镍基625合金电子束熔覆TiC涂层表面改性研究

目的 采用电子束表面改性技术对Inconel 625镍基合金进行电子束表面合金化(EBSA)处理,制备性能良好的TiC涂层,提高Inconel 625镍基合金的表面性能。方法 采用不同的电子束扫描速度(80、100、120 mm/min)在Inconel 625镍基合金表面制备TiC涂层,使用扫描电镜(SEM)拍摄合金区横截面进行EDS能谱分析,使用电子背散射衍射仪(EBSD)对合金层进行EBSD表征分析,使用显微硬度仪测量EBSA后的表面硬度,使用摩擦磨损试验机(RTEC)测试表面耐磨性、生成摩擦曲线并拍摄磨损表面的三维形貌。结果 从宏观形貌上来看,在80 mm/min扫描速度下涂层成形质量最好。微观组织测试结果表明,随着扫描速度的增大,平均晶粒尺寸增大。显微硬度测试结果表明,随着扫描速度的增大,表面硬度呈现降低的趋势,但涂层表面硬度均高于基材硬度。当扫描速度为80 mm/min时,TiC强化颗粒较多分布在表面,其表面硬度最高,为457HB,与基材相比,表面硬度提高了1.936倍。耐磨性测试结果表明,当扫描速度为80 mm/min时,磨损体积和磨损率最低,分别为0.913 1 mm<...     

The structure and properties of a Cr<Subscript>3</Subscript>C<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Ni coating deposited by a high-velocity plasma jet onto a copper substrate

Chromium carbide-nickel coatings were deposited onto a technical grade copper substrate by means of a high-velocity plasma jet of a plasmatron operating in specially selected regimes. An analysis of the coatings showed evidence of the formation of a Ni-based solid solution, a complex chromium carbide (Cr₇C₃), and an fcc crystal phase with a lattice parameter of 3.614 Å. The surface of the coatings exhibits a characteristic relief resulting from a dynamic interaction between melted and fused particles of the initial powder. The local hardness on some areas of the surface and in depth of the coating reaches 66±4.5 HRC, while the coating adhesion strength varies from 25 to 300 MPa.     

Laser cladding composite coatings by Ni–Cr–Ti–B4C with different process parameters

To investigate the effect of laser process parameters on microstructure and properties of composite coating, the composite coatings were manufactured by laser cladding Ni–Cr–Ti–B₄C mixed powder on Q235 mild steel with different process parameters. The coatings are bonded with the substrate by remarkable metallurgical binding without cracks and pores. The composite coatings are consisted of in situ synthesized solid solution Ni–Cr–Fe, intermetallic compound (IMC) Ni₃Ti, Cr₂Ti, and ceramic reinforcements TiB₂, TiC. Results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the ceramic reinforcements became coarser with higher specific energy (E_s). There were independent ceramics TiB₂, TiC, eutectic ceramic TiB₂–TiC in coatings, and eutectic alloy–ceramic was detected. Compared with the substrate, the microhardness of coatings was increased significantly, and the maximum microhardness of coatings was approximately five times as high as the substrate. The wear resistance of coatings was improved dramatically than the substrate. Compared to the coatings with lower E_s, higher E_s led to lower microhardness and worse wear resistance ascribing to more Fe diffused into the coating from the substrate.     

Effects of La2O3 on microstructure and wear properties of laser clad γ/Cr7C3/TiC composite coatings on TiAl intermatallic alloy

The effects of La₂O₃ addition on the microstructure and wear properties of laser clad γ/Cr₇C₃/TiC composite coatings on γ-TiAl intermetallic alloy substrates with NiCr–Cr₃C₂ precursor mixed powders have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and block-on-ring wear tests. The responding wear mechanisms are discussed in detail. The results are compared with that for composite coating without La₂O₃. The comparison indicates that no evident new crystallographic phases are formed except a rapidly solidified microstructure consisting of the primary hard Cr₇C₃ and TiC carbides and the γ/Cr₇C₃ eutectics distributed in the tough γ nickel solid solution matrix. Good finishing coatings can be achieved under a proper amount of La₂O₃-addition and a suitable laser processing parameters. The additions of rare-earth oxide La₂O₃ can refine and purify the microstructure of coatings, relatively decrease the volume fraction of primary blocky Cr₇C₃ to Cr₇C₃/γ eutectics, reduce the dilution of clad material from base alloy and increase the microhardness of the coatings. When the addition of La₂O₃ is approximately 4 wt.%, the laser clad composite coating possesses the highest hardness and toughness. The composite coating with 4 wt.%La₂O₃ addition can result the best enhancement of wear resistance of about 30%. However, too less or excessive addition amount of La₂O₃ have no better influence on wear resistance of the composite coating.     

Plasma-sprayed wear-resistant ceramic and cermet coating materials

Some wear-resistant ceramic and cermet coatings, such as Al₂O₃, TiO₂, Al₂O₃-TiO₂, Cr₂O₃, Cr₃C₂-NiCr and cobalt-cladded WC, were prepared by the arc plasma spraying technique. In this paper optimized spraying parameters of various coatings are briefly described. Some physical properties of these coatings materials were measured. Wear tracks and damage forms were studied by microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Wear damage mechanisms of these coatings are discussed together with the relationship between wear damage of the coatings and their microstructure, physical properties and especially their thermal diffusivity. The higher the thermal diffusivity of a coating, the better is its wear resistance. The wear resistance of coatings has no obvious relationship with many other physical properties. The pore size, shape and distribution as well as the crack texture in the coatings have important bearings on their wear resistance. Approaches to improve wear-resistant coatings are presented.     

Effects of aging treatment on microstructure and tribological properties of nickel-based high-temperature self-lubrication wear resistant composite coatings by laser cladding

The NiCr/Cr₃C₂–WS₂ high-temperature self-lubrication wear resistant composite coatings were fabricated on substrate of a hot-rolled AISI304 austenitic stainless steel by laser cladding. The high-temperature phase stability of the composite coatings was evaluated by aging at 600 °C for 10 h, 30 h, 50 h, and the microstructures of the as-laser clad and aged coatings were examined by means of XRD, SEM, EDS, respectively. The sliding wear resistance of the as-laser clad and aged coatings was evaluated at 600 °C. The results show that NiCr/Cr₃C₂–WS₂ composite coating has excellent high-temperature phase stability, the γ-(Fe,Ni)/Cr₇C₃ eutectic phases, Cr₇C₃ and (Cr,W)C hard phases, CrS/WS₂ mixed solid lubricant phases all existed in the as-laser clad and aged coatings. The volume fraction of eutectic phases decreased gradually with the increasing of aged time due to their dissolution. The microhardness of the aged coating decreased slightly after aging the coating 50 h at 600 °C due to the dissolution of the eutectic phases and notable breaking or granulation of the Cr₇C₃ hard phase, but the tribological properties were not significantly affected by aging treatment.     

Carbide surface coating of Co-Cr-Mo implant alloys by a microwave plasma-assisted reaction

A technique to grow a hard carbide surface coating on Co-Cr-Mo implant alloys used in artificial joints was developed. The carbide surface coating was applied to as-cast and forged Co-Cr-Mo alloys to improve their wear properties. The surface carbide layers were produced by reactions between the alloy surface and a methane-hydrogen mixed gas by a microwave plasma-assisted surface reaction. The new carbide layers showed brain coral-like surface morphology and appear to consist of mixed phases including Cr₃C₂, Cr₂C, Cr₇ C₃, Cr₂₃C₆, and Co₂C. The Vickers microhardness of thin carbide coatings (3 m thick) was about HV 1100 regardless of the test location. The Vickers microhardness of thick carbide coatings (10 m thick) showed a wide range of hardnesses from HV 1000 to HV 2100. Co-deposition of soot and diamond films occured on a small area of the forged alloy substrates and diamond particles were sparsely dispersed on as-cast alloy substrates. The carbide surface layer has the potential to increase the wear resistance of the Co-Cr-Mo alloy as a wear resistant coating.     

Fabrication of Co-Based Coatings on Titanium Alloy by Laser Cladding with CeO2 Addition

In this study, Co-based laser cladding coatings reinforced by multiple phases were fabricated on titanium alloy. Co42 Co-based self-fluxing alloy, B₄C, and CeO₂ mixed powders were used as the precursor materials. The coatings were mainly composed of γ-Co/Ni, CoTi₂, CoTi, NiTi, TiC, Cr₇C₃, TiB₂, and TiB phases. A typical TiB₂/Cr₇C₃/TiC composite structure was chosen. It was found that CeO₂ did not influence the phase types of the coating significantly, but was effective in refining the microstructure and enhancing the microhardness and dry sliding wear resistance. Compared with the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy, the microhardness and wear resistance of the composite coatings were enhanced by 3.44–4.21 times and 14.26–16.87 times, respectively.     

Dry sliding wear behaviour at ambient and elevated temperatures of plasma transferred arc deposited aluminium composite coatings

Abstract

Plasma transferred arc (PTA) surfacing is a surface engineering process in which a coating is deposited on the substrate by the injection of metal powders and/or ceramic particles into the weld pool created by the formation of a plasma plume. The present work involved the tribological evaluation of metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings deposited onto an aluminium alloy using the PTA technique. Coatings were fabricated by the deposition of an Al–Ni powder containing either Al₂O₃ or SiC particles. Dry sliding wear behaviour of the coatings was evaluated at ambient and elevated temperatures. Under sliding conditions of low applied stress and ambient temperature, reinforcement properties such as interfacial structure and fracture toughness have a significant influence on wear resistance. The SiC particles, which exhibit high interfacial bonding and toughness, support the matrix by acting as load bearing elements, thereby delaying the transition in wear mechanism as applied stress increases. As applied stresses exceed the fracture strength of the SiC and Al₂O₃ particles, these particles suffer fragmentation and/or debonding and no longer support the matrix. At higher stresses and elevated temperature, matrix properties such as flow stress and the tribolayer formation play more important roles in determining wear resistance.     

On the chemical compatibility between Zr-4 substrate and well-bonded Cr2AlC coating

Accident tolerant fuel(ATF) for the light water reactor has gained wide attentions after the Fukushima accident. To enhance the accident-tolerance of the nuclear system, one strategy is to modify the Zr-based alloy cladding surface with advanced ceramic coating. In this work, monolithic and dense Cr_2AlC coating has been synthesized by magnetron sputtering. The as-grown Cr_2AlC coating exhibits good chemical compatibility with Zr-based alloy substrate as well as mechanical integrity under both pull-off and scratch tests. The coating system also presents moderate thermochemical compatibility at 800℃ but degrades above 1000℃ under simulated loss-of-coolant accident(LOCA) conditions.     

碳弧熔覆工艺对熔覆层组织及性能的影响

为获得高硬度、高耐磨性的表面合金层,将镍基自熔合金粉末预先涂覆在Q235钢表面,利用碳弧热源进行熔覆制备熔覆层。通过金相显微镜、硬度计及磨粒磨损试验机对熔覆层表面的组织及性能进行测试,研究焊接电流和涂覆层厚度对熔覆层组织和性能的影响。结果表明:焊接电流相同,增加涂覆层厚度,熔覆层的表面硬度和耐磨性呈现先增加后降低的趋势;涂覆层较薄时,熔覆层硬度、耐磨性随电流增大而下降,涂覆层较厚时,熔覆层硬度、耐磨性随电流增大而呈上升趋势;当涂覆层厚为4 mm,焊接电流为200 A时,组织为镍基固溶体加共晶物,共晶组织为镍基固溶体与多种碳化物、硼化物共晶,硬度最高,为54.3 HRC,耐磨性最好。     

Plasma- and vacuum-plasma-sprayed Cr3C2 composite coatings

Plasma- and detonation-sprayed chromium carbide-Nichrome coatings have long been used for applications requiring superior wear resistance at temperatures up to 820°C. The coatings are typically sprayed from mechanical blends of powder containing from 17 to 35 wt.% Nichrome. These coatings are susceptible to non-uniformity of microstructure because of segregation of the blended powders. Oxide formation occurs in both ambient atmosphere plasma and detonation-applied coatings.A new Cr₃C₂Nichrome composite powder was developed for application by the plasma and vacuum plasma processes. The developed material consists of 50 wt.% Cr₃C₂ clad with 50 wt.% 80-20 Nichrome. Unlike powder blends, each Cr₃C₂ powder particle is clad with an essentially continuous layer of Nichrome. The developed material is sized ?270 mesh + 5 μm.Coatings of the composite Cr₃C₂ material were sprayed using the conventional non-transferred arc plasma and the low pressure low oxygen vacuum plasma processes. These coatings were compared with coatings sprayed from a commercially available blend of 75 wt.% Cr₃C₂25wt.% Nichrome. Unlike the blend, the microstructure of both composite coatings showed Cr₃C₂ to be present as discrete second-phase particles embedded in the Nichrome matrix. The vacuum-plasma-sprayed composite coating showed no visible oxide. Macrohardness (Rockwell C hardness) and microhardness (diamond pyramid hardness for a load of 300 gf) readings of the conventionally sprayed coatings were 50 HRC and 600 HDP 300 respectively. The hardness values for the vacuum-plasma-sprayed composite were 60 HRC and 860 HDP 300. The abrasive slurry wear resistance of the conventionally sprayed composite was three times that of the blend, while the wear resistance of the vacuum-plasma-sprayed composite was four times that of the standard blend coatings.The air-plasma-sprayed composite Cr₃C₂Nichrome coatings are expected to exhibit performance characteristics comparable with similar detonation-applied coatings. The vacuum-plasma-sprayed composite coatings combine superior wear resistance with low oxide and are recommended for severe high temperature wear environments.     

铝合金表面激光熔覆Cu基复合涂层的组织及摩擦磨损性能

利用铜基熔体的液相分离作用,采用激光熔覆工艺,在ZL104合金表面成功获得了球形颗粒体增强的过饱和（Cu, Ni）固溶体基复合材料涂层。（Cu,Ni）固溶体的组织形态为胞状和树枝状,球形增强体内亚组织形态为颗粒状、穗状或树叶状。干滑动摩擦磨损试验表明复合材料熔覆层对ZL104合金表面耐磨性的提高作用很大。磨损过程中,ZL104合金主要发生了粘附磨损,出现了脱层现象;熔覆层材料发生了粘附磨损和磨粒磨损。     

Grain boundary and microstructure engineering of Inconel 690 cladding on stainless-steel 316L using electron-beam powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

This research explores the prospect of fabricating a face-centered cubic(fcc) Ni-base alloy cladding(Inconel 690) on an fcc Fe-base alloy(316 L stainless-steel) having improved mechanical properties and reduced sensitivity to corrosion through grain boundary and microstructure engineering concepts enabled by additive manufacturing(AM) utilizing electron-beam powder bed fusion(EPBF). The unique solidification and associated constitutional supercooling phenomena characteristic of EPBF promotes[100] textured and extended columnar grains having lower energy grain boundaries as opposed to random, high-angle grain boundaries, but no coherent {111} twin boundaries characteristic of conventional thermo-mechanically processed fcc metals and alloys, including Inconel 690 and 316 L stainless-steel.In addition to [100] textured grains, columnar grains were produced by EPBF fabrication of Inconel 690 claddings on 316 L stainless-steel substrates. Also, irregular 2–3 μm diameter, low energy subgrains were formed along with dislocation densities varying from 108 to 109 cm~2, and a homogeneous distribution of Cr_(23)C_6 precipitates. Precipitates were formed within the grains(with ~3 μm interparticle spacing),but not in the subgrain or columnar grain boundaries. These inclusive, hierarchical microstructures produced a tensile yield strength of 0.527 GPa, elongation of 21%, and Vickers microindentation hardness of 2.33 GPa for the Inconel 690 cladding in contrast to a tensile yield strength of 0.327 GPa, elongation of 53%, and Vickers microindentation hardness of 1.78 GPa, respectively for the wrought 316 L stainlesssteel substrate. Aging of both the Inconel 690 cladding and the 316 L stainless-steel substrate at 685?C for50 h precipitated Cr_(23)C_6 carbides in the Inconel 690 columnar grain boundaries, but not in the low-angle(and low energy) subgrain boundaries. In contrast, Cr_(23)C_6 carbides precipitated in the 316 L stainless-steel grain boundaries, but not in the low energy coherent {111} twin boundaries. Consequently, the Inconel690 subgrain boundaries essentially serve as surrogates for coherent twin boundaries with regard to avoiding carbide precipitation and corrosion sensitization.     

Dry sliding wear behavior and corrosion resistance of NiCrBSi coating deposited by activated combustion-high velocity air fuel spray process

NiCrBSi is a Ni-based superalloy widely used to obtain high wear and corrosion resistant coatings. This Ni-based alloy coating has been deposited onto 0Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel using the AC-HVAF technique. The structure and morphologies of the Ni-based coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The wear resistance and corrosion resistance were studied. The tribological behaviors were evaluated using a HT-600 wear test rig. The wear resistance of the Ni-based coating was shown to be higher than that of the 0Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel because Fe₃B, with high hardness, was distributed in the coating so the dispersion strengthening in the Ni-based coating was obvious and this increased the wear resistance of the Ni-based coating in a dry sliding wear test. Under the same conditions, the worn volume of 0Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel was 4.1 times greater than that of the Ni-based coating. The wear mechanism is mainly fatigue wear. A series of the electrochemical tests was carried out in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution in order to examine the corrosion behavior. The mechanisms for corrosion resistance are discussed.     

Effects of temperature and normal load on tribological behavior of nickel-based high temperature self-lubricating wear-resistant composite coating

NiCr/Cr₃C₂–WS₂–CaF₂ mixed powders were designed and aimed to fabricate high temperature self-lubricating wear-resistant composite coating by laser cladding. The friction and wear properties of the coating were investigated under different temperatures and loads against Si₃N₄ ceramic ball. Results show that friction coefficient decreases with the increasing temperature while the wear rate firstly decreases and then increases with the increasing temperature. Both the friction coefficient and wear rate firstly decreases and then slightly increases with the increasing normal load. The coating exhibits relatively excellent tribological behavior under moderate temperature and moderate normal load.     

Effect of re-melting on the cladding coating of Fe-based composite powder

The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of laser re-melting on the geometry and overlapping pores of cladding coating. In this study, Fe-based alloy mixed with 5 wt.% Cr₃C₂ powder was used as cladding material to obtain high hardness and strength coating. However, this coating has overlapping pores and a rough surface. Therefore, re-melting process is explored systematically. The geometry, microhardness and microstructure of the coatings have been analyzed and compared subsequently. Besides, a 3D finite element model has been built to provide a thermal field analysis for laser re-melting. Finally, it is found that re-melting process is an effective method to improve the surface smoothness of cladding layer, which could reduce the process cycle and cost of secondary operations. More importantly, it could remove the overlapping pores easily.     

Microstructural features of dynamic recrystallization in alloy 625 friction surfacing coatings

In friction surfacing (FS), material is deposited onto a substrate in the plasticized state, using frictional heat and shear stresses. The coating material remains in the solid state and undergoes severe plastic deformation (SPD) at high process temperatures (≈0.8 T_melt), followed by high cooling rates in the range of 30?K/s. Dynamic recrystallization and the thermal cycle determine the resulting microstructure. In this study, Ni-based alloy 625 was deposited onto 42CrMo4 substrate, suitable, for instance, for repair welding of corrosion protection layers. Alloy 625 is known to undergo discontinuous dynamic recrystallization under SPD, and the resulting grain size depends on the strain rate. The coating microstructure was studied by microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The coatings exhibit a fully recrystallized microstructure with equiaxed grains (0.5–12?µm) and a low degree of grain average misorientation. Flow lines caused by a localized decrease in grain size and linear alignment of grain boundaries are visible. Grain nucleation and growth were found to be strongly affected by localized shear and nonuniform material flow, resulting in varying amounts of residual strain, twins and low-angle grain boundaries in different regions within a single coating layer’s cross section.

FS can be used to study dynamic recrystallization at high temperatures, strains and strain rates, while at the same time materials with a recrystallization grain size sensitive to the strain rate can be used to study the material flow during the process.     

Mikrostruktur und Eigenschaften lichtbogengespritzter Schichten auf Eisenbasis

Microstructure and properties of Fe‐based wire arc sprayed coatings Innovative iron based feedstocks for wire arc spraying are a promising alternative for conventional carbide reinforced feedstocks for wear applications. Recently the main area of research is focused on improving the properties of deposited functional coatings by varying the wire composition. The influence on the crystalline structure and the dimension of the hard phases in the resulting microstructure is of particular interest in this context. The objective of the investigation is to produce coatings with an amorphous phase, submicron and nanocrystalline structure. The forming of the amorphous phase is influenced by high cooling rates of the molten and partly molten particles impinging on the substrate. Thus, the achieved coatings are characterized by high hardness as well as high corrosion and wear resistance. The present paper introduces iron based coatings produced by wire arc spraying. Due to the application of cored wires with a modified alloy composition the forming of an amorphous phase as well as a submicron‐ and nanocrystalline structure is promoted. The filling of the cored wires are based on FeB with a eutectic composition and is varied by adding Cr₃C₂, FeSi, FeCrC and AlMg. The adding of further elements like Cr, C, Si, Al and Mg should improve the forming of the amorphous phase. The deposited coatings are analyzed regarding to the resulting coating properties and phase composition in connection with the composition of the cored wires. XRD‐analysis’ proved that the Fe‐based coatings contain an amorphous phase.     

Untersuchungen zur Beständigkeit thermisch gespritzter Schichten im Vergleich zu Hartchromschichten bei durch Abrasion dominierter tribologischer Beanspruchung

Investigations on thermal spray coatings resistance against abrasion dominated tribological load in comparison to hard chromium coatings HVOF iron and nickel based hard alloy as well as WC/Co(Cr) and Cr₃C₂/Ni20Cr coatings are compared to APS Al₂O₃/TiO₂ and Cr₂O₃, powder flame sprayed and fused composite coatings consisting of NiCrBSi and WC/Co and electrolytically deposited hard chromium coatings concerning their wear behavior for tribological load by lose abrasive particles (ASTM G65 and ASTM G75). Thereby the influence of newly developed HVOF torch combustion chambers with reduced critical diameter and divergent expansion nozzles that both permit increased combustion gas and therefore also particle velocities on microstructure and wear resistance of the produced coatings is studied. While there is no improvement of wear resistance for hard alloy coatings compared to mild steel substrates for the specific tribological boundary conditions of these tests, especially the carbide reinforced coatings permit improvement by more than one order of magnitude in ASTM G65 tests and even more than two orders of magnitude in ASTM G75 tests. Also, for both types of tribological load HVOF coatings with WC as reinforcing phase are clearly superior to electrolytically deposited hard chromium coatings. Both use of the combustion chamber with reduced critical diameter and the expansion nozzles with divergent contour result in improved wear resistance of the thereby produced coatings. The specific wear mechanisms are deduced based on SEM examination of worn specimen surfaces.