低复杂度的双基地MIMO雷达阵列优化方法

针对双基地MIMO雷达的稀疏发射和接收阵列联合优化时由于二维角度搜索导致其计算量较大的问题,提出一种低复杂度的双基地MIMO雷达稀疏阵列优化方法。该方法利用MIMO雷达方向图乘积定理将二维角度的优化目标函数分解成两个一维角度的目标函数,然后可以利用遗传算法分别对发射阵列和接收阵列进行优化。该方法不需要二维角度搜索优化,在保证阵列方向图旁瓣抑制性能的基础上,降低了阵列优化的复杂度。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes

A radar interferometric technique for topographic mapping of surfaces, implemented utilizing a single synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system in a nearly repeating orbit, is discussed. The authors characterize the various sources contributing to the echo correlation statistics, and isolate the term which most closely describes surficial change. They then examine the application of this approach to topographic mapping of vegetated surfaces which may be expected to possess varying backscatter over time. It is found that there is decorrelation increasing with time but that digital terrain model generation remains feasible. The authors present such a map of a forested area in Oregon which also includes some nearly unvegetated lava flows. Such a technique could provide a global digital terrain map     

干涉法制造椭圆环光栅

本文给出了利用透射圆锥透镜（Ａｘｉｃｏｎ）制造全息椭圆环衍射光栅的基本原理，实验方法和结果。     

Mueller and Kennaugh matrices in radar polarimetry

This paper is concerned with the notions of the Mueller matrix and the Kennaugh (or Stokes scattering) matrix, that are commonly used in the field of radar polarimetry. Although these two matrices are quite similar, there exists a basic difference between them that seems to have been overlooked by a number of researchers, resulting in a great deal of confusion. An attempt is made to clarify this point and to present the basic relationships of radar polarimetry in a compact form     

一种快速的SAR车辆目标方位角估计方法

主导边界是合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像车辆目标方位角估计中最主要的特征。为了充分利用主导边界的特点能够提高方位角估计的效率和准确率,深入分析了主导边界特点,提出目标的三类主导边界的概念,并且提出了一种快速有效地目标方位角估计思路,结合SAR图像在0°或180°附近几类主导边界的规律来解决该角度附近的模糊问题,得到了一种简单高效的方位角估计方法。最后利用MSTAR数据做了仿真验证实验,证明该方法的有效性。     

基于部件分解的高分辨雷达目标提取方法

针对传统目标提取算法在低信噪比条件下性能不理想且提取部件不连续的问题,提出一种基于部件分解的高分辨雷达目标提取算法.利用属性散射中心可以表征目标部件的散射回波的优势,通过构造属性散射中心基对目标信号进行分解.通过对分解部件的能量设置门限,提取属于目标的部件.实验结果证明:在低信噪比且虚警概率相同的情况下,基于部件分解的目标提取方法比传统基于像素能量的提取方法能提取出更多且更连续的目标部件.     

A review of target decomposition theorems in radar polarimetry

In this paper, we provide a review of the different approaches used for target decomposition theory in radar polarimetry. We classify three main types of theorem; those based on the Mueller matrix and Stokes vector, those using an eigenvector analysis of the covariance or coherency matrix, and those employing coherent decomposition of the scattering matrix. We unify the formulation of these different approaches using transformation theory and an eigenvector analysis. We show how special forms of these decompositions apply for the important case of backscatter from terrain with generic symmetries     

一种适用于VTS系统的自适应雷达视频压缩方法

提出了一种适用于VTS系统的自适应的雷达视频压缩方法,介绍了该压缩方法的原理以及如何在VTS系统中使用该方法以提高雷达视频压缩效率。     

高分辨步进频雷达回波信号模拟方法设计及实现

调频步进雷达信号作为一种距离高分辨信号广泛应用于各种新体制雷达中。在分析步进频回波信号数学模型的基础上,提出了一种基于FPGA并行理论和高速DAC架构的三阶DDS步进频回波模拟方法。实现方法保证了回波相位的线性特性,较真实地模拟雷达探测过程对信号的调制。实现方法采用三阶DDS嵌套的方式,对回波信号数学模型按CPI帧周期维度、PRT脉冲重复周期维度进行特征分解,完成回波信号数学模型到FPGA底层单元的映射。实测结果表明,该方法满足步进频信号处理中的相参性,较真实地实现了步进频回波模拟,为雷达引信系统算法测试提供便捷。     

The seasonal behavior of interferometric coherence in boreal forest

The capability of SAR interferometry has been previously demonstrated in various applications. In particular, the use of interferometric coherence has shown promising results in forest monitoring, however, mainly in discriminating forested and nonforested areas. The authors have collected ERS-1 and ERS-2 Tandem data from two boreal forest test sites in Finland. The data have been processed into interferometric coherence and intensity images. These images have been used to a) compare the behavior of interferometric coherence and intensity for various land-use and forest classes and b) extensive analysis on the behavior of interferometric coherence in boreal forests as a function of stem volume. Based on the observations and the use of a boreal forest semi-empirical backscattering model, they have developed an empirical model that describes interferometric coherence of boreal forests using backscattering information. The results indicate that coherence is more sensitive to the stem volume than the C-band backscattering intensity. However, the intensity and coherence data contain complementary information and therefore, the use of both data sources is beneficial in the observation of boreal forest     

一种自适应雷达抗压制性欺骗干扰方法

压制性欺骗干扰兼具压制性噪声干扰和脉冲欺骗干扰的特点,使得传统的副瓣相消和副瓣匿影等抗干扰措施失效.本文提出了一种时空级联自适应雷达抗压制性欺骗干扰方法.该方法首先采用时域深加权的离散傅立叶变换(DFT)滤波,然后进行干扰样本的识别与收集.若判断出干扰为压制性欺骗干扰,则利用收集到的样本数据求取副瓣相消器的权矢量,从而自适应对消压制性欺骗干扰.甚至在一些干扰个数多于辅助通道数的场合下,也能有很好的对消效果.计算机仿真实验证明了该方法的有效性.     

Reflectivity estimation for multibaseline interferometric radar imaging of layover extended sources

In recent years, there has been great interest in exploiting the advanced multibaseline operation of synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) for solving layover effects from complex orography, which can degrade both SAR and InSAR imagery of terrain radar reflectivity and height. In this work, the problem of retrieving radar reflectivity of layover areas is addressed. It is formulated as the problem of estimating a multicomponent sinusoidal signal corrupted by multiplicative complex correlated noise and additive white Gaussian noise. Application of nonparametric [e.g., Capon, amplitude and phase estimation filter (APES)], parametric [least squares, modern parametric RELAXation spectral estimator (RELAX)], and hybrid spectral estimators for amplitude estimation is investigated for a multilook scenario. In particular, the multilook extensions of RELAX and APES are applied to the interferometric problem. Performance analysis is investigated through a Cramer-Rao lower bound calculation and Monte Carlo simulation. The method of least squares, coupled with Capon's approach to spatial frequency estimation, multilook APES, and multilook RELAX turn out to provide accurate reflectivity estimates for undistorted multibaseline image formation of layover areas.     

A tethered interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for atopographic mission

Analyzes a spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for high-resolution, topographic applications. Two physical antennas are vertically spaced and are carried along parallel paths by two different platforms connected by a tether. Tethered space systems have been proposed by several authors for different applications and a joint US-Italian program exists to deploy in 1992 a small satellite (Tethered Satellite System) from a Space Shuttle. A system performance analysis is carried out, considering a theoretical study and a numerical simulation. By evaluating the tethered interferometric SAR impulse response, the height of various point scatterers is computed and an error budget is obtained. Results show that this system is capable of achieving a root-mean-square (RMS) error in height measurement adequate for several applications     

An optimization algorithm for separating land surface temperatureand emissivity from multispectral thermal infrared imagery

Land surface temperature (LST) and emissivity are important components of land surface modeling and applications. The only practical means of obtaining LST at spatial and temporal resolutions appropriate for most modeling applications is through remote sensing. While the popular split-window method has been widely used to estimate LST, it requires known emissivity values. Multispectral thermal infrared imagery provides us with an excellent opportunity to estimate both LST and emissivity simultaneously, but the difficulty is that a single multispectral thermal measurement with N bands presents N equations in N+1 unknowns (N spectral emissivities and LST). In this study, we developed a general algorithm that can separate land surface emissivity and LST from any multispectral thermal imagery, such as moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) data. The central idea was to establish empirical constraints, and regularization methods were used to estimate both emissivity and LST through an optimization algorithm. It allows us to incorporate any prior knowledge in a formal way, The numerical experiments showed that this algorithm is very effective (more than 43.4% inversion results differed from the actual LST within 0.5°, 70.2% within 1° and 84% within 1.5°), although improvements are still needed     

An improved method for a redundancy optimization problem

The present note suggests an improvement over an earlier method for a redundancy optimization problem. There is a drastic reduction in the number of steps required to arrive at the optimal allocation. A numerical example illustrates the technique.     

一种管线布局智能优化方法

为了实现复杂机电装备管线布局优化设计,提出了一种基于新的编码方式的管线布局智能优化方法.首先,设计了一种具有更好通用性的新的粒子编码方法,给出了管路路径映射规则.其次,给出了基于该编码方式的目标函数计算方法.再次,结合管路布局领域的相关技术,采用粒子群算法对管路避障路径进行寻优.最后应用MATLAB软件进行管路布局优化仿真计算,验证了该方法的有效性.     

Analysis of topographic decorrelation in SAR interferometry usingratio coherence imagery

Topographic decorrelation due to the local surface slope has been an obstacle to interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) applications. A modified spatial decorrelation function is derived as a function of the baseline and topography. This function explains the origin of the total topographic decorrelation phenomenon on the slopes directly facing radar illumination and layover, which may mislead InSAR coherence image interpretation. The authors define critical terrain slope (or critical incidence angle) as the angle for which two SAR signals completely decorrelate regardless of surface stability. It is found that the width of the critical terrain slope increases with the increase of the component of the baseline perpendicular to the radar look direction. A new analytical method, the ratio coherence imagery, is then introduced to highlight total topographic decorrelation against the temporal decorrelation features. The applications of this methodology are demonstrated in selected locations in the Sahara Desert, Algeria, and Almerı´a, Spain, using ERS-1 and ERS-2 SAR data     

Analysis and design optimization of electrooptic interferometric modulators for microphotonics applications

Scaling the electrode layout (electrode gap, electrode length) down to microscale dimensions extends the application of electrooptic (EO) modulators to microphotonics. In this paper, design criteria are set up to minimize the switching voltage of microscale EO Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulators. Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulators under different directions of electric field with respect to the optic axis are analyzed. Three expressions of the intensity output characteristics are presented for various crystal classes and compared in terms of conditions of validity and design applications. The analysis in this paper suggests that the switching voltage is strongly related with the direction of the electric field relative to the optic axis. For the 4-mm BaTiO/sub 3/ (r/sub 33/=28 pm/V,r/sub 51/=820 pm/V) Mach-Zehnder modulators, r/sub 51/ is utilized when the electric field is applied normal to the optic axis. In this configuration, the thermal stability and polarization insensitivity improve but the extinction ratio becomes a function of the electrode length. The phase-retardation expression is useful to find a suitable modulator length and maximize the extinction ratio. Some of the discussions also apply to Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot interferometric modulators.     

An optimization design method for chemically amplified resistprocess control

A novel optimization method called chemically-amplified resist process optimization design (CARPOD) applicable to the chemically amplified resist (CAR) process development is described. The method finds the optimal process conditions and the design center (maximum process tolerance space) of a CAR process with minimum experimental runs. First a modified response surface method is used to form the numerical response surface of a CAR, and its most sensitive point, which is the minimum requirement of X-ray dose, is located as an optimal process condition by an optimization method called POSM under the constraint of the contrast of the photoresist. Second, the design center is found to maximize the process tolerance space around the optimal process condition. Third, verifications are made on the optimal design as well as the design center. The process optimization of AZ PF-514 has been used as an example to show that the CARPOD method can identify the optimal process condition as well as the maximum tolerable parameter space with minimum experimental runs     

An analytical presentation of the monochromatic ocean wave image bya regular or an interferometric synthetic aperture radar

An asymptotic expansion of the theoretical model for simulation of a monochromatic ocean wave imaging by either regular synthetic aperture radar (SAR), or by along-track interferometric SAR (INSAR), and its analytical approximation are considered. The model takes into account the so-called velocity bunching imaging mechanism. The domains of validity of the simplified asymptotic and analytical expressions for both SAR and INSAR imaging of the ocean waves are established by comparing those solutions with the corresponding full numerical simulations. The analytical presentations of the SAR and the INSAR wave imaging obtained in the present study are used to understand better the limitations and the relative advantages of both techniques and to define the dimensionless parameters which govern the imaging process