Assessment of technologies for disposing explosive waste

The environmental impact and safety aspects are assessed for six different techniques for disposing decommissioned ammunition. These are open burning and open detonation (OD), closed detonation (CD), fluidised bed combustion (FBC), rotary kiln (RK) Incineration, and Mobile furnace (MF) Incineration. The assessment is performed in the form of a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Objectives for minimising environmental impact and risk are defined to enable selection of the "best" technology. A framework for comparing emissions of different air pollutants is proposed. Environmental impacts are described, especially air pollutants. The environmental impacts of traditional OB and OD can be drastically reduced using controlled incineration techniques in combination with high-pressure water washout. This enables the explosive contents to be separated from the casing, and simultaneously the explosive is transformed to a desensitised water-based slurry.     

Hazard analysis of technologies for disposing explosive waste

Hazards are identified for six different techniques for disposing decommissioned ammunition. Use has been made of functional modelling as a basis for hazard identification. Risk levels are estimated based on general accident rates in the chemical industry. The disposal techniques are "open burning" (OB), "open detonation" (OD), "closed detonation" (CD), "fluidised bed combustion" (FBC), "rotary kiln (RK) incineration", "mobile incineration". Closed detonation leads to most hazards and highest risk, followed by open burning and open detonation. The other three techniques are considerably safer. Risk due to transport is included in the analysis. Transport risk is not negligible for fluidised bed combustion and rotary kiln incineration at centrally located sites.     

便携式非接触聚能射流引爆器销毁废旧弹药

为了更安全、便捷地引爆销毁废旧弹药,采用非接触聚能射流引爆销毁技术。该技术主要利用炸药爆炸产生的爆轰波挤压金属药型罩,形成高温、高速、高压金属射流侵彻并穿透弹体,依靠聚能射流剩余能量继续侵彻引爆弹丸装药,从而引爆废旧弹药。同时也对聚能射流引爆器销毁废旧弹药的实际应用情况进行了分析。结果表明:便携式非接触聚能射流引爆器可代替常规的炸药殉爆法进行废旧弹药的销毁排除,有效避免销毁作业过程人员与废旧弹药直接接触的风险,且销毁器整体结构简单,装药量少,大大提高作业人员的安全性和便捷性。     

某型强光爆震弹的处废方式研究?

基于装备管理的特点和实际需求,对某型强光爆震弹的常规处废方式和方法进行研究。根据处废过程中爆震弹是否进行可控的能量释放,结合其组成结构和作用特征,通过理论分析和试验验证的方法,重点分析了远距离拉发法、焚烧法和机械切割法等技术的使用时机及优缺点,同时,对主装药的无害化处理进行了一定研究。结果表明,远距离拉发法对场地条件要求较高,安全性偏重于现场的指挥和调度;露天焚烧法对环境污染较大,紧急情况下方能使用;机械切割法可以对部分零部件进行回收再利用,但处废效率偏低,存在主装药的二次处理问题。所述处废方式在严格落实操作规程的前提下均能保证人员安全。在使用时机方面,应结合处废单位的自身条件和处废任务的需要而确定。     

Environmental life-cycle comparisons of two polychlorinated biphenyl remediation technologies: incineration and base catalyzed decomposition

Remediation action is critical for the management of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated sites. Dozens of remediation technologies developed internationally could be divided in two general categories incineration and non-incineration. In this paper, life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out to study the environmental impacts of these two kinds of remediation technologies in selected PCB contaminated sites, where Infrared High Temperature Incineration (IHTI) and Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) were selected as representatives of incineration and non-incineration. A combined midpoint/damage approach was adopted by using SimaPro 7.2 and IMPACTA2002+ to assess the human toxicity, ecotoxicity, climate change impact, and resource consumption from the five subsystems of IHTI and BCD technologies, respectively. It was found that the major environmental impacts through the whole lifecycle arose from energy consumption in both IHTI and BCD processes. For IHTI, primary and secondary combustion subsystem contributes more than 50% of midpoint impacts concerning with carcinogens, respiratory inorganics, respiratory organics, terrestrial ecotoxity, terrestrial acidification/eutrophication and global warming. In BCD process, the rotary kiln reactor subsystem presents the highest contribution to almost all the midpoint impacts including global warming, non-renewable energy, non-carcinogens, terrestrial ecotoxity and respiratory inorganics. In the view of midpoint impacts, the characterization values for global warming from IHTI and BCD were about 432.35 and 38.5 kg CO(2)-eq per ton PCB-containing soils, respectively. LCA results showed that the single score of BCD environmental impact was 1468.97 Pt while IHTI's score is 2785.15 Pt, which indicates BCD potentially has a lower environmental impact than IHTI technology in the PCB contaminated soil remediation process.     

Nanotechnology and the environment: A European perspective

The potential positive and negative effects of nanotechnology on the environment are discussed. Advances in nanotechnology may be able to provide more sensitive detection systems for air and water quality monitoring, allowing the simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters and real time response capability. Metal oxide nanocatalysts are being developed for the prevention of pollution due to industrial emissions and the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles can be exploited to create self-cleaning surfaces that reduce existing pollution. However, while nanotechnology might provide solutions for certain environmental problems, relatively little is known at present about the environmental impact of nanoparticles, though in some cases chemical composition, size and shape have been shown to contribute to toxicological effects. Nanotechnology can assist resource saving through the use of lightweight, high strength materials based on carbon nanotubes and metal oxide frameworks as hydrogen storage materials. Other energy related applications include nanostructured electrode materials for improving the performance of lithium ion batteries and nanoporous silicon and titanium dioxide in advanced photovoltaic cells. It is important to develop an efficient strategy for the recycling and recovery of nanomaterials and methods are needed to assess whether the potential benefits of nanotechnology outweigh the risks. Life cycle analysis will be a useful tool for assessing the true environmental impacts.     

罐装薯片包装的生命周期评价

对罐装薯片包装进行了生命周期评价,包括从原材料的获取、生产加工,工厂、消费者的运输,到包装容器的使用、二次回收使用,废弃物处理等包装的生命周期环节,对其能量消耗、环境影响等进行了评价。分析结果表明:纸铝塑复合包装的环境负荷主要体现在原材料的获取阶段,集中在燃料能源的消耗,其中纸材料加工的环境负荷要大于塑料与铝;填埋、焚烧、再利用这3种处置方式对环境的影响主要集中在化石燃料的消耗、土地占用和无机物对人体的损害上。因此,在维持现有结构的情况下,实行材料减量化和容器轻量化是提高包装环保适性最直接、有效的途径。     

柔性聚能切割技术在废旧防坦克地雷销毁中的应用

针对我国废旧地雷爆破器材的销毁方法存在环境污染、资源浪费等问题,研究柔性聚能切割器在不诱爆防坦克地雷内部装药的前提下,快速实现装药与外壳分离的方法。研究成果为实现我国防坦克地雷中的资源回收工作奠定了基础,同时对提高我军通用弹药的销毁和处置技术具有参考价值。     

The quest for a sustainable product: An environmental study of tyre recyclates

The main objective of the present study is to assess the environmental advantages of substituting aluminium for a polymer composite in the manufacture of a structural product (a frame to be used as a support for solar panels). The composite was made of polypropylene and a recycled tyres’ rubber granulate. Analysis of different composite formulations was performed, to assess the variation of the environmental impact with the percentage of rubber granulate incorporation. The results demonstrate that the decision on which of the two systems (aluminium or composite) has the best life cycle performance is strongly dependent on the End-of Life (EoL) stage of the composite frame. When the EoL is deposition in a landfill, the aluminium frame performs globally better than its composite counterpart. However, when it is incineration with energy recovery or recycling, the composite frame is environmentally preferable. The raw material production stage was found to be responsible for most of the impacts in the two frame systems. In that context, it was shown that various benefits can accrue in several environmental impact categories by recycling rubber tyres and using the resulting materials. This is in a significant part also due to the recycling of the steel in the tyres. The present work illustrates how it is possible to minimize the overall environmental impact of consumer products through the adequate selection of their constitutive materials in the design stage. Additionally it demonstrates how an adequate EoL planning can be an important issue when developing a sustainable product, since it can highly influence its overall life cycle performance.     

Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables near an e-waste processing site, South China

Environmental pollution due to uncontrolled e-waste recycling activities has been reported in a number of locations of China. In the present study, metal pollution to the surrounding environment from a primitive e-waste processing facility was investigated. Soils at sites where e-waste is burned in the open air, those of surrounding paddy fields and vegetable gardens, as well as common vegetable samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the soils of former incineration sites had the highest concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn with mean values of 17.1, 11,140, 4500, and 3690 mg kg(-1), respectively. The soils of nearby paddy fields and vegetable gardens also had relatively high concentrations of Cd and Cu. In the edible tissues of vegetables, the concentrations of Cd and Pb in most samples exceeded the maximum level permitted for food in China. Sequential leaching tests revealed that the Cu, Pb, and Zn were predominantly associated with the residual fraction, followed by the carbonate/specifically adsorbed phases with the exception of Cd, which was mainly in the extractable form in paddy fields and vegetable soils. The data showed that uncontrolled e-waste processing operations caused serious pollution to local soils and vegetables. The cleaning up of former incineration sites should be a priority in any future remediation program.     

弹药防殉爆包装技术浅析

目的研究弹药防殉爆包装设计形式和技术方法,防止弹药间殉爆的发生。方法综合运用弹药安全性评估、弹药殉爆、弹药殉爆试验、爆炸防护和包装设计等5个专业方向的技术方法,分析概括弹药防殉爆包装技术实施原理和典型的防殉爆包装应用案例。结果隔爆、抗爆、泄爆和缓冲减震等4种技术方法是弹药防殉爆包装设计实施的主要依据。结论弹药防殉爆包装是解决弹药殉爆问题的一条可靠途径。在弹药防殉爆包装具体实施时要考虑弹药安全性要求、弹药殉爆试验结果和防护包装经济性等因素。     

A life cycle methodology for mapping the flows of pollutants in the urban environment

This paper presents an integrated life cycle methodology for mapping the flows of pollutants in the urban environment, following the pollutants from their sources through the environment to receptors. The sources of pollution that can be considered by this methodology include products, processes and human activities. Life cycle assessment (LCA), substance flow analysis (SFA), fate and transport modelling (F&TM) and geographical information systems (GIS) have been used as tools for these purposes. A mathematical framework has been developed to enable linking and integration of LCA and SFA. The main feature of the framework is a distinction between the foreground and background systems, where the foreground system includes pollution sources of primary interest in the urban environment and the background comprises all other supporting activities occurring elsewhere in the life cycle. Applying the foreground–background approach, SFA is used to track specific pollutants in the urban environment (foreground) from different sources. LCA is applied to quantify emissions of a number of different pollutants and their impacts in both the urban (foreground) and in the wider environment (background). Therefore, two “pollution vectors" are generated: one each by LCA and SFA. The former comprises all environmental burdens or impacts generated by a source of interest on a life cycle basis and the latter is defined by the flows of a particular burden (substance or pollutant) generated by different sources in the foreground. The vectors are related to the “unit of analysis" which represents a modified functional unit used in LCA and defines the level of activity of the pollution source of interest. A further methodological development has also included integration of LCA and SFA with F&TM and GIS. A four-step methodology is proposed to enable spatial mapping of pollution from sources through the environment to receptors. The approach involves the use of GIS to map sources of pollution, application of the LCA–SFA approach to define sources of interest and quantify environmental burdens and impacts on a life-cycle basis. This is followed by F&TM to track pollution through the environment and by the quantification of site-specific impacts on human health and the environment. The application of the integrated methodology and the mathematical framework is illustrated by a hypothetical example involving four pollution sources in a city: incineration of MSW, manufacture of PVC, car travel and truck freight.     

离心式冷水机组生命周期影响评价及关键影响因素分析

离心式冷水机组市场发展迅速,其生命周期中对环境产生的负面影响也日益受到关注。为了辨识离心式冷水机组全生命周期内环境影响的主要阶段和关键影响因素,为产品的优化设计提供依据,运用生命周期评价方法(LCA),选取CML 2002评价模型对离心式冷水机组的原材料获取、生产、运输、使用和回收再利用全生命周期过程的环境影响进行了定量评价,并对相关参数进行了敏感性分析。评价结果表明:机组整个生命周期环境影响主要体现在气候变暖和酸化,在同温层臭氧减少、富营养化、不可再生资源消耗等方面影响稍小;在造成的环境影响方面,使用和维护阶段的电能消耗是主要环节。敏感性分析结果表明,机组的制冷剂类型、能效水平和运行时间是机组环境影响的关键影响因素。     

共享单车生命周期评价对比分析

目的 对共享单车的环境影响进行对比分析,从设计的角度提出改进建议,旨在弥补作为可持续产品服务系统的共享单车,在产品可持续上的欠缺,让共享单车更可持续。方法 在生命周期评价理论的框架指导下,对ofo 4.0与摩拜经典版2.0的环境影响进行对比分析,采用敏感性分析方法,分析共享单车生命周期对影响因素变化的敏感性。结果 提供等量的出行服务,ofo 4.0比摩拜经典版2.0对环境产生的影响更大,共享单车生命周期的环境影响对使用寿命最敏感。结论 延长使用寿命可以有效减少共享单车对环境的影响,具体建议是,在设计过程中应注意节材,在保证性能的情况下,优先使用环境影响低且耐用的材料;注意共享单车的拆卸回收性以及面向用户的不易拆卸性;通过面向服务的模块化设计,实现单车的快速更新换代和低成本的个性化服务。     

高热剂在弹药销毁中的应用

为了解决弹药生产、运输、储存、应用中产生的报废弹药,以及军事演习和战争年代遗留弹药的销毁问题,常采用爆炸法、燃烧法和分解法,但是对于那些不能移动,必须原地销毁的弹药,上述方法存在着很大的安全隐患,必须采用高热剂销毁弹药的方法。高热剂销毁弹药主要包括高热剂金属熔流销毁法和金属熔融依附法,利用铝热反应产生的高温和熔融金属熔渣,对弹药金属壳体进行熔穿,并点燃内部炸药,使炸药产生的高温高压气体由熔穿孔排出,避免了爆炸。高热剂销毁弹药减少了对弹药的处理工序,大大降低了危险系数,对于不便进行移动和预处理,必须进行就地销毁的弹药,有很好的应用价值。但目前高热剂销毁弹药也存在一定的局限性,即都需要特制模具对高热剂药粉进行固型,这就为实际操作和运用带来一定的危险性和局限性。     

高热剂在弹药销毁中的应用

为了解决弹药生产、运输、储存、应用中产生的报废弹药,以及军事演习和战争年代遗留弹药的销毁问题,常采用爆炸法、燃烧法和分解法,但是对于那些不能移动,必须原地销毁的弹药,上述方法存在着很大的安全隐患,必须采用高热剂销毁弹药的方法。高热剂销毁弹药主要包括高热剂金属熔流销毁法和金属熔融依附法,利用铝热反应产生的高温和熔融金属熔渣,对弹药金属壳体进行熔穿,并点燃内部炸药,使炸药产生的高温高压气体由熔穿孔排出,避免了爆炸。高热剂销毁弹药减少了对弹药的处理工序,大大降低了危险系数,对于不便进行移动和预处理,必须进行就地销毁的弹药,有很好的应用价值。但目前高热剂销毁弹药也存在一定的局限性,即都需要特制模具对高热剂药粉进行固型,这就为实际操作和运用带来一定的危险性和局限性。     

Application of a Low-Intensity Explosive Loading Method to Ammunition Dismantling

Some results of trials of the ammunition destruction and dismantling method based on the explosion of an NIL-1 low-density sheet explosive are presented. Investigations of detonation properties of this explosive and its brisant power as to different composite charges provided the foundation for the method. An example of application of the method to the specific type of ammunition is given.     

报废弹药拆卸销毁安全性探讨

报废弹药拆卸是弹药安全销毁和回收再利用的技术基础。以安全拆卸销毁弹药为目的,研究弹药拆卸的基本信息、弹药零件间的约束关系、拆卸可行性等因素对拆卸安全性的影响;从降低风险有利于物质回收再利用角度,确定弹药拆卸的可达深度;在满足安全销毁的层级停止,确定弹药零部件拆卸的顺序为优先拆卸敏感零件,其次拆卸大威力零件,最后拆卸发火电源组件的拆卸模式。     

Cumulative impact assessment on air quality from multiple open pit mines

Both open pit mine and smelter projects can have significant impacts on a variety of environmental resources. Among these, air quality of the surroundings is a key issue. Additionally, the environmental assessment of projects demands integrated approach taking in account all pollution sources. Therefore, specific focus has been put on the methodology for assessing impacts on air quality. This paper proposes an integrated index of environmental impact aiming to quantify the air quality impact of industrial operations around an urban area, in case of scarcity of in situ acquired data. This proposed pollution index is demonstrated by a case study conducted in the municipality of Congonhas, Brazil, in which contributions of five open pit mines and two smelters were studied. To achieve the pollution index, the wind rose and distances from the centroids of effective areas to the urban nucleus itself were considered, taking into account the wind projection areas from windward impacting sources on the leeward impacted urban site. The proposed index also includes the squared wind speed (proportional to the kinetic energy transferred in uplifting dust from ground surface). The method proposed is considered suitable for impact assignment for each one of the air pollution sources in the neighborhood of studied area. Some fluid dynamic aspects of airborne particulate matter are also studied by proposing a new equation for threshold saltation speed.