应用蒙特卡洛法确定节理岩体的连通率和综合抗剪强度指标

本文提出了一种确定节理岩体连通率和岩体综合抗剪强度指标的新方法。该方法对传统的连通率的概念作了扩充,将连通率的确定归结为在岩体结构面网络图中寻找节理面和岩桥组合破坏路径的问题。在连通率的确定过程中,考虑了节理和岩桥的组合破坏机制。并应用动态规划原理,基本解决了岩体中存在多组节理面情况下的连通率确定问题,所得成果在漫湾电站左岸边坡稳定分析研究中获得了成功的应用。     

寻优方法在岩体结构面连通特性和综合抗剪强度研究中的应用

首先，通过一简单的算例，详细介绍了遗传算法和动态规划在复杂的岩体结构面网络中搜索抗剪力最小的结构面组合的方法，进而将两种方法进行对比，并通过实例说明两种方法的寻优结果是一致的。最后，讨论了剪切边界条件的选取对计算结果的影响。实例分析显示，固定剪切路径端点情况下的寻优计算的结果与不固定剪切路径端点情况下的寻优计算的结果是不同的，前者得出的连通率较小，综合抗剪强度较大。     

一种确定节理岩体残余强度参数方法的探讨

 岩体的地质强度指标(GSI)集中考虑岩体结构和结构面表面特征2个方面的因素,已被广泛地应用于岩体强度参数与变形参数的计算中。在GSI系统的基础上,采用残余GSI量化评价方法,通过对峰值地质强度指标GSI进行折减,以得到残余地质强度指标 ,据此来计算节理岩体的残余强度参数。首先,结合岩体分类指标法(RMi),在 和 的基础上探讨残余岩块体积 和残余节理条件系数 取值的确定方法;然后,由 和 计算出 ,据广义Hoek-Brown准则计算出节理岩体的残余强度参数,重点对4种典型岩体的残余强度取值进行分析,讨论残余岩体体积对岩体残余强度参数的影响;最后,通过对岩体原位剪切实验数据和一桥墩承台开挖边坡的稳定性反分析,证实基于 指标的节理岩体残余强度参数确定方法的合理性和可靠性,为节理岩体残余强度参数的确定提供一条新的思路。     

岩桥破坏的简化模型及在节理岩体模拟网络中的应用

提出一个简化的岩桥破坏 /结构面扩展模型 ,该模型符合现有试验观测成果 ,在力学机理上基于Lajtai对岩桥剪切破坏的研究 ,能方便地计算实际问题中各种结构面组合情况下的抗剪力。利用先进的优化方法 ,该模型用于在结构面模拟网络中搜索抗剪力最小的结构面-岩桥组合 ,从而研究裂隙岩体的结构面连通特性和综合抗剪强度。算例和分析表明 ,在不同的法向应力作用下 ,岩体沿某一组结构面受剪时 ,破坏路径上的连通率为常数 ,这时可以使用连通率求取岩体的综合抗剪强度指标。在剪切方向与某一组结构面的平均延展方向不相同时 ,破坏路径上的连通率随法向应力的改变而改变 ,这种情况下岩体的综合抗剪强度只能通过模拟试验直接求得。     

Influence of degree of interlock on confined strength of jointed hard rock masses

The strength of jointed rock mass is strongly controlled by the degree of interlock between its constituent rock blocks. The degree of interlock constrains the kinematic freedom of individual rock blocks to rotate and slide along the block forming joints. The Hoek–Brown (HB) failure criterion and the geological strength index (GSI) were developed based on experiences from mine slopes and tunneling projects in moderately to poorly interlocked jointed rock masses. It has since then been demonstrated that the approach to estimate the HB strength parameters based on the GSI strength scaling equations (called the ‘GSI strength equations’) tends to underestimate the confined peak strength of highly interlocked jointed rock masses (i.e. GSI > 65), where the rock mass is often non-persistently jointed, and the intact rock blocks are strong and brittle. The estimation of the confined strength of such rock masses is relevant when designing mine pillars and abutments at great depths, where the confining pressure is high enough to prevent block rotation and free sliding on block boundaries. In this article, a grain-based distinct element modeling approach is used to simulate jointed rock masses of various degrees of interlock and to investigate the influences of block shape, joint persistence and joint surface condition on the confined peak strengths. The focus is on non-persistently jointed and blocky (persistently jointed) rock masses, consisting of hard and homogeneous rock blocks devoid of any strength degrading defects such as veins. The results from this investigation confirm that the GSI strength equations underestimate the confined strength of highly interlocked and non-persistently jointed rock masses. Moreover, the GSI strength equations are found to be valid to estimate the confined strength of persistently jointed rock masses with smooth and non-dilatant joint surfaces.     

A method to determine relevant geomechanical parameters for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock

Among the methods used for evaluating the potential hydraulic erodibility of rock,the most common methods are those based on the correlation between the force of flowing water and the capacity of a rock to resist erosion,such as Annandale's and Pells' methods.The capacity of a rock to resist erosion is evaluated based on erodibility indices that are determined from specific geomechanical parameters of a rock mass.These indices include unconfined compressive strength(UCS) of rock,rock block size,joint shear strength,a block's shape and orientation relative to the direction of flow,joint openings,and the nature of the surface to be potentially eroded.However,it is difficult to determine the relevant geomechanical parameters for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock.The assessment of eroded unlined spillways of dams has shown that the capacity of a rock to resist erosion is not accurately evaluated.Using more than 100 case studies,we develop a method to determine the relevant geomechanical parameters for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock in unlined spillways.The UCS of rock is found not to be a relevant parameter for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock.On the other hand,we find that the use of three-dimensional(3 D) block volume measurements,instead of the block size factor used in Annandale's method,improves the rock block size estimation.Furthermore,the parameter representing the effect of a rock block's shape and orientation relative to the direction of flow,as considered in Pells' method,is more accurate than the parameter adopted by Annandale's method.     

Effect of the combination characteristics of rock structural plane on the stability of a rock-mass slope

The structural planes play an important role in rock mass slope stability. In this paper, a series of triaxial tests on the rock mass samples with different dip angles, plane numbers and plane spacing of structural surfaces were carried out to study the effect of the combination characteristics of the rock structural plane on rock mass mechanic parameters. Based on the test results and the combination characteristics of the field structural plane, the rock mechanics parameters for the spillway lock chamber slope of the Liyuan hydroelectric station were forecast. The stability of the slope was rationally evaluated based on the forecasted rock mass mechanical parameters. Finally, the safety factor was obtained based on the shear strength reduction method.     

Effects of confinement on rock mass modulus: A synthetic rock mass modelling (SRM) study

The main objective of this paper is to examine the influence of the applied confining stress on the rock mass modulus of moderately jointed rocks (well interlocked undisturbed rock mass with blocks formed by three or less intersecting joints). A synthetic rock mass modelling (SRM) approach is employed to determine the mechanical properties of the rock mass. In this approach, the intact body of rock is represented by the discrete element method (DEM)-Voronoi grains with the ability of simulating the initiation and propagation of microcracks within the intact part of the model. The geometry of the pre-existing joints is generated by employing discrete fracture network (DFN) modelling based on field joint data collected from the Brockville Tunnel using LiDAR scanning. The geometrical characteristics of the simulated joints at a representative sample size are first validated against the field data, and then used to measure the rock quality designation (RQD), joint spacing, areal fracture intensity (P₂₁), and block volumes. These geometrical quantities are used to quantitatively determine a representative range of the geological strength index (GSI). The results show that estimating the GSI using the RQD tends to make a closer estimate of the degree of blockiness that leads to GSI values corresponding to those obtained from direct visual observations of the rock mass conditions in the field. The use of joint spacing and block volume in order to quantify the GSI value range for the studied rock mass suggests a lower range compared to that evaluated in situ. Based on numerical modelling results and laboratory data of rock testing reported in the literature, a semi-empirical equation is proposed that relates the rock mass modulus to confinement as a function of the areal fracture intensity and joint stiffness.     

一种考虑剪切速率的粗糙结构面剪切强度准则

动荷载(不同剪切速率)下的节理岩体结构稳定性是目前工程建设亟待解决的问题之一。以黄岛国家石油储备库地下水封石油洞库工程为工程背景,采用JAW-600岩石剪切流变–渗流耦合试验机对4种粗糙度下的类岩石粗糙结构面进行不同剪切速率下的常规剪切试验,对结构面的强度特性进行了基础性研究。研究结果表明:剪切速率和粗糙度对结构面剪切强度都有较为明显的影响;同一结构面的剪切强度随着剪切速率的增大而减小,并不受粗糙度系数的影响;同时结构面剪切强度随粗糙度系数增加呈现出线性增加的趋势,但不受剪切速率的影响。最后,基于试验结果与Barton模型,提出考虑剪切速率的粗糙结构面剪切强度模型。Barton标准粗糙剖面线结构面及粗糙结构面的试验结果与新模型预测值误差保持在20%之内,平均误差为10.539%,能够较好的预测粗糙结构面动荷载条件下剪切强度。     

关键块体理论在百色水利枢纽地下厂房岩体稳定性分析中的应用

介绍了关键块体理论的工程应用技术，包括不定位块体分析、定位块体分析、随机块体分析、块体形态分析与显示、块体稳定性分析及支护措施建议等。在不定位块体分析中，根据节理平均长度假定块体的最大边长，分析块体几何形态特征，进行洞室内最大块体形态分析与显示，由此确定在支护中需要针对性考虑的关键块体，再根据块体几何特征与结构面抗剪强度，分析块体稳定性及所需的锚固力；在定位块体分析中，通过调查实际结构面出露情况，分析块体的实际形态，包括凹形块体的形态，并进行稳定性分析与支护设计校核；在随机块体分析中，随机生成结构面网络并进行随机块体搜索。在这套工程分析技术研究中，发展了一些新技术，如假定块体最大边长分析块体形态、凹形块体形态分析与显示、块体稳定性分析与锚固支护建议等。     

Nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints using a linearized implementation of the Barton-Bandis model

Experiments on rock joint behaviors have shown that joint surface roughness is mobilized under shearing,inducing dilation and resulting in nonlinear joint shear strength and shear stress vs.shear displacement behaviors.The Barton-Bandis(B-B) joint model provides the most realistic prediction for the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.The B-B model accounts for asperity roughness and strength through the joint roughness coefficient(JRC) and joint wall compressive strength(JCS) parameters.Nevertheless,many computer codes for rock engineering analysis still use the constant shear strength parameters from the linear Mohr-Coulomb(M-C) model,which is only appropriate for smooth and non-dilatant joints.This limitation prevents fractured rock models from capturing the nonlinearity of joint shear behavior.To bridge the B-B and the M C models,this paper aims to provide a linearized implementation of the B-B model using a tangential technique to obtain the equivalent M-C parameters that can satisfy the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.These equivalent parameters,namely the equivalent peak cohesion,friction angle,and dilation angle,are then converted into their mobilized forms to account for the mobilization and degradation of JRC under shearing.The conversion is done by expressing JRC in the equivalent peak parameters as functions of joint shear displacement using proposed hyperbolic and logarithmic functions at the pre-and post-peak regions of shear displacement,respectively.Likewise,the pre-and post-peak joint shear stiffnesses are derived so that a complete shear stress-shear displacement relationship can be established.Verifications of the linearized implementation of the B-B model show that the shear stress-shear displacement curves,the dilation behavior,and the shear strength envelopes of rock joints are consistent with available experimental and numerical results.     

基于正态信息扩散原理的Mohr-Coulomb强度准则参数概率模型推断方法

为构建Mohr-Coulomb强度准则可靠度判别表达式,需要研究岩石抗剪强度参数的概率分布规律,为此提出小样本容量下基于正态信息扩散原理的抗剪强度参数概率模型推断方法。考虑到一般情况下岩石抗剪强度参数样本量较小,以岩石单轴和三轴压缩试验数据为基本信息,根据排列组合理论构建小样本容量下的抗剪强度参数信息库,并利用稳健回归估计方法得到黏聚力c,内摩擦角?和摩擦因数f的样本数据。最后,基于正态信息扩散原理,推断获得3个强度参数的概率分布函数。为和传统拟合检验法所得到的结果进行比较,采用精度较高的K-S检验法进行检验。研究结果表明,基于正态信息扩散原理得到的抗剪强度参数的概率分布更加接近参数的实际分布规律,不论是在检验值还是累积概率值方面,所得结果都优于传统拟合检验法。     

JRC-JCS模型与直剪试验对比研究

 结构面抗剪强度是影响工程岩体稳定的重要因素,它决定工程岩体破坏的可能性。基于结构面粗糙度系数定向统计测量技术的JRC-JCS模型可以考虑地质和环境因素的影响,具有费用低、速度快、简便易行等特点,是获取工程岩体无填充或少填充硬岩结构面抗剪强度参数的实用方法,已为50多个岩体工程提供了结构面抗剪强度参数。为分析JRC-JCS模型评价结构面抗剪强度参数的可靠性,选取天然岩石结构面试样,进行干燥状态和饱和状态结构面抗剪强度直剪试验和JRC-JCS模型评价的对比研究。结果表明,在结构面粗糙度系数的定向统计测量、尺寸效应分析,以及剪切过程衰减折减的基础上,运用结构面粗糙度系数定向统计测量技术的JRC-JCS模型评价的结构面抗剪强度参数与直剪试验结果具有较好的一致性,JRC-JCS模型对结构面峰值摩擦角有较好的预测能力。     

Numerical study of shear behavior of intermittent rock joints with different geometrical parameters

The purpose of this paper is to investigate shear behavior of rock specimens containing several intermittent joints with different geometrical parameters. Through three series of direct shear tests based on rock failure process analysis (RFPA^2D) code, the whole shear failure process is visually observed and the failure patterns in reasonable accordance with other experimental results are obtained. In general, the failure pattern is mostly influenced by the geometrical parameters of rock joints while shear strength is closely related to the failure pattern and its failure mechanism. It is observed that the propagation of wing cracks depends on the joint separation and the joint azimuth angle, and the connection of wing cracks dominates the eventual failure pattern and determines the peak shear load of the rock specimens. The results also show that macro shear fracture is due to the mesoscopic tensile damage of a large number of elements. This numerical study has made a more reasonable theoretical explanation for the shear mechanism of jointed rock due to the inner damages that are difficult to observe in an experimental testing.     

非贯通节理Jennings强度准则的岩桥弱化和节理面起伏角修正

 通过对具有不同粗糙程度(以节理面起伏角表示)的共面非贯通人工节理进行不同法向应力水平下的直剪试验,研究节理面起伏角对非贯通节理剪切强度的影响,分析在剪切过程中岩桥力学参数的弱化机制。现有Jennings准则将岩桥视为完整岩块,计算所得的剪切强度与直剪试验结果存在较大偏差。在试验结果的基础上,考虑剪切过程中岩桥力学参数的弱化和节理面起伏角的影响,对Jennings准则进行修正。将修正Jennings准则计算的非贯通节理剪切强度结果与直剪试验结果对比,结果表明：修正Jennings准则的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,能较好地预测具有规则起伏角的非贯通节理剪切强度。     

Strength parameter identification and application of soil–rock mixture for steep-walled talus slopes in southwestern China

Soil–rock mixture (SRM) is a heterogeneous geomaterial which is widely used in geotechnical engineering projects. As a special engineering geological body, SRM is composed of many complex components and is a heterogeneous multiphase material with various structural characters, and, thus, exhibits complex mechanical characteristics. The mechanical and physical properties of SRM are major factors which lead to different developmental patterns and deformation characteristics for talus slides. The formation mechanism and mechanical parameters of SRM also play important roles in research regarding slope stability. Taking the Mahe talus slide of the Lenggu hydropower station located on the Yalong River in southwestern China as a study example, many methods, such as the analogy method used in engineering, as well as laboratory model tests, large in situ shear tests, the back analysis method and numerical experiments, are applied in the comprehensive analysis of SRM from a macroscopic–microscopic perspective. The SRM samples collected from the Mahe talus slide consist of various soil and rock contents. The parameters gained from the frontal methods are applied in the stability of the Mahe talus slide. The main contents of the study are as follows: (1) according to the special structure of SRM, ten groups of SRM samples collected from different slide parts are used to perform particle size analysis experiments. The grading combination of the ten groups of samples is analyzed and the gradation curves are obtained from laboratory tests; (2) based on the intensive considerations of different particle compositions, the ten SRM group samples collected from the talus slide are used to perform direct shear tests; (3) due to the fact that the samples containing large-sized particles cannot be simulated by means of indoor direct shear tests, large in situ SRM shear tests are performed in the field; (4) SRM containing large-size particles is used to carry out numerical experiments using the similarity ratio, which is determined by contrasting the results of the laboratory tests and numerical experiments for the same size samples containing the same particle combinations. The numerical experiments are then adopted to obtain the shear strength parameters of different large size samples containing different particle combinations from the perspectives of rock content, particle size, and particle graduation; (5) according to the terrain, geomorphology and stability of the talus slide, the shear strength parameters in the case of natural conditions and magnitude 6 earthquakes on the Richter Scale are obtained using the back analysis method from the perspective of the limit equilibrium of the talus slide; and (6) the shear strength parameters of the various methods listed above are contrast-analyzed. The general shear strength parameters of the SRM are attained properly by using the weighted superposition of the safety coefficients from the different calculation methods. The general strength parameters are used to calculate the stability factor of the Mahe talus slide.     

断续节理扩展算法在隧道围岩稳定分析中的应用

利用虚节理力学性质参数弱化函数,在 Jennings 强度准则基础上 提出了应用于非连续变形分析计算的断续节理强度形式;然后,将虚节理力学性质参数弱化规律和断续节理强度表达式运用于非连续变形分析计算程序中,实现了对断续节理扩展过程的模拟算法 ;并通过剪切试验计算结果与室内试验结果的比较,验证了该算法的正确性。利用该算法对节理岩体中金鸡山隧道进行了围岩稳定性分析,分析结果客观反映了节理展布特征对隧道围岩的变形影响和节理岩体隧道围岩位移分布特征,表明了断续节理扩展算法在隧道围岩稳定性分析方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Numerical modelling of block size effects and influence of joint properties in multiply jointed rock

Two-dimensional numerical experiments are conducted for investigating the effects of block size and joint properties on the behaviour of multiply jointed rock. The paper explains how the size of the individual blocks controls both the shear strength of the assembly (rock mass) and its deformational characteristics. A closely, jointed rock mass, in which block rotations occur, exhibits a lower stiffness but a higher strength than a rock mass with widely spaced joints. These numerical results are similar to those from reported physical model tests on jointed slabs of a rock model material. The paper shows how parametric studies on a single joint using the Barton-Bandis (BB) formulation are useful for providing information about the response of a jointed rock mass.