A novel hybrid ARQ scheme using turbo codes and diversity combining

A novel HARQ scheme using turbo codes is proposed. The method jointly utilizes diversity combining, partial retransmission, and power scaling. Computer simulations and density evolution analysis show that the new method outperforms equal gain diversity combining and soft information combining techniques for a wide E_b/N₀$E_b/N_0$ range.     

A novel low‐complexity transmission power adaptation in MC‐CDMA systems with a‐MRC receiver over Nakagami‐m fading channels

In this paper, we propose a novel low‐complexity transmission power adaptation with good bit error rate (BER) performance for multicarrier code‐division multiple‐access (MC‐CDMA) systems over Nakagami‐m fading channels. We first propose a new receiver called ath‐order‐maximal‐ratio‐combining (a‐MRC) receiver with which the receiver power gain for the nth subcarrier is the ath (a?1) power of the corresponding channel gain. Incorporating the a‐MRC receiver, we then propose a new transmission power adaptation scheme where the transmission power is allocated over all the N subcarriers according to the subchannel gains and the transmitter adapts its power to maintain a constant signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise (SINR) at the receiver. The proposed scheme has a significant performance gain over the nonadaptive transmission scheme over both independent and correlated fading channels. Moreover, the proposed scheme keeps good BER performance while it is much simpler than the previous power control/adaptation schemes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New stopping criteria for iterative decoding of LDPC codes in H‐ARQ systems

Under severely unreliable channel, decoding of error‐correcting codes frequently fails, which requires a lot of computational complexity, especially, in the iterative decoding algorithm. In hybrid automatic repeat request systems, most of computation power is wasted on failed decoding if a codeword is retransmitted many times. Therefore, early stopping of iterative decoding needs to be adopted. In this paper, we propose a new stopping algorithm of iterative belief propagation decoding for low‐density parity‐check codes, which is effective on both high and low signal‐to‐noise ratio ranges and scalable to variable code rate and length. The proposed stopping algorithm combines several good stopping criteria. Each criterion is extremely simple and will not be a burden to the overall system. With the proposed stopping algorithm, it is shown via numerical analysis that the decoding complexity of hybrid automatic repeat request system with adaptive modulation and coding scheme can be fairly reduced. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

QoS‐based space‐frequency prefiltering for TDD MC‐CDMA systems in slowly time‐varying channels

This work presents a space‐frequency prefiltering scheme for slowly time‐varying TDD MC‐CDMA downlink communications with multiple antennas at the base station (BS). Unlike the conventional spatially uncorrelated block fading channel model, both channel variation in each packet and spatial correlation are considered in the design. In the TDD mode, the mobile terminals (MTs) transmit training signals at the end of each uplink packet. In the following downlink packet, the BS computes the signal weights on different antennas and subcarriers for each MT in each symbol period based on the channel state predicted from the received training signals. The goal is to minimize the total required transmit power while keeping the received signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR) as the target for each MT. Moreover, the maximum packet length for satisfying the SINR requirements has been determined. The results indicate that the total required transmit power can be reduced by a lower mobile speed or more BS antennas. As a result, the maximum packet length can be extended in virtue of the power reduction. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the comparisons of system performance and capacity of asynchronous STBC MC‐CDMA multirate access schemes

Three multirate access schemes, multicode, variable spreading gain (VSG), and spectral overlaid multiple‐symbol‐rate (MSR), for asynchronous space‐time block coded (STBC) multicarrier code division multiple access (MC‐CDMA) systems are proposed. The three possible spectral overlaid configurations for MSR systems are also investigated. The expressions to evaluate the multiple access interferences, bit error rate (BER) performances, and system capacities of a antenna STBC MC‐CDMA using the three multirate access schemes are obtained. Transmit power allocation is adjusted according to the service rates and the number of active users in each service class to maintain the link quality and to improve the system capacity. Our numerical results show that systems with multicode access scheme using orthogonal Gold spreading codes and with VSG access scheme have similar system performance and capacity, and both perform in general better than systems with MSR access scheme of any spectrum configurations. In case when non‐orthogonal Gold codes are used, multicode access scheme shows degradation in the system capacity as compared to VSG, due to the presence of larger self‐interference (SI) among the codes used by each user. The achievable capacities for the three spectral overlaid configurations of MSR multirate systems are also compared. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non‐binary type‐II HARQ and its application to an adaptive system

Non‐binary type‐II hybrid ARQ (HARQ), which combines shortened Reed–Solomon (RS) code with ARQ, is proposed. Its throughput is obtained by extending Lin and Yu's analysis of binary type‐II HARQ. The reliability and average delay are also obtained. The analytical results show that non‐binary HARQ outperforms its binary counterpart in throughput, reliability and average delay when proper RS codes are selected. Non‐binary HARQs are applied adaptively in a cellular phone system with uniformly distributed mobile terminals (MTs). MTs switch adaptively between two different hybrid schemes according to the average SNR of the received signals. The adaptive parameters include the size of the modulation constellation, the error‐correction coding and their joint adaptation. Numerical results show that the adaptive scheme always outperforms its non‐adaptive counterparts, and the adaptive modulation scheme is superior to adaptive coding and the joint adaptation scheme when the implementation complexity is a limiting factor. Robustness analysis shows that introducing a mixed modulation scheme in addition to QPSK and 8PSK in the adaptive modulation scheme is unnecessary, and HARQ with adaptive modulation is insensitive to deviations from the optimal threshold, thus facilitating its implementation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于AMC和HARQ的大气激光通信跨层系统性能研究

针对大气激光通信中由大气湍流引起的系统性能下降问题,研究了基于物理层自适应调制编码(AMC)和数据链路层混合自动请求重传(HARQ)的大气激光通信跨层系统性能。在建立了大气湍流信道瞬时信噪比模型的基础上,建立了大气激光通信AMC-HARQ系统模型,并推导了系统误包率和频带利用率公式,最后在双伽马信道模型下进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,大气激光通信AMC-HARQ系统能够在保证一定误包性能的条件下,大大提高系统频带利用率,提高单一应用AMC时的系统误包性能。随着重传次数增加,误包率和频带利用率均提高,但频带利用率增幅随重传次数增加而减小。     

Performance analysis of single carrier and multicarrier DS‐CDMA systems over generalized fading channels

Using a recently developed moment generating function‐based approach for the performance evaluation of digital communications over fading channels, we present a unified approach for the exact performance analysis of binary direct‐sequence code division multiple access (DS‐CDMA) systems operating over generalized frequency‐selective fading channels. The results are applicable to single carrier systems employing RAKE reception as well as to multicarrier DS‐CDMA systems with frequency diversity. Aside from simplifying previous results both analytically and computationally, the proposed approach also gives a solution for many situations which heretofore defied a simple form. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance of coded DS‐CDMA system using reduced rank MMSE receiver in Rayleigh fading channels

This paper examines the performance of a reduced rank minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver‐based direct sequence code division multiple access (DS‐CDMA) system. For such system, when a large processing gain is employed, substantial time is consumed in computing the filter tap weights. Many schemes for reducing the complexity of the MMSE have been proposed in recent years. In this paper, computational complexity reduction of the MMSE receiver is achieved by using the K‐mean classification algorithm. The performance of the uncoded and coded systems are investigated for the full rank MMSE receiver and reduced rank MMSE receiver and results are compared in terms of bit error rate at different loading levels in both AWGN and fading channels. A system with the matched filter (MF) receiver is also presented for the purpose of comparison and an analytical pair‐wise error bound for the coded system is derived. In the adaptive implementation of the receivers, results show that good performance is achieved for the reduced rank receiver when compared to the full rank receiver in both coded and uncoded systems, while in the optimum implementation of the tap weights, the reduced dimension receiver performance experiences degradation when compared to the full rank scheme. Over the band‐limited channels considered, results for the reduced rank receiver also reiterate the fact that higher code rates tend to yield lower BER than that of low rate codes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Twin tree hierarchy: a regularized approach to construction of signature matrices for overloaded CDMA

Overloaded code division multiple access being the only means of the capacity extension for conventional code division multiple access accommodates more number of signatures than the spreading gain. Recently, ternary Signature Matrices with Orthogonal Subsets (SMOS) has been proposed, where the capacity maximization is 200%. The proposed multi‐user detector using matched filter exploits the twin tree hierarchy of correlation among the subsets to guarantee the errorless recovery. In this paper, we feature the non‐ternary version of SMOS (i.e., 2k‐ary SMOS) of same capacity, where the binary alphabets in all the k constituent (orthogonal) subsets are unique. Unlike ternary, the tree hierarchy for 2k‐ary SMOS is non‐uniform. However, the errorless detection of the multi‐user detector remains undeviated. For noisy transmission, simulation results show the error performance of the right child for each subset of 2k‐ary to be significantly improved over the left. The optimality of the right child of the largest (Hadamard) subset is also discovered. At higher loading, for larger and smaller subsets the superiority is reported for the 2k‐ary and ternary, respectively, and the counter‐intuitive deviations observed for the lower loading scenarios are logically explained. For the overall capacity maximization being 150%, superiority is featured by the 2k‐ary, but beyond, it becomes a conditional entity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of Priority R‐ALOHA (PR‐ALOHA) protocol

With the exception of required time synchronization, the Reservation‐ALOHA (R‐ALOHA) protocol is simple to implement and suitable for medium access control in ad hoc wireless networks. In this paper, we propose an innovative protocol, referred to as Reservation ALOHA with priority (PR‐ALOHA) that provides differentiated services on the basis of traffic priority. To date, the carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol has been widely used for this purpose by employing an interframe spacing (IFS) for priority service, that is, nodes ready for packet transmissions are required to wait for an IFS amount of time, where a shorter IFS is used to gain faster access to the radio channel. However, sensing and collision avoidance mechanisms make CSMA/CA unsuitable for delay‐sensitive applications, that is, congested scenarios with high traffic. In contrast, the proposed PR‐ALOHA protocol may be considered a good candidate for such applications. In this paper, the performance of the PR‐ALOHA protocol is investigated analytically and by simulation. Its comparison with regular R‐ALOHA is also carried out. Modeling and simulation results of PR‐ALOHA show that PR‐ALOHA improves the performance of high‐priority traffic with limited effect on normal network traffic. Thus, PR‐ALOHA may be useful in vehicular communications, where traffic may be separated into emergency messages having high priority and multimedia messages having low priority. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Feasibility of Coexistence of Mobile‐Satellite Service and Mobile Service in Cofrequency Bands

Interference scenarios and methodologies between a terrestrial mobile service (MS) system and mobile‐satellite service (MSS) system in a co‐channel environment are established. Taking into account a practical deployment situation for both systems, we perform computational simulation of interference in terms of carrier‐to‐interference ratio (C/I) and interference‐to‐noise ratio (I/N) to evaluate the cofrequency interference from an MS system into an MSS system, and from an MSS system into an MS system, respectively. The methodology and results can be used as a guide when planning the deployment of MSS and MS systems with no unacceptable interference impact between them.     

Performance analysis of MIMO cognitive amplify‐and‐forward relay networks with orthogonal space–time block codes

In this paper, we study the performance of multiple‐input multiple‐output cognitive amplify‐and‐forward relay networks using orthogonal space–time block coding over independent Nakagami‐m fading. It is assumed that both the direct transmission and the relaying transmission from the secondary transmitter to the secondary receiver are applicable. In order to process the received signals from these links, selection combining is adopted at the secondary receiver. To evaluate the system performance, an expression for the outage probability valid for an arbitrary number of transceiver antennas is presented. We also derive a tight approximation for the symbol error rate to quantify the error probability. In addition, the asymptotic performance in the high signal‐to‐noise ratio regime is investigated to render insights into the diversity behavior of the considered networks. To reveal the effect of network parameters on the system performance in terms of outage probability and symbol error rate, selected numerical results are presented. In particular, these results show that the performance of the system is enhanced when increasing the number of antennas at the transceivers of the secondary network. However, increasing the number of antennas at the primary receiver leads to a degradation in the secondary system performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design of NS3 VLC module and performance analysis of ad hoc network under VLC and Wi‐Fi layers

Visible light communication (VLC) is the branch of optical wireless communications that uses light‐emitting diodes for the dual purpose of illumination and very‐high‐speed data communication. The main motivation behind the current work is finding alternatives to the saturated radio frequency spectrum, radio frequency security issue, and vulnerability to interferences. The current work is aimed at developing a module for the physical layer of a VLC‐based ad hoc network in network simulation 3. The VLC physical layer module is developed by using the optical signal modules available in the network simulator. The work also includes modelling of VLC‐based transmitter, wireless optical channel, and the optical receiver. Furthermore, the implementation and evaluation of the VLC‐based physical layer is carried out over a typical ad hoc network under different performance metrics. The designed ad hoc network is also tested under Wi‐Fi module followed by its comparison with corresponding ad hoc network under VLC module. The comparison is based on bit error rate curves, system throughput, and gain in received signal‐to‐noise ratio mainly. Finally, the suitability of different modulation schemes is also investigated in the current work for both Wi‐Fi– and VLC‐based ad hoc networks.     

A comparative study on the performance of MIMO‐STBC subject to Weibull fading channels

In this paper, we investigate the analytical performance of the multiple‐input multiple‐output system (MIMO) with orthogonal space‐time block codes (STBCs) subject to Weibull fading channels (WFC). Space‐time block code technique provides an efficient pattern for wireless transmission over various fading channels using multiple transmit antennas. Two approximating methods of the sum of independent Weibull random variables are studied. For each approach, we derive accurate approximate expressions for several performance metrics of MIMO‐STBC system operating under independent and nonidentical WFC. The proposed approximations are expressed in terms of 2 generalized hypergeometric functions, namely, Fox's H and Meijer's G functions. All the derived approximate expressions prove high accuracy, while compared with the simulation results established via Monte Carlo method and Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test as well. Although the 2 approaches have approximately the same accuracy, the second method approximate expressions are much less complex than those of the first method.