基于球形目标的激光位移传感器光束方向标定

搭建了非接触式的三坐标测量系统以便精密测量三维型面。将激光位移传感器通过具有两个回转轴的回转体安装在测量机的Z轴上,从而可根据待测表面的形状来调整传感器的方位。为了使传感器在各个方位上实现测量功能,提出了基于球形目标的光束方向标定方法,并详细阐述了其数学原理。标定时,驱动测量机使传感器分别沿测量机的X,Y和Z轴做等间距步进,根据步长和激光束长度的变化建立方程组求解出激光束所在直线的单位方向向量。最后,多次测量尺寸参数已知的六面体标准块规,检验了该测量系统的重复性。结果显示,该系统的测量不确定度为0.048mm;测量另一直径已知的被测球时,传感器在各个方位上的误差小于0.05mm,表明所提出的标定方法使测量系统达到了逆向工程的使用要求。得到的数据表明,本文所提出的方法有较高的标定精度和较好的重复性,为实现三维型面的快速扫描测量奠定了基础。     

基于单目视觉的激光光束方向标定研究

在由激光位移传感器组成的测量系统中,激光光束的方向是一个关键参数.方位角和俯仰角对于一条激光光束是最为重要的两个参数.本文中提出一种基于单目视觉的激光光束方向测量方法.首先,将CCD相机放置于基础平面上方,保持相机光轴与基础平面接近于垂直状态,并利用误差为10μm的圆孔型标定板建立单目定位模型.然后将激光光束发生装置放置在基础平面上并保持位置固定,同时在基础平面上放置特制靶块,使激光光束可以投射到靶块斜面上并形成一个激光光斑.在基础平面上方放置的CCD相机可以清晰的采集到激光光斑、靶块斜面的图像,应用相关算法提取出光斑质心的二维图像坐标.沿激光光束方向以相等间距移动靶块,通过CCD相机采集每移动一次靶块在当前位置下的光斑、靶块图像.利用相关的转换公式,结合靶块本身固有参数,将光斑质心图像二维坐标转换为基础平面下的空间三维坐标.由于靶块的移动,会得到靶块不同位置下激光光斑质心的三维坐标,将这些三维坐标拟合成空间直线表征待测激光光束.拟合直线得俯仰角即为待测激光光束的俯仰角.实验中,应用高精度仪器对靶块参数进行测定,并使用高精度标定板标定相机内外参数建立相应的定位模型.测量精度主要通过单目视觉定位精度、光斑重心提取精度来保证.结果显示,待测光束的俯角最大误差达到0.02°,光束间夹角的最大误差为0.04°.     

Calibration of coordinate measuring machines

For over three years the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt has been investigating the numerical error correction of cmms, and the relationships between problems in this area and in the calibration of these machines. It has been determined that calibration is possible, for pre-defined conditions, but that the calibration is applicable only to the particular measuring task and conditions. This paper describes the mathematical model used by PTB and gives results of tests on a cmm.     

Calibration and analysis of eccentric error of the laser rotary-scanning measurement system

A laser rotary-scanning measurement system was developed for the reverse engineering of 360° objects. The system is constructed by an optical head and a rotary indexing. The optical head is composed of a laser diode strip-light projector and dual CCD cameras. Based on the principle of structured-light triangulation, a laser line is projected onto the object upon which the distorted line is captured by dual CCD cameras from left and right simultaneously. By processing a series of line fittings from the discrete angular positions of an object, the entire 3D profile can be reconstructed. Since the actual space coordinates of the object are computed according to the geometric relationship between the coordinate of optical head system and the coordinate of the rotary indexing systems, if these two coordinate systems are not in good alignment, errors in the computed coordinates will be introduced.This paper describes the influences of the alignment and eccentricity errors of the laser rotary-scanning measurement system on the computed geometrical profile. Calibration procedures are then proposed to adjust the alignment to avoid image distortions and thus enhance the system accuracy. Experimental results show that this easy-to-use calibration procedure can significantly improve the accuracy of the system.     

经济型大尺寸激光自动坐标测量系统

利用手持式激光测距仪和二轴转台,设计了一种经济型大尺寸激光三维自动测量系统,用于船舶等大型工件的现场测量.介绍了系统的测量原理和主要组成部分,系统无需合作目标,在计算机的控制下自动对目标进行测量来获得相对系统的三维坐标数据.分析了系统的主要误差对测量结果的影响,完成了主要误差的提取实验.最后,利用激光跟踪仪对系统测试水平两点间的距离的测量精度进行了评定,并对船分段模型进行了测量实验.实验表明,该系统对水平放置物体的两点间距离的测量精度达到了1.73 mm,对船分段模型的平行平面之间的距离测量精度达到了1.5 mm.由于系统构成简单,硬件成本较低,测量精度较高,测量速度大约为1 point/s,非常适用于船分段的测量.     

三坐标测量机联机检测系统的设计与应用

主要研究三坐标测量机联机检测系统的方案设计、工作流程和系统各模块的功能和组成,系统数据通讯。提出微机图形工作站与三坐标测量机通讯方案,详细说明硬件连接和软件实现,测量数据的处理,使用OLE自动化技术实现测量数据的自动处理和报表生成。     

The hybrid contact-optical coordinate measuring system

This paper presents a hybrid contact-optical coordinate measuring system which was designed to measure and analyze the geometry of objects. It combines the accuracy of contact measurement regarding the identification of measurement points and the speed of full-field structured light optical scanning methods. The measurement process starts from fast optical acquisition by structured light system(s), positioned around the working space, then numerical analysis is performed to calculate a set of surface points that should be finally re-measured by the CMM. Both set-ups work in a common coordinate system created according to existing metrological strategies. Final metrological analysis is performed using classic, certified metrological software. In this paper we also describe the maximum permissible error of length measurement of the hybrid system.     

数控激光扫描测量系统

概述了激光非接触测量在逆向工程中的应用，介绍了数控激光扫描测量机的组成与实现原理，分析了测量的流程，重点讨论了激光扫描测量机的标定、圆台校准以及测量与软件系统的实现。     

液体表面张力激光快速测量法

基于插板法测液体表面张力系数的基本原理,介绍了一种利用半导体激光器及准直光学系统输出的矩形平行光束,结合线阵CCD传感器,实现液体表面张力系数快速测量的方法。通过测量激光束两边沿在液体表面的入射角来求得表面张力系数,解决了插板法测液体表面张力系数的液面上升高度和接触角检测难题,避免了人为因素的影响。推导了矩形激光束两边沿在液体弯月面的入射角与表面张力系数的关系,以及用CCD测量激光入射角的计算公式,并进行了参数设计和误差分析。结果表明:为了提高液体表面张力系数的测量精度,在满足测量条件下,应采用尽可能大的矩形激光束宽度、激光入射角和CCD相对距离。理论分析表明,当光束宽度的测量误差为5 μm时,水的表面张力系数测量精度为1%。若将光束宽度的测量误差减小到2 μm,则水的表面张力系数理论精度可达0.5%。实验结果证明了水的表面张力系数测量精度达到1%。     

分体式激光扩束系统平行度测量装置的设计

为精确测量强激光发射系统中高功率激光经分体式扩束系统后光束的传输方向,设计了一种新型分体式扩束系统输出光平行度测量装置.根据高功率激光分体式扩束系统及红外激光的特点,该装置采用高分辨率红外CCD作为监测成像设备.采用轻质高刚度的优质铝合金对装置的机械结构进行了设计,切换部件搭载在高精度线性位移平台上.基于高分辨率CCD和精密线性位移平台,该装置可较好地完成动态和静态测量.测试结果表明,该平行度测量装置工作稳定、可靠,测量精度优于2.0″;装置设计合理,实用,可为扩束系统的装调及应用提供可靠依据.     

Integrated laser/CMM system for the dimensional inspection of objects made of soft material

The applications of the coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) with a contact trigger probe to the dimensional inspection of manufactured products are restricted to the parts made of hard material, such as steel. By combining the laser and CMM, the applications of the CMMs can be extended to the inspection of objects made of soft materials, such as foils, plastics, wood, wax and clay materials. In this research, replacing the contact probe with an inexpensive laser sensor is attempted so as to eliminate the possible deflection of the component being measured when using contact probe. By combining a laser sensor with the existing automated inspection environment, a CAD-directed, three-dimensional coordinate sampling system which can perform non-contact dimensional inspection is developed.     

基于柱面坐标系的新型光学坐标测量机的研制

研制了一种基于柱面坐标系的新型专用非球面坐标测量机,通过测量非球面多条子午截线实现对非球面形的全口径检测。在结构设计方面,采用了龙门框架加回转运动的形式,利用高精度气浮导轨实现水平运动,利用端齿盘实现对工件的精确分度,通过点位测量的方式实现对非球面形的高精度检测。在软件方面,建立了系统的数学模型和柱面坐标系下回转对称非球面形全口径检测算法,并在VC++6.0和Matlab平台上编制了测控软件和数据处理软件。系统最大测量口径为600 mm,测量高度为25 mm,最小测量步长为1 mm,经过系统误差补偿后,系统精度优于1 μm,满足了精磨、粗抛阶段非球面形检测要求。试验表明:系统运行良好,精度满足要求,同时具有良好的通用性,可用于非球面精磨、粗抛阶段的检测。     

便携式激光扫描三维形貌测量系统

介绍了基于双目立体视觉的便携式激光扫描三维形貌测量系统,该系统的测头部分安装了5个激光器,将 扫描速度提高了5倍,而且采用两个摄像机同时摄取扫描激光光条图像,避免了对投射激光的标定过程。根据立 体视觉原理,经图像匹配,可计算得到光条上所有点的空间位置和深度,即被测空间曲面的三维信息。阐述了非 接触三维形貌测量的原理和方法,试验结果证明了系统的可行性和适用性。     

无参考坐标点下光学扫描测量系统的理论研究

通过对CMM和光学扫描测量系统进行组合,建立了一种无需被测物体参考坐标点的光学测量系统的教学模型及误差模型,对设计无需参考坐标点的光学扫描测量系统提供了一种理论分析。     

使用高精度三坐标测量仪实现透镜定中心

传统的光学测量定中心法受限于光源、转台大小和装调误差传递性而不适用于大口径、多透镜光学系统的装调,为此本文提出了使用三坐标测量仪接触式测定透镜中心的精密机械测量法。介绍了使用三坐标测量仪测量大口径透镜中心偏的原理,即在测量透镜上表面与基准轴等距离各点坐标的基础上拟合得到透镜光轴与基准轴的夹角,从而解算出透镜的中心偏。通过大口径长焦距镜头的装调对该方法进行了检验。检验结果表明:该透镜的装调偏差为6.47″,重复性误差为(1.16×10-4)″。该方法将光学测量变为机械测量,利于装调,可在保证装调精度的同时简化装调难度,提升装调效率,满足大口径多透镜光学系统对高精度装调的要求。     

自由曲面测量若干关键问题的研究

结合国内外研究现状 ,对自由曲面测量中曲面CAD模型已知时测点的自适应分布、测量路径优化、自由曲面形状误差评定和 CAD模型未知时的测量规划和测点数据处理等几个关键问题的实现方法进行了分析研究 ,并对测点的自适应分布做了仿真研究 ,证明了其有效性     

平行双关节坐标测量机的标定及不确定度评价

借鉴国外ScanMax测量机所具有的优势,研发了RRP结构(即两个转动和一个直线运动)的平行双关节坐标测量机,并研究了该仪器的误差模型、标定方法和不确定度评定方法。首先,根据平行双关节坐标测量机的机械结构建立了仪器的数学模型和误差模型。然后,基于全误差分析技术设计了仪器的标定方案并分别介绍了对重力和扭矩变形、平行度、臂长、零位等参数的标定。最后,根据国家坐标测量机校准规范,提出了通过评价测量重复性和长度测量精度的方法来评定测量不确定度。实验结果表明:在1 000mm×250mm(直径×高度)的测量范围内,平行双关节坐标测量机的测量不确定度可达到12μm(k=2)。得到的结果验证了平行双关节坐标测量技术及全误差分析技术的可行性,为非正交坐标测量机的标定探索了新的方法。     

Integration of a laser interferometer and a CMM into a measurement system for measuring internal dimensions

In order to improve the existing comparative procedure for calibrating internal dimensions, we have developed a new measurement set-up for traceable absolute measurements. It consists of a co-ordinate measuring machine (CMM) and a laser interferometer (LI). The LI serves as a traceable measurement system, while the CMM is only used as a guiding system for the measuring probe. Extended research focused on defining probe parameters such as diameter, bending and indentation, as well as probing head repeatability and other error sources. The final goal of the research was to determine uncertainty of measurement under existing laboratory conditions. The main outcomes of the research and final uncertainty of measurement are presented in this article.     

2-D localization system utilizing M-sequence encoded laser beam scanning

1IntroductionThere are various types of demands for position meas-urement in a restricted environment,and many localizationmethods have been proposed fornavigation of autonomous ro-bots or vehicles.We proposed the concept of the optical sig-nal field for this kind of position measurement and have de-scribed some practical examples[1-3].Since all these methodsare based on intensity of light,positional resolution is limit-ed by S/N ratio of received signal.If the radiated signal isdivided regio…     

A novel artifact for testing large coordinate measuring machines

We present a high-accuracy artifact useful for the evaluation of large CMMs. This artifact can be physically probed by the CMM in contrast to conventional techniques that use such purely optical methods as laser interferometers. The system can be used over large distances; for example, over 4 meters, with an uncertainty of less than one part per million. The artifact is relatively inexpensive, robust for use in reasonable industrial environments, and significantly reduces testing time over traditional step gauge measurements.