滇产植物油理化指标测定

研究滇产食用植物油的理化特征与储藏期品质变化规律。以两种特色植物油为对照,对云南出产的五种植物油脂的理化指标进行评价和对比。同时使用过氧化值和酸价,对所研究的油脂的储藏期品质变化进行初步探索。结果表明:云南产植物油质量均满足国标要求。但由于其加工工艺原因,植物油级别较低。含有不饱和脂肪酸的植物油在光照情况下过氧化值和酸价明显改变,可作为质量变化的主要指标。云南出产的四种特色植物油脂不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,是良好的食用油产品;但仍需改善加工工艺以提高其级别。葡萄籽油、红花籽油需添加额外抗氧化剂稳定其品质;过氧化值是最适于进行日常油品质量控制的指标。     

A new strategy for edible vegetable oil production

Consumer preference has changed rapidly from refined oils towards virgin oils in recent years. Virgin oils are edible vegetable oils obtained by mechanical procedures, such as expelling or pressing from oil seeds, and are consumed without being refined. Such oils are considered as specialty oils, because only small and medium size mills produce them in small amounts for gourmet and health markets from very different oil seeds. To meet consumer demands, bulk production of virgin oils should be accomplished from commodity oil seeds, such as rapeseeds, at reasonable prices. For this purpose two challenges have to be solved: production of high quality oil seeds, and production of virgin oils with a higher oil yield. In this article we focus on the pre‐treatment processes of oil seeds to increase oil yield, and describe a new alternative process, ultrasound‐assisted alcoholic treatment of oil seeds.     

Oleochemicals as a fuel: Mechanical and economic feasibility

The status of vegetable oils as diesel fuel substitutes is currently dubious. Although it is fair to consider them as short-term emergency fuels (or, more desirably, low proportion supplements to diesel fuels), they present mechanical problems in long-term use that have not yet been solved. It is preferable to use these oils blended in small proportions with diesel fuels. Indirect-injection diesel engines have had fewer problems than direct-injection engines, whether the tests were performed with pure vegetable oil fuel or with vegetable oil/diesel fuel blends. The economic prospect for these fuels is not promising. In general, they are not and have not been economical alternatives to diesel fuel. Exceptions appear to have occurred recently in Brazil and the Philippines where low local prices for vegetable oils combined with high petroleum prices encouraged officials to use low proportion vegetable oil/diesel fuel blends. Nonetheless, current and long-term trends in petroleum and oilseed prices indicate that these fuels will probably not be price competitive within the near future. Emergency disruption of petroleum supplies completely changes the economic situation. Vegetable oils would be worth much more as a fuel during disruptions than otherwise; thus incentives could be strong to include these oils in the fuel supply, diverting them from the food supply.     

The production of biodiesel from vegetable oils by ethanolysis: Current state and perspectives

At present, the homogeneous base-catalyzed methanolysis reaction of vegetable oils is a most often used process for the industrial biodiesel production. The toxicity of methanol, the risk of the methanol vapor explosion and the possibility of the ethanol production from biorenewable resources have contributed to the development of a vegetable oil ethanolysis process for the biodiesel production. In the reaction of vegetable oils and ethanol in the presence of a catalyst, completely agricultural fuels consisted of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) are obtained having physico-chemical properties similar to those of the appropriate methyl esters and diesel fuel. The ethanolysis reaction of various oily feedstocks has been widely studied to optimize the reaction conditions and to develop new catalytic systems and processes based on chemical and biological catalysts, as well as the development of non-catalytic processes. Most researches investigate the application of homogeneous base catalysts. This paper studies the review of vegetable oil ethanolysis investigations for the biodiesel production done so far. The goals of the paper are to present the development of FAEE synthesis by catalytic and non-catalytic processes, their advantages and disadvantages, the influence of some operating and reaction conditions on the process rate and ethyl esters yield, the kinetics models describing the ethanolysis process rate, the process optimization and the possibilities for improving the FAEE synthesis process.     

Projection and prospects for sunflower seed

Oil-type sunflower production may be expected to increase during this decade and strengthen the crop’s position as the second largest world source of vegetable oil. The development would intensify its already profound effect upon world trade in general and the vegetable oil industry in particular. The Soviet Union, producer of more than half of the world’s supply of sunflower oil, has greatly influenced the position of this commodity. Apparent increasing production there and in other countries, including the U.S., will influence the market position of all vegetable oils. Sunflower oil with its many desirable characteristics should find ready acceptance in world markets. Sunflower meal should be competitive with most vegetable proteins. Domestic sunflower production has been competitive with other farm crops in many areas. Requirements for successful production include the application of good management and the use of available information and materials. In most instances where production has not been satisfactory, poor management, which is somewhat typical in attempting to grow most new crops, has existed. A need also exists for further development of high yielding varieties, insect and disease control, improved harvesting procedures, control of field losses to birds and improved cultural practices. Good progress is being made in each of these categories.     

A simple technique for determining the gas liquid chromatography profile of volatile compounds in vegetable oils

A simple procedure has been developed for the isolation, concentration and gas liquid chromatographic detection of the volatile compounds in vegetable oils. The volatile compounds are isolated by bubbling purified helium through a measured quantity of vegetable oil heated in an oil bath having a temperature of 350 F. These compounds are collected on activated charcoal and then extracted from the charcoal with carbon disulfide containing an internal standard. The distribution of the volatile compounds is determined with a flame ionization detector. A 400-fold concentration of the volatile compounds is achieved with this procedure. The technique provides good reproducibility (94.3% to 105.5%) and has been successfully used for measuring the increase of volatile compounds in vegetable oils during storage and food production.     

Möglichkeiten der Verwendung von Pflanzenöl als Kraftstoff für Dieselmotoren

Potential of Vegetable Oil as a Fuel for Diesel Engines Vegetable oils seem, not only under agricultural aspects, to be an alternative fuel because of their properties similar to Diesel fuel. For such renewable resources there exists principally an almost closed and also fast CO₂-cycle. For the time being rape oil methyl ester which will not be competitive from the economical point of view in a medium term range is predominantly used in small scale projects. The less expensive raw rape oil can only be used in special Diesel engines which was the result of special investigations carried out on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology. There are only small advantages in the emission of air pollutants of vegetable oil engines at the place of operation. Because of the limited availability of vegetable oils there is only a limited potential for the substitution of Diesel fuel. Under long term aspects such bio fuels can contribute, however, to a substitution of the limited crude oil resources.     

Projection and prospects for sunflower seed

Oil-type sunflower production may be expected to increase during this decade and strengthen the crop’s position as the second largest world source of vegetable oil. The development would intensify its already profound effect upon world trade in general and the vegetable oil industry in particular. The Soviet Union, producer of more than half of the world’s supply of sunflower oil, has greatly influenced the position of this commodity. Apparent increasing production there and in other countries, including the U.S., will influence the market position of all vegetable oils. Sunflower oil with its many desirable characteristics should find ready acceptance in world markets. Sunflower meal should be competitive with most vegetable proteins. Domestic sunflower production has been competitive with other farm crops in many areas. Requirements for successful production include the application of good management and the use of available information and materials. In most instances where production has not been satisfactory, poor management, which is somewhat typical in attempting to grow most new crops, has existed. A need also exists for further development of high yielding varieties, insect and disease control, improved harvesting procedures, control of field losses to birds and improved cultural practices. Good progress is being made in each of these categories. One of 11 papers presented in the symposium “The World Supply of Edible Oils and Proteins,” AOCS Meeting, Atlantic City, October 1971.     

混合植物油与白油对皮肤的综合作用比较

通过让受试者分别在前臂内侧皮肤（6h短效试验组）和面部皮肤（30d长效试验组）上使用含混合植物油和白油的膏霜样品,考察了混合植物油和白油对皮肤水分含量、经表皮失水率（TEWL）、摩擦力、弹性的短期和长期影响以及对皮肤皱纹的长期影响。结果显示,混合植物油在短期和长期内均能有效提高皮肤水分含量和降低水分流失,长期使用能有效提高皮肤弹性和降低皮肤皱纹面积、皱纹长度、皱纹深度;白油在短期和长期内也能一定程度提高皮肤水分含量和减少水分流失,长期使用对皮肤皱纹深度有降低作用,效果均不及植物油。涂抹后6小时,植物油能降低皮肤摩擦力,白油能提高皮肤摩擦力,长期使用两种油脂均能提高皮肤摩擦力。     

World supply and demand situation for oilseeds,oils, and meals

In recent years, the demand for meal has been relatively stronger than for vegetable oils. Thus, we have to get the meal demand if we want to determine the extent of oil production and the requirements of oilseeds. This is true although the average annual increase in world meal consumption has declined from 5.5% during the five seasons ended 1970–71 to probably 3.8% in the following five seasons. The share of soybean meal is predominating and ever increasing from 49% ten years ago to as much as 61% this season. In most seasons, including the current one, soybean oil output is determined by the more rapidly increasing meal demand. It is thus often in surplus supply, specifically at present. The marketing of soybean oil is becoming even more difficult as world supplies of low-cost palm oil and lauric oils are increasing more and more sharply. World supplies of oilseeds are developing in cycles of ca. seven years—three years buildup stocks and four years liquidation. The present expansion period, which ends this season, has been more pronounced owing to last season’s severe economic recession which also affected the consumption of meals and oils/fats. Present prospects for the next five seasons point to a slowing-down of the increase in world production of soybeans, soybean oil, and meal owing to a continuing sharp expansion of supplies of palm oil and lauric oils. This assumes that the general economic activity will more or less stagnate or show only a small expansion during this period.     

Ozonized vegetable oil as pour point depressant for neat biodiesel

The use of ozonized vegetable oils as pour point depressant for neat biodiesel was evaluated. Ozonized vegetable oils (1-1.5% by weight) were effective in reducing the pour point of biodiesel prepared from sunflower oil, soybean oil and rapeseed oil to −24, −12 and −30 °C, respectively. Cloud point however remained unaffected. In the case of palm oil biodiesel, significant reduction was observed in cloud point but not in pour point. Statistical analyses showed that neat biodiesel and biodiesel treated with ozonized vegetable oils showed no significant difference in other properties including density and viscosity. Although ozonized vegetable oils increase the flash point of biodiesel, the values are still within the limits set by the standards in the US and Europe. Lowest reduction in pour point was observed in cases where the biodiesel and the ozonized samples were prepared from the same vegetable oil. Hence, a correlation may exist between the nature of the biodiesel and ozonized oil. Microscopic analysis at low temperature revealed that ozonized vegetable oil impede agglomeration of biodiesel into network of solidified material giving crystals with sizes around 10 μm.     

Fats and oils as feedstocks for oleochemicals

The approximate quantity of 3 million tons estimated to be required at present for the production of oleochemicals is to be covered from a total production of more than 60 million tons of vegetable and animal fats. While the quantity of eleochemicals produced has nearly doubled in recent years, vegetable oil production alone has increased from 25 to 40 million tons in the same period. More than half the feedstocks required for oleochemicals are acid oils and other fats and oils which are unsuitable for human food. The demand for fats and oils for oleochemicals will certainly grow for price and technological reasons, but only the use of large quantities of oils and fats for diesel engines could shift this balance drastically and endanger the world supply of edible fats. A bottleneck may arise in the supply of fatty acids of medium chain length, although the use of coconut and palm kernel oil by the food industry in the highly developed countries has been on the decline. The green revolution goes on and the fat supply grows faster than the population. In addition, new approaches to plant breeding and agriculture, and biochemical processes as well, might help circumvent any conceivable shortage in the supply of oils and fats in general, and in the supply of special fatty acids in particular.     

Catalytic conversion of vegetable oils in a continuous FCC pilot plant

In this paper the influence of admixtures of rapeseed, soybean and palm oil into VGO on FCC performance has been studied. The oils were mixed in steps of 20 wt.% and tested in a fully continuous operated FCC pilot plant. The experiments show that the product distribution changes slightly. Higher ratios of vegetable oils hardly affect the gasoline yields but cause a decrease in cracking gas. Oxygen contained in the vegetable oils is converted predominantly to water. It has been demonstrated that the obtained gasoline is oxygen free and shows improved properties for RON and MON. The cracking gas contains high amounts of propene and ethene, which can be used as base materials for the production of synthetic materials from renewable sources.     

应对月桂油的短缺

随着油脂化工生产的扩张，价格和基本原材料的获得是其成功的关键。月桂油（棕榈仁油和椰子油）对于油脂化学品的需求而言，在价格方面是最敏感的油品。目前月桂油主要用于食品方面，因此，油脂化工需求的增加必然导致月桂油的供应面临困难。月桂油的供应取决于椰子油和棕榈仁油的产量。油棕的产油率比椰棕高。很明显，将来月桂油供应主要取决于棕榈仁油生产的增加，这是棕榈油产量提高的结果。因此，为了提供充足的月桂油以满足油脂化学工业的需要，其用于食用方面的量将不得不减少。     

Conjugated linoleic acids and conjugated vegetable oils: From nutraceutical to bio‐polymer

Recent interest from academia, nutritionists, the chemical as well as the feed and food industry in conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and conjugated vegetable oils has grown spectacularly. CLA isomers, either in their natural or synthetic forms, have not only been associated with diverse health and physiological effects, but they are also interesting renewable compounds in the production of industrial products such as paints, glues, and polymers, due to their very reactive conjugated double bond system. Due to the depletion of the world crude oil reserves and the increasing trend to use renewable feedstock in the chemical industry, it is to be expected that the use of conjugated fatty acids and oils will continue to grow in the near future. As high amounts of CLAs and conjugated vegetable oils will be needed and natural resources are limited, efficient production processes are urgently needed. An efficient process for the production of CLA from methyl linoleate, using the Wilkinson catalyst, is described by Behr et al. in this issue of European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology.     

Effect of the doses and nature of vegetable oil on carbon black/rubber interactions: Studies on castor oil and other vegetable oils

The effects of additives in various vegetable oils on the physical, mechanical, and adhesion properties of carbon black/rubber compounds were studied. Various doses of castor oil and some other oils such as paraffin oil, vegetable oil 1, and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) at a fixed dose (1 phr) were used. With an increase in the castor oil content, the modulus, tear strength, and tensile strength increased, whereas the hardness and adhesive strength exhibited little variation up to 1 phr. Beyond 1 phr castor oil, the modulus, tear strength, and hardness decreased, whereas the adhesive and tensile strengths increased up to 2.5–3 phr and then decreased. Therefore, castor oil seemed to behave as a coupling agent up to 1 phr and as a coupling agent and a plasticizer in the range of 1–3 phr; beyond that, the main role of castor oil was plasticization. When various oils at a fixed dose (1 phr) were compared, it was found that the vegetable oils exhibited enhanced properties in comparison with those of paraffin oil. In addition, both of the unsaturated oils (castor oil and vegetable oil 1) enhanced physical and mechanical properties in comparison with saturated paraffin oil. CNSL exhibited the best adhesion properties against mild steel and galvanized iron substrates. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1574–1578, 2003     

Notes on life-cycle assessments of vegetable oils

Renewable resources like vegetable oils constitute a central element in the discussion of the implementation of a sustainable development. Vegetable oils play an increasingly important part in the production of biodegradable materials. But considering the ecological effects of their production and use vegetable oils show advantages and disadvantages. Life-cycle assessments (LCAs) allow a detailed evaluation of their ecological performance. Carrying out LCAs the determination of the methodological proceedings is required. It is one of the objectives of the present study to ascertain if, or how strong, these methodological determinations can influence the results of LCAs. The LCA of refined rapeseed oil serves as an example. The following issues are of special interest here: the selection of a reference system, the balancing principles for coproducts, and the balancing principles for emissions under consideration of their site-specific impacts. Furthermore, the results for rapeseed oil and soybean oil are compared in order to find out if LCAs for different vegetable oils show similar results (which would allow the undiscriminate transfer of the LCA results from one oil to another). Finally, the LCA results of rapeseed oil, that have been obtained for the currently quantifiable parameters, are presented. As the study shows, the methodological approach can influence the LCA results significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to define and document the applied methodological approach carefully in order to base the LCA on verifiable facts and to obtain realistic results. The undiscriminate transfer of LCA results from one vegetable oil to another is not allowed because incorrect results are possible.     

Projection and prospects for cottonseed in the 1970’s

Oilseeds and their products, vegetable oils and oilcakes, are primary agricultural commodities on the world market. The current annual volume is ca. $3000 million and, with increasing world population and income, their production is expected to expand. Improved technology, which allows for substitution of oils from various sources in many products, has narrowed the price spread between different oils. If production increases as predicted, the price of vegetable oils may decline in the future. Oilcakes are used primarily for animal feed at present. Forecasts predict that consumption of oilcake should increase and prices remain stable. Since cottonseed is a byproduct of cotton fiber production, it does not readily respond to fluctuations in supply and demand. Two factors may significantly affect utilization patterns of cottonseed protein in the future. First is development of the liquid cyclone process for production of food-grade protein flour from conventional cottonseed. Second is development of commercially acceptable varieties of glandless cotton, the seed of which can be processed into food without special procedures. Exploitation of these developments could move significant amounts of cottonseed protein into food channels in both developed and lesser developed countries and alter use patterns for cottonseed.     

Performance of higher poly(alkyl lactate acrylate)s as viscosity modifiers in vegetable oils

Recently, bio-derived materials such as vegetable oils are significantly employed in lubricating oil formulations due to its high flash point, high lubricity, low evaporation loss, renewability, biodegradability, and eco-friendliness when compared to mineral oil. We investigated the performance of seven poly(alkyl lactate acrylate)s as viscosity modifiers in two vegetable oils, namely, coconut oil and sunflower oil, which differ in the percentage of polar compounds and degree of unsaturation. Poly(alkyl lactate acrylate)s having alkyl as hexyl to dodecyl group in different concentrations between 1 and 2 wt% were added to coconut and sunflower oil and parameters such as thickening power or Q factor, kinematic viscosity (μ), and viscosity index (VI) were calculated. The μ values at 40°C and 100°C of vegetable oils studied were lower than commercially available SAE20W40 engine oil, but the VI of coconut and sunflower oil was higher by about 22%. Value of Q factor higher than 1, indicated that these poly(alkyl lactate acrylate)s were VI improvers. VI increased with increase in the polymer concentration in both the vegetable oils. The length of the alkyl side chain of these polymers and the polarity of vegetable oil had predominant effect in determining the values of VI of vegetable oils. By using these polymer additives, VI was improved by 85.5% in coconut oil and by 61.7% in sunflower oil. Varying the concentration and alkyl group of these additives, one can largely modify the viscosity ranges enabling them to be used in different lubricating applications.