淀积磁场对NiO／Ni81Fe19双层膜特性的影响

用射频磁控溅射法在外磁场中淀积 Ｎｉ Ｏ／ Ｎｉ８１ Ｆｅ１９ 双层膜, 利用淀积磁场（ Ｈｄｅ） 诱导易轴并确定交换耦合场方向． 研究了淀积磁场对 Ｎｉ Ｏ／ Ｎｉ Ｆｅ 双层膜特性的影响, 结果表明, 淀积磁场改善了双层膜的磁滞回线的矩形度, 减小矫顽力, 增强交换耦合作用． 反铁磁性层 Ｎｉ Ｏ 和铁磁性层 Ｎｉ Ｆｅ 的厚度对矫顽力和交换耦合作用有很大的影响． 在５６ｋ Ａ／ｍ 的磁场中制备的 Ｎｉ Ｏ （５０ｎｍ） ／ Ｎｉ Ｆｅ （２５ｎｍ） 双层膜的易轴矫顽力 Ｈ Ｃ为１ ． ９ｋ Ａ／ｍ , 交换耦合场 Ｈ Ｅ Ｘ为２ ． ６ｋ Ａ／ｍ , 临界温度 Ｔｃ 为１５０ ℃, 截止温度 Ｔ Ｂ为２３０ ℃     

微乳液法制备超细Ni-Fe复合物微粒

应用Ｗ／Ｏ型微乳液法制备了纳米量级超细铁－镍复合物微粒．Ｘ射线和透射、扫描电镜测试表明：它属于表面活性剂包裹型超细微粒．粒径＜３０ｎｍ,密度２．８９ｇ／ｃｍ^３的Ｎｉ－Ｆｅ微粒,比饱和磁化强度σ_ｓ＝１３～１６Ａｍ２／ｋｇ,娇顽力 Ｈ_ｃ＝８７～１２３ Ｏｅ,剩磁 Ｂ_ｒ＝２．２５～３．００Ａｍ２／ｋｇ,矫顽力较大,剩磁也较大,说明该超细复合微粒具有硬磁体的性质．Ｘ射线能谱分析表明,有部分Ｎｉ－Ｆｅ合金相形成．     

高性能各向异性Sm2Fe17Nx磁粉的制备

本文研究了高性能各向异性Ｓｍ２Ｆｅ１７Ｎｘ磁粉的制备工艺路线与工艺参数。优化了制备与工艺参数。已制备出磁性能达到：Ｂｒ＝１．３９Ｔ，Ｈｃｉ＝８５０ＫＡ／ｍ和（ＢＨ）ｍ＝２３６ＫＪ／ｍ＾３的各向异性Ｓｍ２Ｆｅ１７Ｎ２．８８磁粉，该磁粉的各向异性场ＨＡ达到２０Ｔ。     

交换耦全嗓层膜NiO／Ni81Fe19的基片温度效应研究

用频磁控溅射方法在不同基片温度下玻璃基片上分别制备ＮｉＯ单层膜、ＮｉＦｅ单层膜和ＮｉＯ／ＮｉＦｅ双层膜,研究了不同基片温度对膜的磁性能的影响,用振动样品磁强计（ＶＳＭ）分析了膜的磁特性,结果表明：基片温度２６０℃时淀积的ＮｉＦｅ膜矫顽力ＨＣ为１８４Ａ·ｍ＾－１,小于室温淀积ＮｉＦｅ膜的ＨＣ（５８４Ａ·ｍ＾－１）,且磁滞回线的矩形度更好,室温下淀积ＮｉＯ（５０ｎｍ）／ＮｉＦｅ（１５ｎｍ）双层膜的ＨＣ     

磁控溅射Fe-N薄膜的结构和性能

研究了氮流量对磁控溅射Ｆｅ－Ｎ薄膜的磁性和结构的影响．加氮薄膜的软磁性能明显优于纯铁的．当氮的流量为１．０ｍＬ·ｍｉｎ~（－１）时,矫顽力 Ｈ_ｃ达到最小值２０５Ａ／ｍ．当氮流量为０．８ｍＬ·ｍｉｎ_（－１）时,饱和磁化强度达到Ｍ_ｓ＝２．３６Ｔ．在 Ｆｅ－Ｎ薄膜中未发现γ’－Ｆｅ４Ｎ和 α”－Ｆｅ１６Ｎ２．     

微量V2O5对Mn—Zn铁氧体性能的影响

采用Ｖ２Ｏ５做为添加剂,利用传统的氧化物法制备的Ｍｎ－Ｚｎ铁氧体材料,其磁性能得到优化,磁导率μ－２４００;功耗Ｐ（１００℃,１６ｋＨｚ,１５０ｍＴ）＝６ｍＷ／ｇ,Ｐ（１００℃,２５ｋＨｚ,２００ｍＴ）＝１８ｍＷ／ｇ,Ｐ（１００℃,２００ｋＨｚ,２００ｍＴ）＝９４ｍＷ／ｇ,居里温度Ｔｃ＝２００℃,饱和磁通Ｂｓ＝５０７ｍＴ;剩余磁通Ｂｒ＝８７ｍＴ,矫顽力Ｈｃ＝１２．６Ａ／ｍ;密度ｄ＝４．８５ｇ／ｃｍ＾３,电阻率ρ＝２２５０Ω．ｃｍ。由于其具有很高的电阻率,在高频状态下,功耗的主要部分涡流损耗将大幅度下降,因此该种材料可以用〉２００ｋＨｚ的高频范围使用。     

薄膜高频磁阻抗效应及其应用

本文介绍了Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ软磁薄膜高频磁阻抗效应及在磁传感技术中的应用，分析了讨论了获得高灵敏度磁传感的途径，磁性薄膜厚度的一般控制在４００ｎｍ以上抑制Ｎｅｅｌ壁的出现，为了提高电压输出变化灵敏度，需要沿被测场方向加向Ｏｅ的偏磁场并使高频磁场形成闭合回路，感生各向异性通过在溅射薄膜过程中加几百Ｏｅ平行于膜的直流磁场获得，与各向异性磁阻效应和巨磁阻效应相比，高频磁阻抗效应传感技术灵敏度高，无巴克豪森噪声，     

(Ni0.81Fe0.19)0.66Cr0.34/Ni0.81Fe0.19薄膜的各向异性磁电阻效应及尺寸效应

研究了以非磁性（Ｎｉ_０．８１Ｆｅ_０．１９）_０．６６ＣＲ_０．３４薄膜作为过诞层的坡莫合金Ｎｉ_０．８１Ｆｅ_０．１９薄膜的磁电阻效应和饱和磁场,分析退火处理对样品饱和磁场的影响和经刻蚀后的磁电阻效应膜线的尺寸效应,并建立一个统计模型定性分析了其性能变化的机理,计算结果符合实验．     

各向异性的粘结钕铁硼／铁氧体永磁复合材料的磁性能

采用高性能的各向异性ＨＤＤＲ－Ｎｄ－Ｆｅ－Ｂ磁粉和铁氧分与塑料复合,制成了各向异性粘结ＮｄＦｅＢ／铁氧体复合永磁材料研究了它们的磁性能。结果表明,随ＨＤＤＲ－Ｎｄ－Ｆｅ－Ｂ含量增加,各向异性的塑料粘结ＨＤＤＲ－Ｎｄ－Ｆｅ－Ｂ／铁氧体复合永磁材料磁性能ｂＨｃ和密度几乎是线性增大,而ｊＨｃ,（ＢＨ）ｍａｘ和Ｂｃ开始都增大,当达到一定值后基本保持不变,出现一平台,随后又继续增大,但ｊＨｃ与Ｂｒ和（ＢＨ）     

退火对低温射频磁控溅射Ba铁氧体薄膜结构及磁特性的影响

用ＲＦ磁控溅射法，在纯Ａｒ气中，硅基片不加热的情况下，制备了Ｂａ铁氧化薄膜，研究了退火温度对薄膜Ｃ轴垂直取向、结构及磁特性的影响，结果表明薄膜在７００℃氧气中退火可获得良好Ｃ轴垂直膜同的择优取向，该薄膜的饱和磁化强度和矫顽力分别为Ｍｓ＝２９６ｅｍｕ／ｃｍ＾３，Ｈｃ＝３０８７６１Ａ／ｍ。退火温度过低或过高，都不利于形成Ｃ轴垂直膜面的择优取向。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...