基于切削技术的金刚石刀具磨损特征分析

金刚石刀具的磨损情况决定其使用寿命。用金刚石PCD刀具切削6061-T6镁铝合金工件,通过不同切削速度、切削深度、振动频率、刀具后角时的切削力及切削温度变化,研究不同刀具前后角、进给量、切削转速时的工件表面粗糙度及刀具磨损面积。结果表明:金刚石刀具的切削力和切削温度随切削速度、切削深度的增加而增大,随振动频率的增加而减小;刀具后角增大,金刚石刀具的切削力呈先下降而后缓缓上升趋势,但对切削温度的影响很小。当刀具前角为10°,刀具后角为8°,切削速度为0.46?m/s,切削深度为28?μm,进给量为0.10?mm/r,切削转速为4100?r/min,振动频率为22?kHz,切削振幅为9?μm时,金刚石刀具的磨损面积最小,磨损程度最低,使用寿命最长,但工件的表面粗糙度稍高。      

奥氏体不锈钢车削时刀具磨损对切削因素和表面质量的影响研究

研究了奥氏体不锈钢车削加工过程中刀具后刀面磨损对切削力、切削温度、粗糙度及残余应力影响规律。试验结果表明:当刀具后刀面磨损在一定范围内,F_x与F_z随磨损量的增加而显著增大,而F_y基本保持不变;温度随刀具后刀面磨损量增加而显著增大;工件的表面粗糙度随刀具后刀面磨损量增大而增大;当车刀后刀面磨损为0.167 mm时,工件加工表面的残余应力最大。     

轴向超声振动辅助铣削TiB2/7050Al复合材料残余应力试验研究

针对TiB2颗粒增强铝基复合材料可加工性差、切削温度高、刀具磨损严重等问题,开展TiB2/7050Al复合材料轴向超声振动辅助铣削残余应力试验,研究各加工参数对超声振动辅助铣削表面及亚表层残余应力的影响规律,并分析力热耦合作用对超声振动辅助铣削残余应力的作用机制。研究表明:TiB2/7050Al复合材料超声振动辅助铣削表面残余应力均为残余压应力,且残余压应力随每齿进给量、切削速度的增加而减小,而随着切削深度及超声频率的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;工件亚表层残余应力影响层厚度为90~120μm,且未观测到明显的加工硬化现象。     

不同PCBN刀具车削硼铸铁的对比研究

使用不同的立方氮化硼刀具材料(PCBN)和刀具结构,在相同加工参数下,对硼铸铁进行切削加工试验,并对比其加工效果。结果表明:同粗粒度的PCBN刀具相比,细粒度的PCBN刀具加工所得的工件表面粗糙度较低,且刀具本身的耐磨性较高;在切削过程中,随着进给量的增大,工件表面粗糙度也增大;PCBN刀具的负倒棱宽度对加工硼铸铁的切削温度和后刀面磨损有较大影响,负倒棱宽度增加,切削温度和刀具磨损增加,而倒棱角度对刀具和切削过程影响有限。     

钛合金超声椭圆振动铣削残余应力有限元仿真

为了分析在超声椭圆振动铣削加工中振动参数和切削参数对TC4工件残余应力的影响,运用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟了钛合金超声椭圆振动铣削加工过程。采用单因素试验法和正交试验法,研究进给方向上振动参数和切削参数对工件残余应力的影响,并用极差法分析实验数据得到其优化参数组合。研究表明,在钛合金超声椭圆振动铣削加工中,对工件的残余应力影响因素从小到大依次为:切削速度,幅值,振动频率,每齿进给速度;在一定的研究范围内,振动频率和振幅的增大,刀具和工件接触时间更短,切削热更易消散,导致残余应力减小;切削速度和进给速度的增大,加剧了刀具和工件之间的摩擦,产生更多的切削热,导致残余应力增大。     

钛合金Ti-6Al-4V纵扭超声铣削残余应力试验研究

目的 提出将纵扭超声振动和铣削加工相复合,对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V进行试验研究,探索工艺参数对加工残余应力的影响规律,实现钛合金的压应力抗疲劳制造。方法 通过试验对比分析了纵扭超声铣削和传统铣削在切削力、切削温度和残余应力的差异性。采用正交试验和单因素试验相结合的方法,同时考虑因素交互作用,研究了加工参数、冷却润滑条件以及刀具磨损对加工残余应力的影响。结果 相较于传统铣削,纵扭超声铣削能够使平均切削力降低约16.3%,切削温度降低约25.6%,表面残余压应力值增加31.3%。在所选参数范围内,径向切深对表面残余应力的影响较大（贡献率为34.1%）,而振幅影响较小（贡献率为6.5%）。表面残余压应力值随着铣削速度、每齿进给量以及径向切深的增大有不同程度的降低,随着振幅的增大有一定程度的提高。采用乳化液作为切削液能够提高加工表面的残余压应力值,而干式切削能够获得和在水、油切削液条件下相当的加工表面残余压应力值。工件表面的残余压应力值随着刀具磨损的增加而逐渐减小。结论 纵扭超声铣削能够有效降低切削力和切削温度,提高加工残余压应力值,同时选择适当的工艺参数及润滑冷却条件可进一步增大表面压应力值,可作为一种可靠的压应力制造技术。     

切削SiCp/6005Al复合材料的PCD刀具磨损

为研究SiCp/6005Al切削时的刀具磨损机制及刀具磨损对切削力、切削温度、工件表面质量的影响，进行不同转速V和不同进给速度f下的切削试验，观察每组试验刀具切削后的磨损形貌，并通过监测动态切削力和切削温度来探究刀具的磨损机制。结果表明：工件转速提高使切削温度明显升高，但对切削力的影响很小；进给速度提高使切削力明显升高，而切削温度的变化范围较小。改变进给速度带来的力载荷变化是影响前刀面磨损的主要因素，改变工件转速带来的切削温度变化是影响后刀面磨损的主要因素。此外，刀具磨损是磨粒磨损、黏结磨损的综合作用结果，且刀具磨损会对切削力、切削温度和加工表面质量产生不利影响。     

振动切削参数对纳米振动切削过程的影响

采用分子动力学的方法建立了金属钛的纳米振动切削模型,通过切削仿真研究了振动切削参数变化对整个振动切削过程的影响。研究发现:振动频率和振幅的增大会使接触率、切削力及切削温度的数值减小。切削速度增大会使接触率、切削力及切削温度升高,相比对切削力的改变,在切削速度小于100m/s的情况下对切削温度的影响效果更显著。刀具刃口半径的增大会使切削过程中已加工面的变质层厚度增加,表面粗糙度增大,切削力与切削温度的数值随刃口半径的增大而增加,当刃口半径跟切削厚度之比大于1时,背吃刀力及切削温度提升的速率更快。     

基于ALE方法的二维超声振动切削仿真

文章应用任意拉格朗日方法(ALE)建立超声椭圆振动切削有限元模型,模拟超声振动对切削加工的影响。同时还对钝圆半径对切削温度和残余应力的影响进行模拟研究。从结果可以看出:工件瞬时最高温度随着振动频率的增加先减小后增大,增大速率比减小速率快;振动频率只影响残余应力值大小,对应力层厚度影响较小;随着钝圆半径的增加,残余压应力层厚度基本不变,而拉应力层厚度减小,最大拉应力也随之减小。     

切削刃数量对球墨铸铁铣削性能及表面形貌特征的影响

目的 提高球墨铸铁铣削表面质量和刀具寿命。方法 通过刀具轨迹计算和切削试验,研究球墨铸铁平面铣削过程中切削刃数量对切削性能、刀具磨损和表面形貌特征的影响,并用分形维数和表面粗糙度共同表征表面形貌。结果 刀具轨迹分析表明,由于铣削过程中,刀具切削方向和进给方向间的夹角不断变化,铣削表面不同位置和方向的表面形貌存在差异,进而导致表面粗糙度存在较明显的差异。通过铣削试验研究切削刃数量对铣削表面不同位置和方向的几何特征的影响规律发现,随着切削刃数量的成倍增加,切削力显著增加,同时刀具磨损量降低了36.5%,表面粗糙度值降低了39.2%,表面轮廓分形维数值增加了4.8%。结论 增加切削刃数量可以使每齿切削力和刀具磨损均显著减小,刀具寿命显著增加,同时表面粗糙度减小,分形维数增大,即切削刃数量的增加使表面质量更好,表面轮廓结构更复杂。     

微织构刀具对工件表面残余应力影响有限元分析

针对微织构刀具对切削工件表面残余应力的影响,设计不同尺寸的垂直槽和平行槽微织构,利用有限元仿真技术,模拟不同类型、不同尺寸微织构PCBN刀具干式车削GCr15试验。通过对有限元结果进行研究分析,得到已加工表面残余应力分布情况,并与无织构PCBN刀具对比,分析微织构对已加工表面残余应力的影响。有限元仿真结果表明:与无织构刀具切削工件表面获得拉应力相比,槽型织构刀具切削后的工件已加工表面呈现压应力,提高工件表层的耐磨损和耐疲劳性能;宽度50μm垂直槽和宽度40μm平行槽刀具切削得到的工件表面压应力最大,对工件表面应力分布影响最显著。     

超声振动珩磨表面残余应力数值模拟研究

目的磨削产生的残余应力对工件表面特性有重要影响,超声振动珩磨使磨粒具有极大的加速度而改变了材料去除机理,研究超声振动对工件表面残余应力的影响及产生机理。方法分析残余应力形成有限元理论,建立基于热弹塑性有限元法的超声振动单颗CBN磨粒切削40Cr Ni Mo A热力耦合有限元模型,并设置两次切削、卸载、约束转换及冷却等分析步。通过数值模拟得到不同振动参数下表面残余应力的分布情况,并对模拟结果进行分析。结果有限元计算得到的各分析阶段应力分布存在差别,超声振动参数设置达到仿真要求;对磨粒施加超声振动后珩磨力下降约26%,珩磨热降低约17%,切向残余压应力有所减小,垂直珩磨速度方向拉应力减小并向压应力转变。结论超声振动使珩磨力和珩磨热有一定程度降低从而改变了残余应力的分布及数值;振动频率在20 k Hz波动时对残余应力的影响不大;磨削速度减小,切向残余压应力增大,垂直磨削方向残余拉应力减小;振幅增大时,切向残余压应力减小,垂直方向残余应力增大。     

An experimental and numerical study on the face milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy: Tool performance and surface integrity

This paper is concerned with the experimental and numerical study of face milling of Ti-6Al-4 V titanium alloy. Machining is carried out by uncoated carbide cutters in the presence of an abundant supply of coolant. Experimental analysis is conducted by focusing on the measurement of specific cutting energy, surface integrity and tool performance. The experimental analysis is supplemented by simulations from a 3D finite element model (FEM) of face milling simulation where needed. A tool wear model parameterized from FEM predictions of the tool-chip interface temperature, contact stress and chip velocity is presented. Tool wear patterns are described in terms of various cutting conditions and the influence of tool wear on surface integrity is investigated. Tool wear predictions based on the 3D FEM simulation show good agreement with experimental tool wear measurements. The highest cutting speed realized for the cutting tool material is 182.9 m/min (600 sfpm). Good surface integrity in terms of favorable residual stress and surface finish is achieved under the machining conditions used with limited tool wear. Residual stresses imparted to the machined surface are shown to be compressive.     

Ultrasonic elliptical vibration transducer driven by single actuator and its application in precision cutting

The ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting has been successfully applied to precision cutting due to its superior performances, such as low cutting force, high quality surface finish and long tool life. This paper presented an asymmetrical structural model of the ultrasonic elliptical vibration transducer with only the longitudinal excitation. Based on the modal and static analysis with finite element method, various parameters of the model were modified to meet the needs of the vibration modality and the inherent frequency. A cutting system of the ultrasonic elliptical vibration driven by single longitudinal actuator was developed and the effect of the transducer amplitude and cutting depth on the cutting force was studied in detail. A part with surface roughness of R_a 0.08 μm was achieved. The results showed that the ultrasonic elliptical vibration transducer can be designed rationally with finite element method and single driven ultrasonic elliptical vibration machining can be used in precision cutting.     

基于微磨削方法的微织构刀具制备与切削性能研究

目的研究表面微织构对硬质合金刀具切削性能的影响。方法采用微磨削方法在硬质合金刀具前刀面加工出具有不同结构参数的横向、纵向和交叉微织构,通过AL6061切削试验和有限元切削仿真,研究表面微织构对硬质合金刀具的切削温度及刀具磨损的影响。结果采用V形金刚石砂轮微磨削方法能够加工出几何形状规则且表面质量良好的表面微织构。与无织构刀具相比,微织构刀具的切削温度明显降低,高温区域明显减少,其中横向织构刀具降温效果最为显著。微织构刀具的切削温度随沟槽间距的增大而升高,沟槽间距为150μm时,切削温度最低。表面微织构能够有效减轻刀具前刀面的粘结磨损,横向织构刀具减摩抗粘效果最好,且采用较小的沟槽间距更利于减轻刀具的粘结磨损。随着切削速度的增加,表面微织构的抗粘结作用更加明显,当切削速度为150 m/min时,沟槽间距为150μm的横向织构刀具的切屑粘结面积最小。结论在横向、纵向和交叉织构刀具中,沟槽间距为150μm的横向织构刀具切削性能最好,即降温效果、抗粘结性能最为显著。     

Modelling the Effects of Flank Wear Land and Chip Formation on Residual Stresses

The selection of optimum machining parameters and tool geometry for difficult to cut materials used in aerospace applications is usually controlled by the quality and integrity of the surface produced, the burr formation and the part distortion. In this paper, a finite element model is developed to simulate the effects of tool flank wear and chip formation on residual stress when orthogonal cutting Ti-6AI-4V. A crack propagation module is also developed and incorporated into the finite element solver to accurately simulate the segmental chips produced during machining of titanium. The predicted results emphasize the importance of modelling the chip formation mechanism and tool wear correctly because of their effect on the cutting forces and temperature field. This subsequently influences the magnitude and distributions of the residual stress. Good correlation was obtained between measured and predicted residual stress distribution.     

The influence of tool flank wear on residual stresses induced by milling aluminum alloy

The machining processes could induce residual stresses that enhance or impair greatly the performance of the machined component. Machining residual stresses correlate very closely with the cutting parameters and the tool geometries. In this paper, the effect of the tool flank wear on residual stresses profiles in milling of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 was investigated. In the experiments, the residual stresses on the surface of the workpiece and in-depth were measured by using X-ray diffraction technique in combination with electro-polishing technique. In order to correlate the residual stresses with the thermal and mechanical phenomena developed during milling, the orthogonal components of the cutting forces were measured using a Kistler 9257A type three-component piezoelectric dynamometer. The temperature field of the machined workpiece surface was obtained with the combination of infrared thermal imaging system and finite element method. The results show that the tool flank wear has a significant effect on residual stresses profiles, especially superficial residual stress. As the tool flank wear length increases, the residual stress on the machined surface shifts obviously to tensile range, the residual compressive stress beneath the machined surface increases and the thickness of the residual stresses layer also increases. The magnitude and distributions of the residual stresses are closely correlated with cutting forces and temperature field. The three orthogonal components of the peak cutting forces increase and the highest temperature of the machined workpiece surface also increases significantly with an increase in the flank wear. The results reveal that the thermal load plays a significant role in the formation of the superficial residual stress, while the dominative factor that affects thickness of residual stresses layer is the mechanical load in high-speed milling aluminum alloy using worn tool.     

织构化刀具表面摩擦磨损特性与减摩降磨机制研究

在刀具表面设计并加工出一定结构的微织构,可大幅改善刀具-切屑表面的摩擦状态。为了探究不同形态的织构刀具在干摩擦状态下的摩擦磨损特征,通过有限元仿真分析软件ABAQUS对不同织构类型的刀具进行分析,结合刀具的应力状态分布情况分析各类织构对减摩抗磨作用的影响。同时,利用飞秒激光器在刀具表面加工不同类型的织构并与钛合金磨球进行摩擦磨损实验,测定其摩擦因数,分析不同类型织构刀具表面的磨损情况和形貌。仿真及试验结果表明：刀具T1应力集中区分布广泛,应力集中严重;相对于T1,刀具T2、T3、T4、T5的等效应力值出现大幅降低,且应力分布较为均匀,其中刀具T4的表面等效应力值最低,且降温效果最优。上述结果表明：带有不同类型织构的刀具较无织构刀具的摩擦因数均有不同程度降低,一定程度上缓解了刀具表面的黏结磨损,其中T4摩擦因数降低最为显著,减摩效果最为突出。     

表面织构对GCr15淬硬轴承钢切削过程影响分析

针对GCr15淬硬轴承钢切削过程中由于切削力大、切削温度高而导致的刀具磨损加剧问题,在工件表面预置织构,通过有限元仿真结合正交试验对切削过程进行模拟,并通过信噪比分析方法进行优化分析,利用极差分析、方差分析确定最优切削参数组合以及切削参数对于切削力以及温度的影响程度。切削仿真结果表明:切削速度120 m/min、进给量0.05 mm/r、切削深度0.1 mm为最优切削参数组合。在最优切削参数条件下,通过对表面织构GCr15轴承钢进行切削仿真模拟,得到切削力以及切削温度的仿真结果。将表面织构和无表面织构的切削仿真模拟结果进行对比,结果表明表面织构切削仿真的切削力及切削温度都得到有效降低,有利于减少刀具磨损,提高刀具寿命。