弹性、咀嚼性与凝聚性适中,感官品质良好。     

两种超微粉碎方法对甘薯膳食纤维物化功能特性影响的比较研究

为改善甘薯膳食纤维的物化及功能特性,分别采用气流超微粉碎和微射流瞬时高压超微粉碎两种方式对三种不同来源甘薯渣制备的膳食纤维进行处理,并对其化学成分、物化及功能特性进行比较研究。结果表明:经两种超微粉碎法处理后,三种膳食纤维的化学成分均有不同程度的变化,膳食纤维的粒径显著减小,可溶性膳食纤维含量增加,各项功能特性指标均有不同程度增加。此外,与气流超微粉碎法相比,微射流瞬时高压超微粉碎法处理三种膳食纤维后,其持水性、持油性、葡萄糖吸收能力、α-淀粉酶活性抑制能力、脂肪吸收能力和胰脂肪酶活性抑制能力增加幅度更大。因此,微射流瞬时高压超微粉碎法处理膳食纤维在食品及保健品领域具有更广阔的应用前景。     

压榨对酿酒葡萄皮渣酚类物质提取及抗氧化活性的影响

酿酒葡萄皮渣（皮和籽）生物活性物质含量丰富,具有很高的再加工利用价值。对鲜葡萄皮渣进行压榨处理后再干燥,研究压榨对皮渣的酚类物质提取及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明：压榨处理可以快速降低葡萄皮渣水分含量,缩短干燥时间、提高可溶性膳食纤维提取率。压榨葡萄皮总酚、原花青素的提取量均有所增加,其含量分别为19.56 mg/g和22.64 mg/g。压榨葡萄皮的抗氧化能力高于未压榨葡萄皮,其DPPH、ABTS及羟自由基清除率分别为62.90%、70.18%和41.09%,铁氰化钾还原能力及金属离子螯合能力分别为0.23%和21.33%。压榨籽和皮籽混合物的酚类物质和抗氧化活性则明显降低。抗氧化活性与总酚、原花青素存在显著的相关关系（P＜0.01）。     

Effect of different drying methods and storage time on the retention of bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity of wine grape pomace (pinot noir and merlot)

The effects of different drying methods (40 °C conventional and vacuum oven, 25 °C ambient air and freeze dry) on the stability of two red wine grape (Pinot Noir, PN and Merlot, M) byproducts, pomace containing skins and seeds (P) and pomace containing skins only (S) were investigated. Freeze dried samples retained the highest bioactive compounds with total phenolic content (TPC) of 21.19-67.74 mg GAE/g d.m., anthocyanin content (ACY) of 0.35-0.76 mg Mal-3-glu/g d.m., DPPH antiradical scavenge activity (ARS) of 22.01-37.46 mg AAE/g d.m., and total flavanol content (TFC) of 30.16-106.61 mg CE/g d.m., followed with ambient air dried samples. All samples lost significant amount of bioactive compounds during 16 wk of storage at 15 ± 2 °C, in which ambient air and freeze dried samples had TPC reduction of 32-56% and 35-58%, respectively, but ARS in PN-P and M-P still remained more than 50 mg TE/g d.m. Overall, TPC, ARS, and TFC were higher in PN than in M, and higher in pomace than in skins, while reverse results were observed in ACY. Pomace extracts showed higher antibacterial efficiency against Listeria innocua ATCC 51142 than Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 with minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of 3%, 6%, 4%, and 9% against E. coli, and 2%, 7%, 3%, and 8% against L. innocua for PN-P, PN-S, M-P, and M-S samples, respectively. Dietary fiber content of samples was 57-63% of total dry matter. This study demonstrated that Pinot Noir and Merlot pomace are good sources of antioxidant dietary fibers and may be incorporated into various food products as a functional ingredient. Practical Application: Wine grape pomace (WGP), the byproduct of wine making, is a good source of polyphenols and dietary fibers and may be incorporated into various food products as a functional ingredient. This study reported the effect of four drying methods and storage at 15 ± 2 °C up to 4 months on the retention of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in two types of red WGP (with and without seeds). Antibacterial activity, dietary fiber content and the basic physicochemical properties of dried pomace powder were also reported. The information is essential for developing specific applications of the pomace.     

酿酒葡萄皮渣中白藜芦醇的提取及抗氧化、抗肿瘤活性研究

为了提高酿酒葡萄皮渣的综合利用价值,开发白藜芦醇新产品,对酿酒葡萄皮渣中白藜芦醇提取工艺进行研究。通过纤维素 酶水解和乙酸乙酯萃取法提取自酿葡萄酒皮渣中的白藜芦醇,利用响应面分析法优化白藜芦醇提取的工艺条件并测定了白藜芦醇的 抗氧化活性及对3种癌细胞（Hela、A549、PC-3）的生长抑制作用。 结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为酶添加量70 U/μL、体积分数95%乙 醇与葡萄皮渣液固比20∶1（mL∶g）、酶解时间150 min、酶解温度40 ℃,在此优化条件下,提取得到白藜芦醇的提取率为144.13 μg/g; 抗氧化试验结果表明,白藜芦醇具有清除自由基的能力,当样品质量浓度为1.2 mg/mL时,对DPPH和超氧阴离子自由基的清除率分 别为（65.12±3.88）%和（54.13±3.11）%;体外抗肿瘤活性显示,其对Hela、A549和PC-3细胞的生长均具有抑制作用,半抑制浓度（IC50） 值分别为128.29 μmol/L、108.35 μmol/L和25.31 μmol/L。     

A comparative assess of high hydrostatic pressure and superfine grinding on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of grape pomace

In this study, we evaluate the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and superfine grinding (SFG) treatment on grape pomace. The results showed that the HHP treatment improved physicochemical and antioxidant properties of grape pomace than the SFG treatment did. Moreover, the results of SEM indicated that the HHP‐treated grape pomace turned to have more lamellar structure, resulting in more hydrophilic groups exposed to improve WRC, WSC and SDF content. The results of FT‐IR spectra indicated that the main components and chemical structure of grape pomace after processing did not significantly change. Therefore, the HHP treatment had better effect in improving the functionality of grape pomace than that of the SFG treatment. The grape pomace treated by the appropriate processing methods could be used as functional foods.     

红枣果汁果渣与果酒果渣膳食纤维功能特性的比较研究

为了探究红枣果汁果渣与果酒果渣膳食纤维功能特性的差异,以红枣果汁果渣和果酒果渣为原料制备膳食纤维,通过测定膳食纤维的持水力、膨胀力、溶解性、持油力、阳离子交换能力以及吸附胆固醇、胆酸钠、葡萄糖能力,评价红枣果汁果渣与果酒果渣膳食纤维的功能特性。结果表明:红枣果酒果渣膳食纤维的持水力、膨胀力、溶解性、持油力、阳离子交换能力以及吸附胆固醇、胆酸钠、葡萄糖能力均显著高于果汁果渣膳食纤维(P<0.05),且随发酵天数延长,红枣果渣膳食纤维的功能特性均逐渐增加。发酵8 d时,果酒果渣膳食纤维持水力、膨胀力、溶解性、持油力、阳离子交换能力以及吸附胆固醇、胆酸钠、葡萄糖能力较果汁果渣膳食纤维分别提高了1.10、1.11、1.75、1.39、2.03、1.49、1.10和1.83倍,表明发酵有助于提高红枣果渣膳食纤维的功能特性。     

The effect of dried tomato,grape and apple pomace on the cholesterol metabolism and antioxidative enzymatic system in rats with hypercholesterolemia

The effect of dried tomato, grape and apple pomace (5% in diet) on the cholesterol levels in serum and selected organs was studied in male Wistar rats fed a cholesterol diet (0.3%) shortly after weaning. Pomace of individual fruits contained 47.2, 67.0 and 46.2 g of total dietary fiber per 100 g of dry matter for tomato, grape and apple pomace, respectively. Corresponding values for the soluble components of the fiber were 10.3, 14.7 and 26.0%. None of the tested products affected the serum cholesterol levels. Tomato and apple pomace significantly reduced cholesterol level in liver by 15% and 11%, respectively, and all tested pomace species reduced cholesterol content in heart (by 18—21%). Triacylglycerol content was affected only by tomato pomace and solely in the heart. Cholesterol absorption measured by dual-isotope ratio method, was not significantly affected by the pomace, however, all products strongly reduced (up to the half of the original value) the activity of HMG-CoA reductase in liver and increased the fractional catabolic rate of plasma cholesterol (by 60—120%). All tested pomace reduced plasma levels of conjugated dienes and tomato and grape pomace exhibited this effect also in the liver. All tested pomace reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxid dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes (by 34—56%).     

苹果渣膳食纤维面包的研制及其质构特性的测定

我国浓缩苹果汁每年产生约100万t苹果湿渣,苹果渣中膳食纤维非常丰富。为开发利用苹果渣,以其作为添加剂制得苹果渣膳食纤维面包。将苹果渣粉以0%、5%、10%和15%的量混合加入面粉制得苹果渣膳食纤维面包,通过测定苹果渣膳食纤维面包感官鉴评、比容、保水性、质构等,分析影响苹果渣膳食纤维面包品质的主要因素,确定苹果渣粉的最适添加量。结果表明:随着苹果渣粉含量的增加,面包的比容和硬度降低,保水性和弹性增加。其中,当苹果渣粉添加量为5%时,面包品质最好。     

蓝莓渣膳食纤维蛋糕的配方优化

以蓝莓果渣为辅助原料,通过单因素实验和正交试验采用感官评定和质构特性对蓝莓渣膳食纤维蛋糕进行配方优化。结果表明,蓝莓渣膳食纤维蛋糕的最优配方(以面粉和蓝莓果渣粉总量100 g,鸡蛋添加量200 g计)为:蓝莓果渣粉添加量1.5 g,泡打粉添加量1.0 g,大豆油添加量35 g,白砂糖的添加量35 g,在此配方下研制的蓝莓渣膳食蛋糕硬度为(448±11)g,可恢复形变为(2.32±0.19)mm,内聚性为0.46±0.01,咀嚼性为(18.2±0.4)mJ,弹性为(8.66±0.05)mm。     

葡萄渣多酚的分布、生物活性及其在食品中的 应用研究进展

许多水果在加工过程中会产生大量的副产物,如葡萄酒酿造过程中产生的葡萄果渣(grape pomace,GP),由于其中含有丰富的生物活性物质,如多酚、膳食纤维、有机酸和不饱和脂肪酸等,已成为医药、化妆品和食品工业提取植物活性物质的廉价来源。尤其是酚类化合物受到越来越多的关注,葡萄渣中的酚类化合物是一类次生代谢产物,主要包括类黄酮、花青素和白藜芦醇等,很多研究已经证实这些酚类化合物具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎和抗癌等生物活性,因此,如何从葡萄渣中提取多酚化合物并将其开发成功能性食品配料,成为越来越多的企业和学者的关注。在此本文对GP多酚的组成分布、生物活性、在食品中的稳定性及其应用等进行了较全面的总结,旨在为葡萄渣多酚功能性食品的开发提供参考。     

Potential of grape byproducts as functional ingredients in baked goods and pasta

Wine making industry generates high quantities of valuable byproducts that can be used to enhance foods in order to diminish the environmental impact and to obtain more economic benefits. Grape byproducts are rich in phenolic compounds and dietary fiber, which make them suitable to improve the nutritional value of bakery, pastry, and pasta products. The viscoelastic behavior of dough and the textural and the sensory characteristics of baked goods and pasta containing grape byproducts depend on the addition level and particle size. Thus, an optimal dose of a finer grape byproducts flour must be found in order to minimize the negative effects such as low loaf volume and undesirable sensory and textural characteristics they may have on the final product quality. In the same time, an enrichment of the nutritional and functional value of the product by increasing the fiber and antioxidant compounds contents is desired. The aim of this review was to summarize the effects of the chemical components of grape byproducts on the nutritional, functional, rheological, textural, physical, and sensory characteristics of the baked goods and pasta. Further researches about the impact of foods enriched with grape byproducts on the human health, about molecular interactions between components, and about the effects of grape pomace compounds on the shelf life of baked goods and pasta are recommended.