PS/SCCO2发泡体系挤出胀大和泡孔平均直径预测模型

运用正交试验和统计相结合的方法,研究了温度、压力、剪切速率、发泡剂含量对聚苯乙烯/超临界CO2发泡体系挤出胀大和泡孔的影响;综合胀大比和毛细管数的关系,提出了聚苯乙烯/超临界CO2发泡体系挤出胀大和泡孔平均直径预测模型。与实验结果相比,发泡体系挤出胀大的预测值与实验测量结果的误差在5%左右,泡孔平均直径的预测值与实验测量值的误差在10%左右。     

PP/改性纳米CaCO3/AC复合挤出发泡体系泡孔形态预测模型的研究

以AC发泡剂对聚丙烯(PP)/改性纳米CaCO3发泡体系进行挤出发泡,对发泡体系进行单因素轮换法实验,通过观察纵截面泡孔形态,分析各工艺参数对泡孔形态的影响规律,利用正交实验与实验统计软件相结合的方法对实验数据进行回归,得到泡体平均直径、泡孔面积比的预测模型,并进行了实验验证.通过模型预测最佳的加工参数范围,可对实验和...     

聚丙烯/丁烷挤出发泡工艺参数的优化

采用正交实验设计法对聚丙烯（PP）/丁烷挤出发泡的工艺参数（成核剂添加量、注气量及机头压力）进行了研究,通过扫描电子显微镜,得到了不同工艺条件下的泡孔结构,并借此分析了各工艺参数对材料发泡倍率、平均泡孔直径和泡孔密度的影响程度及机理;进一步利用Design Expert软件对PP的发泡工艺进行了优化,并通过实验验证了优化工艺的预测值。结果表明,在成核剂用量为1.4 %、机头压力为4.66 MPa、发泡剂注入量为7 %时,材料的发泡倍率高、泡孔密度大、泡孔直径小;通过实验验证,实验结果与预测值的偏差小于5 %,证明了预测的可靠性。     

聚丙烯发泡体系挤出胀大数值模拟分析

用有限元软件对聚丙烯发泡体系挤出胀大现象进行模拟.讨论了不同配方对聚丙烯发泡体系挤出胀大的影响,并通过与实际实验时比,得到模拟膨胀率的修正值,通过考虑修正值发现,总模拟膨胀率与实验膨胀率的值及其变化趋势基本吻合,为发泡体系的流场模拟分析提供了理论依据.     

聚丙烯发泡塑料挤出胀大行为的实验研究

使用HAAKE挤出流变仪研究了聚丙烯发泡塑料挤出胀大行为，考察了毛细管数、螺杆转速和温度等参数与PP发泡塑料挤出胀大的关系，同时指出气泡的存在对发泡制品挤出胀大有较大影响，分析了气泡体积的大小等对PP发泡塑料的挤出胀大的影响。     

聚丙烯发泡体系挤出胀大模型的研究

运用正交实验的方法和数学回归的方法，对实验数据进行分析，得到了聚丙烯发泡体系剪切速率与切应力的关系，以及胀大比与毛细管数的关系表达式。通过结果检验可知，本文确立的胀大模型可以用于预测聚丙烯发泡体系胀大比。     

不同聚丙烯发泡体系的挤出发泡行为研究

通过热失重行为研究了不同升温速率对吸热型发泡剂（HP40P）和放热型发泡剂（AC）分解行为的影响；考察了线形聚丙烯（LPP）和长链支化聚丙烯（LCBPP）共混体系（LPP／LCBPP）的挤出发泡行为；制备了LPP／纳米黏土复合材料，并对其进行了挤出发泡研究。结果表明，吸热型发泡剂的分解区间较宽，分解过程平稳，可以作为聚丙烯挤出发泡很好的发泡剂，但需要通过提高螺杆转速来抑制分解过程中的气体损失；LPP／LCBPP／HP40P是良好的聚丙烯挤出发泡体系，可以得到泡孔直径100μm左右、泡孔密度接近106个／cm^2的聚丙烯挤出发泡材料；LPP／纳米黏土复合材料的挤出发泡中并未发生严重的气泡破裂和塌陷现象。动态流变性能研究结果表明该材料表现出很好的熔体弹性，可以作为聚丙烯挤出发泡的良好发泡体系。     

微发泡PP/云母粉复合材料的发泡行为

采用化学发泡法,以异相成核理论为基础,研究不同含量云母粉对PP/云母粉复合材料发泡行为的影响,制备了微发泡PP/云母粉复合材料.结果表明:随云母粉含量的增加,泡孔平均直径逐渐减小,泡孔密度逐渐增加.云母粉质量含量为8%时,可得到泡孔直径22.1 μm左右、泡孔密度接近2.7×107的微发泡聚丙烯材料,可以作为聚丙烯发泡的良好发泡体系.     

聚丙烯/超高相对分子质量聚乙烯共混物的结晶动力学及发泡性能研究

采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）对含有不同含量超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）的聚丙烯进行测试和表征,采用Ozawa方法、莫志深方法和Kissinger方法分析了该体系的非等温结晶动力学。利用自行研制的超临界流体挤出发泡实验装置,对含有UHMWPE的PP进行了超临界二氧化碳挤出发泡实验研究。结果表明：超高分子量聚乙烯的加入降低了PP的结晶活化能,含有UHMWPE的PP在较高的温度下开始结晶,且由于超高分子量聚乙烯大分子链的存在,与聚丙烯分子链发生缠结,阻碍聚丙烯分子链排入晶格,降低了结晶速率,结晶温区拓宽,有利于聚丙烯挤出发泡成型;加入UHMWPE后,PP的发泡效果明显改善,泡孔平均直径减小,泡孔尺寸分布更加均匀,PE-UHMW的含量为5份时,表观密度达到0.038g/cm-3。     

弹性体短口型挤出胀大行为的研究

讨论了聚合物熔化经短口型挤出时的胀大现象及机理，提出了预测短口型挤出胀大的数学模型，并引用混炼胶毛细管实验测量数据进行初步验证，结果表明，挤出胀大比的理论计算值与实测值有良好的一致性。     

Extrudate swell from slit and capillary dies: An experimental and theoretical study

A comparative experimental study of extrudate swell from long slit and capillary dies is reported for rheologically characterized polystyrene and polypropylene melts. Generally extrudate swell from a slit is greater than that from a capillary die. At low die wall shear rates it goes to a value of about 1.2 as opposed to about 1.1 found for capillary dies. The onset and character of extrudate distortion have been studied. The experimental results are compared with theories of swell based on unconstrained recovery from Poiseuille flow in these geometries. A detailed analysis of such theories of extrudate swell based on the original work of Tanner has been carried out. The analysis is placed in a more general form which should be valid for a range of die cross-sections.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of extrudate swell of polymer melts from small (length)/(cross-section) ratio slit and capillary dies

An experimental and theoretical study is presented of extrudate swell from short capillary and slit dies. The polymer melts studied were polystyrene and polypropylene. The swell from slit dies is greater than the swell from capillaries. Decreasing die entry angle for capillary dies decreases swell. The argument is made that elongational How existing in the die entry region and for short dies determines extrudate swell. Dimensional analysis arguments are used to relate extrudate swell to a Weissenberg number based on elongational flow at the die entrance and the detailed die geometry. Correlations are developed. The theoretical study is based on unconstrained elastic recovery following elongational How through the die entrance region.     

Experimental studies on radial extrudate swell and velocity profiles of flowing PS melt in an electro‐magnetized die of an extrusion rheometer

This article investigates the radial extrudate swell and velocity profiles of polystyrene melt in a capillary die of a constant shear‐rate extrusion rheometer, using a parallel coextrusion technique. An electro‐magnetized capillary die was used to monitor the changes in the radial extrudate swell profiles of the melt, which is relatively novel in polymer processing. The magnetic flux density applied to the capillary die was varied in a parallel direction to the melt flow, and all tests were performed under the critical condition at which sharkskin and melt fracture did not occur in the normal die. The experimental results suggest that the overall extrudate swell for all shear rates increased with increasing magnetic flux density to a maximum value and then decreased at higher densities. The maximum swelling peak of the melt appeared to shift to higher magnetic flux density, and the value of the maximum swell decreased with increasing wall shear rate and die temperature. The effect of magnetic torque on the extrudate swell ratio of PS melt was more pronounced when extruding the melt at low shear rates and low die temperatures. For radial extrudate swell and velocity profiles, the radial swell ratio for a given shear rate decreased with increasing r/R position. There were two regions where the changes in the extrudate swell ratio across the die diameter were obvious with changing magnetic torque and shear rate, one around the duct center and the other around r/R of 0.65–0.85. The changes in the extrudate swell profiles across the die diameter were associated with, and can be explained using, the melt velocity profiles generated during the flow. In summary, the changes in the overall extrudate swell ratio of PS melt in a capillary die were influenced more by the swelling of the melt around the center of the die. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2298–2307, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Extrudate swell during the melt spinning of fibers—influence of rheological properties and take-up force

A theoretical and experimental study has been carried out on extrudate swell B, especially the influence of rheological properties and applied take-up force on the emerging melt. The problem is analyzed in terms of (1) dimensional analysis, (2) force–momentum balances, (3) partially constrained elastic recovery. Analyses in terms of force–momentum balances are only able to give extrudate swell B in the asymptote of high Reynolds numbers. For low Reynolds numbers, they simply relate the take-up force to the pressure field in the spinneret. Increasing the take-up force predicts a decrease in the exit pressure. The partially constrained elastic recovery theory yields an expression for B as a decreasing function of applied take-up force. Specifically, this is where B(0) is the extrudate swell in the absence of applied forces, λ_eff is the effective relaxation time, μ is viscosity (both evaluated at the capillary wall), and D is the spinneret capillary diameter. An experimental study of extrudate swell of several rheologically characterized melts (high density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene) has been carried out at 180°C by four different methods (frozen, annealed in hot silicone oil, photographed emerging into air, photographed emerging through 180°C silicone oil) in the absence of applied take-up forces. Extrudate swell for a melt emerging from dies with differing diameters correlates with capillary-wall shear rate. A comparison of extrudate swell with normal stress–shear stress ratio shows the best agreement for frozen extrudates and photographs of melts emerging into air. The data is compared to the Tanner theory of extrudate swell. B has been determined during melt spinning and shown to be a function of take-up force for both a high-density polyethylene and polypropylene melt. B decreases rapidly with applied take-up stresses. The results are compared to the predictions of the partially constrained elastic recovery theory.     

Swell and distortions of high-density polyethylene extruded through capillary dies

The effect of varying the die entrance angle and the die length on extrudate swell and on the onset of extrudate distortion in capillary extrusion has been studied. Using theory from the literature, we have analyzed the contribution to the total pressure drop from the elongational and shear deformation in the entrance region, and from the capillary pressure drop in the land region of the die. From the contribution of the elongational deformation, we obtained an estimate for the elongational viscosity of the polymer. The same analysis was used to study the influence of the die geometry on the stick-slip instability. It is found that the elongational component at the inlet region mainly influences the extrudate distortions. The onset of the stick-slip instability occurs within 10% at a wall stress τ_w of 0.3MPa, where τ_w is calculated from expressions assuming fully developed flow. The variation around this average value is systematic with changes in die geometry, and the observed variations are probably due to the non-homogeneous pressure field in the die. We also propose a model for predicting extrudate swell. Input to the model are material parameters obtainable from oscillatoric measurements of the loss and storage modulus and residence times calculated from the geometry of the die. The swell model includes a fitting parameter that sets the overall scale of the swell.     

Melt extrudate swell behavior of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes filled‐polypropylene composites

The extrudate swell behavior of polypropylene (PP) composite melts filled with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was studied using a capillary rheometer in a temperature range from 190 to 230°C and at various apparent shear rates varying from 50 to 800 s⁻¹. It was found that the values of the extrudate swell ratio of the composites increased nonlinearly with increasing apparent shear rates, while the values of the extrudate swell ratio decreased almost linearly with increasing temperature. The values of the melt extrudate swell ratio increased approximately linearly with increasing shear stress, while decreased approximately nonlinearly with an increase of the MWCNT weight fraction. In addition, the extrudate swell mechanisms were discussed with observation of the fracture surface of the extrudate using a scanning electronic microscopy. This study provides a basis for further development of MWCNTs reinforced polymer composites with desirable mechanical and thermal properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2433–2439, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Swell of extrudate from an annular die

Diameter and thickness swells have been measured as functions of time and wall shear rate for three high density polyethylenes at 170°C and one polypropylene at 190°C. By extruding into an oil having the same temperature and density as the extrudate, it was possible to measure isothermal swell in the absence of drawdown. Seventy to 80 percent of the swell occurs in the first one or two seconds, while several minutes are required to reach an equilibrium state. Relationships between various swell parameters, including parison weight swell and capillary extrudate swell, are examined. Important differences between the behavior of the polyethylenes and that of the polypropylene are noted.     

An experimental investigation of capillary extrudate swell in relation to parison swell behavior in blow molding

An experimental study was carried out to study and characterize the capillary extrudate swell and parison swell behavior in extrusion blow molding of two commercial blow molding grade high density polyethylene resins. The capillary extrudate swell behavior of these resins were determined employing a capillary rheometer and a special thermostatting chamber. Parison swell behavior was determined using an Impco A13-R12 reciprocating screw blow molding machine in conjunction with cinematography and pinch-off. The experimental conditions under which capillary extrudate and parison swell data can be related are elucidated. Excellent agreement is found between the area swell values determined on the basis of capillary and parison swell experiments.     

Effects of die temperature on extrudate swell in screw extrusion

Extrusion of a hot polymer melt through a cooler die zone substantially increases the extrudate swell of some thermoplastics. This effect was examined for commercial samples of low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. Two conflicting effects come into play during extrusion of a thermoplastic. Colder melt temperatures promote increased extrudate swell, but the same conditions also facilitate molecular disentanglement and reduced melt elasticity and die swell. Since the extrusion process itself may affect the relation between die swell and melt temperature, laboratory-scale measurements for the design of processes like blow molding are better carried out with small-scale screw extruders than with capillary rheometers. For some applications it may be advantageous to use a polymer whose die swell is particularly responsive or unresponsive to die temperature variations. The procedure described in this article can be used effectively to monitor this characteristic.