大口径方形非球面镜的高效磨削技术研究

本文基于X/Y/Z三直线轴平面磨床,研究了圆弧砂轮应用于大口径方形非球面镜的平行磨削新技术,介绍了圆弧砂轮平行磨削的机理、重点解决了砂轮形状误差在线检测、元件面形误差在线检测与误差补偿等关键技术问题.以430 mm×430 mm非球面镜为样件,进行了多轮高效精密磨削工艺实验,面形精度PV均值为4.2μm,表面粗糙度约0...     

HIPSN陶瓷高效精密磨削工艺优化试验研究

目的针对HIPSN(热等静压氮化硅)陶瓷精密加工效率低、成本高、难度大的问题,对HIPSN陶瓷高效精密磨削加工工艺进行优化。方法利用高精度成形磨床对HIPSN陶瓷进行试验,分析砂轮线速度、磨削深度、工件进给速度等工艺参数对磨削后表面质量的影响规律。结果磨削深度由0.005 mm增加到0.050 mm,表面粗糙度值由0.2773μm减小到0.2198μm,并趋于稳定;工件进给速度由1000 mm/min增加到15 000 mm/min,表面粗糙度值由0.2454μm减小到0.2256μm,之后增大到0.2560μm,并趋于稳定;砂轮线速度由20 m/s增加到50 m/s,表面粗糙度值由0.2593μm减小到0.2296μm。随着工件进给速度的增大,表面波纹度平均间距Sw由0 mm直线增加到5.90 mm;随着砂轮线速度的提高,平均间距Sw由2.33 mm直线减小到0.68 mm。优化工艺参数组合:砂轮线速度50 m/s,磨削深度0.030 mm,工件进给速度3000 mm/min。结论表面粗糙度值与磨削深度和砂轮线速度呈负相关,随着工件进给速度的增大,表面粗糙度值先减小后增大,之后趋于稳定。减小工件进给速度、提高砂轮线速度有助于改善表面波纹度。     

基于机器视觉的金属板材表面波纹度检测方法

常规波纹度测量方法存在检测效率低、检测精度不高等问题,为了实现金属板材表面波纹度的快速准确检测,提出了一种非接触式的表面波纹度无损检测方法,该方法采用改进的中值滤波实现高效快速的图像去噪,使用霍夫变换实现图像的自动旋转,提取了表面图像基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征参数,并进行相关性分析.结果表明,对比度、能量、相关和熵等特...     

航空结构件铣削加工表面波纹度特征提取与研究

目的由于航空结构件壁薄、结构复杂和刚度低等原因,在多轴联动铣削加工过程中,其表面容易出现波纹度等加工纹理缺陷。准确提取、评价铣削表面波纹度,为控制和消除结构件铣削表面波纹度提供可视化参考依据。方法提出了一种频谱分析和小波分析相结合的方法。首先对已加工的航空结构件的铣削表面综合形貌进行频谱分析,依据表面形貌划分依据,确定各表面成分有效信息的频率段范围;再采用Daubechies小波分解原表面形貌特征,把含有不同频率成分的信息分解到互不重叠的频率段上;利用Mallat快速算法,计算出各逼近系数和小波系数,并对有效频率段进行重构,以实现表面形貌特征不同频率成分的提取,进而获取表面波纹度的形貌特征信息。结果针对某型航空结构件的铣削表面,采用文中方法提取到的波纹度形貌特征信息与粗糙度轮廓仪测量的结果基本吻合,验证了该方法的正确性。结论对于提取铣削表面波纹度特征信息,采用频谱分析和小波分析相结合的方法是可行且有效的。     

四自由度无心磨削振动系统的动态特性研究

本文以Ｙｕｊｉ Ｆｕｒｕｋａｗａ的振动模型图为基础，建立了四自由度无心磨削振动系统的动力学模型。该模型包括了系统各部件的结构刚度，接触刚度以及磨削刚度和几何布局参数。还分析了系统动态特性的控制方法，研究结果与Ｂｏｗｅ，Ｗ．Ｂ．的实验结果相一致，并可解释生产实践中的某些现象，从而为磨床设计与磨削工艺安排提供了理论依据。     

精密圆柱度临床校正磨削技术的研究

以三点误差分离原理为基础,提出了圆柱度误差测量的理论模型。运用计算机控制技术,在高精度外圆磨床上实现了圆柱度的临床测量及校正磨削。磨削φ65×600mm·mm试件,一次往复纵磨,圆柱度精度达1.5μm。     

大直径无心磨金刚石砂轮制作及修整工艺研究

大直径无心磨砂轮（一般指直径D≥500mm，厚度H≥150mm）制造工艺一直是难点，具体表现在制造过程成品率低，性能难以满足要求。本文对大直径无心磨金刚石砂轮的制造工艺进行分析和讨论，提出一套完整可行制造工艺，具体包括：通过采用梯度粒度提高粗糙度，改进工艺配方提高自锐性，对实际制造过程中注意问题进行较全面分析以提高制造成品率，并对大直径无心磨金刚石砂轮热压机常用工艺热压参数热压级功率、吨位、加热板面积等进行讨论，得出合理热压工艺参数；最后，对修整工艺进行研究，大直径无心磨金刚石砂轮对修整要求精度高而且操作困难。笔者在T8365型制动鼓镗床设计全新修整工艺，实际应用证明修整工艺可操作性强，修整精度高。     

Simulation on stress of large diameter CADI grinding ball based on ANSYS

The falling ball tests were carried out on the Φ125 mm diameter Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron(CADI) grinding balls with Mn content of 2.0wt.%, 2.3wt.%, 2.6wt.% and 3.0wt.%, respectively, and the kind of grinding ball with the most serious spalling was selected for stress simulation. The stress distribution between four grinding balls in the elbow of the falling ball test device when they collided with each other was simulated based on ANSYS. Results of the falling ball tests show that the spalling and mass loss of a CADI grinding ball increases with the increase of Mn content, and the CADI grinding ball with 3.0wt.% Mn shows the most obvious spalling and mass loss. The simulation results of stress distribution of a CADI grinding ball show that the maximum impact stress does not appear in the center of the contact area, but in the annular area(inner diameter of ～20 mm and outer diameter of ～50 mm) in the section with a depth of 5-15 mm below the grinding ball surface. The actual spalling of the ball is consistent with the simulation results, and the oxide-based impurities in CADI grinding ball accelerate the spalling of the grinding ball in service.     

SiC陶瓷非球面磨削工艺实验研究

为了研究磨削工艺参数对SiC材料磨削质量的影响规律,利用DMG铣磨加工中心做了SiC陶瓷平面磨削工艺实验,分析研究了包括主轴转速、磨削深度、进给速度在内的磨削工艺参数对工件表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明:工件表面粗糙度随着主轴转速的增加而减小,随着磨削深度和进给速度的增加而增加。在粗糙度工艺试验的基础上,以表面粗糙度最小为目标优选一组磨削工艺参数,进行了小口径SiC陶瓷非球面磨削实验,获得了较低的表面粗糙度值(0.5150μm)和较小的面形精度误差(4.668μm)。     

小直径砂轮超声振动磨削SiC陶瓷的表面质量研究

用小直径砂轮超声振动磨削和普通磨削加工SiC陶瓷零件,对比研究砂轮线速度、工件进给速度、磨削深度和超声振幅对其磨削表面质量的影响。结果表明:与普通磨削相比,超声振动磨削的磨粒轨迹相互交叉叠加,工件表面形貌更均匀,表面质量更好。由于超声振动时的磨粒划痕交叉会使磨粒产生空切削,因而降低了其磨削力,使磨削过程更加稳定。超声振动磨削的表面粗糙度和磨削力随砂轮线速度和超声振幅的增加而降低,随工件进给速度和磨削深度的减小而降低。且砂轮线速度、工件进给速度较小时,超声振动磨削的效果更明显。      

基于比磨削能的聚晶金刚石磨削机理研究

本文基于试验所测定的聚晶金刚石（PCD）比磨削能u与磨削工艺参数的关系,结合所观查的对应磨削表面微观形貌,研究了磨削机理与比磨削能的关系。结果表明：比磨削能u值小即u〈25000J／mm^3时,PCD材料磨削机理为疲劳脆性去除;比磨削能u值较大即25000J／mm^3≤u〈120000J／mm^3时,PCD材料磨削机理为随着比磨削能u值的增大,疲劳脆性去除的比例减少、机械热量除及热化学去除的比例增大;比磨削能u值很大,即us≥120000j／mm^3时,PCD材料磨削机理为机械热去除及热化学上除、基本不发生疲劳脆性去除。     

Influence of controlled tool orientation on pattern formation and waviness in surface grinding

The surface of ground components can exhibit quality impairments which are attributed to grinding wheel irregularities. A remaining grinding wheel imbalance or a non-uniform grinding wheel topography results in a radial run-out which strongly affects the generated surface. By measuring and adjusting the phase-shift of the grinding wheel orientation during consecutive grinding passes, the resulting workpiece surfaces can significantly be improved. Experimental investigations show a strong effect of the phase-shift on the waviness profile and the pattern formation, as the pattern wave length coincides with the tangential feed. Setting the phase-shift directly affects the engagement conditions like the contact stiffness, remarkably influencing the dynamic process behaviour. The amplitudes of the normal force at rotational frequency have a strong effect on the workpiece surface, which can be influenced by a variation of the phase-shift. Constancy of table oscillating period will further increase due to faster machine control hardware, making longer periods of constant phase-shifts more likely to occur. As this parameter is mostly uncontrolled, it can cause intermittent grinding errors.     

大直径锻造矿用耐磨钢球的研制

通过对高碳低合金钢材料进行分析,提出了制造大直径磨球的工艺.结果表明,该工艺生产的磨球显微组织为细小回火马氏体,硬度高,韧性好,适合在大型半自磨机上使用.     

Determination of waviness decrease rate by measuring the frequency characteristics of the grinding force in centerless grinding

In centerless grinding, it is difficult to optimize the grinding conditions for minimizing the workpiece roundness error because of the high number of process parameters such as center height angle, blade angle, and stock removal rate. We had previously proposed a function for evaluating grinding conditions, i.e., the waviness decrease rate, in order to automatically select the optimum process parameters. In order to build a closed-loop control system for the process parameters, however, it is necessary to find a practical way to determine the waviness decrease rate. In this paper, the relationship between the waviness decrease rate and the dynamic components of the grinding force was investigated analytically. It was found that the frequency characteristics of the waviness decrease rate show a similar tendency to those of the grinding force. A grinding force measurement system was built and experiments for measuring the frequency characteristics of the grinding force were carried out. As a result, it was confirmed that the waviness decrease rate can be determined by measuring the frequency characteristics of the grinding force.     

大口径管道自动焊接技术研究

介绍了中油管道科学研究院特种机具研究所生产的PIW48管道内环缝自动焊机根焊、PAW2000A管道自动焊机热焊、PAW3000管道自动外焊机填充盖面的大口径管道自动焊接工艺,详细分析了焊接缺陷产生的原因和防止措施.该技术已应用于西气东输二线管道焊接.     

用金刚石磨头数控加工轴对称非球面光学玻璃透镜

为了提高轴对称非球面透镜的形状精度,降低其精加工成本,用金刚石小磨头在不同的加工参数和数控走刀轨迹条件下对K9光学玻璃透镜进行铣磨实验加工。透镜的轮廓精度用三坐标测量机测量,通过测量的数据点计算非球面透镜的法向轮廓度误差,并用数控加工时磨头的有效切削半径进行补偿。实验结果表明:当数控走刀轨迹为平行精加工和等高精加工时,加工后非球面透镜的面型精度最大轮廓度偏差PV和误差平均值RMS分别为54.48 μm和22.88 μm、98.46 μm和28.88 μm;通过优化金刚石磨头的有效切削半径可以提高非球面透镜加工的面型精度,平行精加工后优化的非球面透镜面型精度PV和RMS值分别为44.52 μm和7.37 μm。