92负刚度蜂窝结构压缩性能分析

为准确开展以黏弹性材料为载体的负刚度蜂窝结构数值模拟研究,提出一种基于黏弹性广义Maxwell模型的负刚度蜂窝结构压缩性能数值模拟法。进行了尼龙12的动态机械分析(DMA)测试,基于广义Maxwell模型拟合实测动态模量数据,得到反映尼龙12动态黏弹性的无量纲模量g_i和松弛时间τ_i。建立了负刚度蜂窝结构的有限元模型,基于实测的动态黏弹性参数,进行压缩性能的数值模拟研究,并同压缩试验结果进行比较,验证了数值模拟的准确性,利用数值模拟研究几何参数对结构压缩性能的影响规律。结果表明,基于黏弹性广义Maxwell模型的负刚度蜂窝结构数值模拟分析法可较准确模拟结构的压缩性能,为预测负刚度蜂窝结构的力学性能提供帮助。     

Effect of stacking sequence on the torsional stiffness of the composite drive shaft

Torsional stiffness is an important parameter judging the performance of composite drive shaft. In this paper, a new mechanical analytical solution of torsional stiffness for the composite drive shaft with balance laminate is derived based on classical lamination theory and mechanical analysis. Finite element analysis (FEA) has been used to calculate the torsional stiffness of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) drive shaft. A torsion test platform has also been constructed to measure the torsional stiffness of CFRP drive shaft specimens. Results of the mechanical analytical solution, FEA, and experiments show that the composite tube with the location of ±45° layers near to the outer surface is larger than the ones with the location of ±45° layers near to the inner surface. The effect of stacking sequence on torsional stiffness is larger in the thick-walled than that in the thin-walled composite drive shaft. The mechanical analytical solution can complement classical lamination theory which cannot reflect the effect of stacking sequence in calculating the torsional stiffness.     

Mechanical properties of bio-mimetic energy-absorbing materials under impact loading

The elytra can protect the body and hind wings of the beetle by absorbing the impact energy and resisting damage from outside loading. In this paper, we firstly observed the microstructures of hollow column and pole canal in the ladybird beetle elytra and revealed the relationship between them. A bionic energy-absorbing structure inspired by ladybird beetle elytra was proposed, and a micron-scale finite element model was built. The mechanical characteristics of bionic structures with and without poles under axial impact loading were investigated by numerical simulations. It could be obtained that the poles could absorb the impact energy by its deformation. Then the parameter studies including the different impact velocities, the different column diameters, and the different thickness of cuticle were carried out. This parameter study shows that geometric variations and impact velocity have a significant influence on mechanical properties.     

HPFL加固负载下有震损RC圆柱抗震性能的有限元分析

基于采用高性能水泥复合砂浆钢筋网薄层(HPFL)加固4根钢筋混凝土足尺圆柱在不变轴力和周期水平荷载作用下抗震性能的试验研究结果,该文对试件进行了数值模拟分析,研究被加固柱的抗震承载力、延性、刚度、耗能能力等的性能特征。同时,还提出了可用于负载下有震损RC柱的加固方法和该类结构的抗弯承载力简化计算方法。在此基础上,利用新加固方法和有限元分析手段,研究影响负载下有震损RC柱抗震性能的主要因素,包括轴压比、剪跨比、横向网筋配箍率和配筋形式,研究表明:有限元模拟值、理论值和试验值吻合良好;采用HPFL加固后,构件的承载力、延性、耗能能力均有明显改善,刚度的退化速率明显减小,加固层纵筋锚入基座后,抗震性能的提升改善更加优越;随着轴压比的增加,承载力有较大的增长,延性发挥不足;剪跨比增大时,试件的承载力和延性降低;负载级差越大,后期变形能力明显越弱;采取螺旋配筋形式与采取环形配筋形式相比,两者初始刚度相当,前者延性更好,后者承载能力更高。     

螺栓与被连接件间轴向相对刚度的修正计算

螺栓连接结构的载荷分配比例和螺栓与被连接件间的轴向相对刚度密切相关。为了更准确地求解螺栓连接结构中螺栓与被连接件间的轴向相对刚度，基于被连接件垂直于螺栓轴的各受压层压应力均匀分布与非均匀分布形式下的轴向压缩变形量解析式，结合有限元仿真结果，提出了被连接件压缩变形体起始直径的修正公式及轴向压缩变形量的修正解析式。通过提取仿真应力值，对压应力理论修正方程、压应力仿真拟合方程进行积分计算。对比计算结果发现：用仿真拟合方程计算得到的被连接件压缩变形体轴向压缩变形量与用理论修正方程计算得到的变形量的误差小于2.5%，这说明用仿真拟合方程求解被连接件压缩变形体的轴向压缩变形量具有较高的精度。研究结果表明：修正起始直径与夹紧长度、螺栓头与螺母支承面直径呈线性关系。压应力非均匀分布下，用被连接件压缩变形体轴向压缩变形量的修正解析式求解螺栓与被连接件间轴向相对刚度时，误差小于2%，表明该修正解析式能够较为准确地计算螺栓与被连接件间的轴向相对刚度。在修正起始直径的基础上，基于被连接件各受压层压应力非均匀分布的轴向相对刚度计算结果比基于均匀分布的更准确。研究结果为理论研究和实际工程中准确分析螺栓的受力情况提供了一定参考。     

轴向往复荷载作用下圆钢管混凝土柱恢复力模型研究

为研究钢管混凝土柱的轴向恢复力模型,设计制作了8个钢管混凝土柱试件并对其进行轴向往复加载,分析其受力机理和恢复力特性。基于试验结果,选用退化三线型模型,建立了钢管混凝土柱无量纲骨架曲线模型,并提出其轴拉与轴压方向的峰值承载力和位移的计算方法。鉴于钢管混凝土试件在轴拉与轴压方向受力机理的差异,对滞回曲线的正负向选用不同的滞回规则,建立了相应的卸载刚度函数。据此提出了钢管混凝土柱的轴向恢复力模型,并与试验滞回曲线进行对比,验证了恢复力模型的合理性,所建立的恢复力模型可为斜交网格结构体系的弹塑性分析提供依据。     

Design,manufacture, mechanical testing and numerical modelling of an asymmetric composite crossbow limb

This paper considers the design, manufacture, mechanical testing and numerical analysis of a crossbow beam (limb). The limb should be lightweight and permit a high deflection of the beam’s tip in order to achieve a good ballistic performance. Consequently, fibre-reinforced polymer matrix composites are suitable candidate materials. However, carbon fibres were considered too brittle for this application. Aramid fibres combine low density and high stiffness but are weak in compression. E-glass fibres are relatively flexible but are of high density. The optimised design developed here uses aramid fibres on the tension face with E-glass fibres on the compression side. This component was manufactured using resin infusion, modelled using a commercial finite element code (Abaqus^®) and the model was validated by mechanical testing. A good correlation was found between the experimentally measured deflections and the numerical results.     

葵花型索穹顶结构力学性能及拉索破断试验研究

通过对一直径6m的葵花型索穹顶试验模型,进行竖向对称加载、非对称加载以及拉索瞬间破断试验,研究了该结构的受力特点以及单根拉索瞬间破断时结构的响应特征。应用非线性有限元数值计算方法建立索穹顶计算模型,对葵花型索穹顶结构的力学性能进行了分析,并与试验结果进行比较。结果表明:在各加载阶段,节点竖向位移实测值普遍较计算结果偏大,拉索索力实测值与计算结果总体吻合较好;对称加载过程,结构的荷 载-位移关系具有较好的线性规律;与对称加载比较,非对称加载的荷载-位移关系则表现出非线性,节点位移也较大,非对称荷载对结构竖向刚度的设计起控制作用;单根拉索瞬间破断时,结构会有微幅振动,不同位置拉索的失效对结构的影响程度不尽相同。     

碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料-铝合金短柱力学性能

碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料-铝合金 (CFRP-Al)短柱轻质高强,具有良好延性,在大跨空间结构中具有广阔的应用前景,然而国内外对其受力性能的研究目前几乎处于空白状态。为此,本文对CFRP-Al短柱进行了理论分析、试验研究和数值模拟。推导得到了CFRP-Al短柱的等效工程弹性常数;进行了6根短柱轴压试验,得到了其轴压承载力和破坏模式;根据弹性力学推导得到了试件的荷载-压缩变形曲线,理论曲线与试验曲线吻合良好;建立了两种有限元模型—逐层精细化模型和整体等效简化模型,并将两种数值模型结果与试验结果对比,结果表明,两种数值模型均能很好地模拟CFRP-Al短柱的轴压性能。      

新型自适应变刚度隔震装置的力学模型和地震响应分析

基于负刚度系统的力学性能特点,研发了自适应变刚度隔震装置。基于该装置的组成构造和变形机理,提出了其理论力学模型,给出了装置简化的三阶段变刚度模型。对自适应变刚度装置进行的竖向压缩拟静力试验结果表明,理论力学模型与试验力学模型的三阶段刚度基本一致,可有效模拟装置的变刚度力学特性。通过自适应变刚度装置与铅芯橡胶支座组合,给出了变刚度隔震系统的力学模型,对某地图书馆进行的地震响应分析认为,新装置可适应不同水准抗震性能设计要求,降低隔震结构的加速度响应,同时避免隔震层位移过大,有效提升系统的稳定性和隔震效率。     

Parametric study on design of composite–foam–resin concrete sandwich structures for precision machine tool structures

In this paper, sandwich structures for micro-EDM machines are optimized by using parametric study varying composite geometries and parameters like stacking sequence, thickness and rib geometry. The structures are composed of fibre reinforced composites for skin material and resin concrete and PVC foam (Closed cell, Divinycell) for core materials. Column structure was designed by a beam with cruciform rib and performance indices such as static bending stiffness (EI) and specific bending stiffness (EI/ρ) for dynamic stability are examined by controlling the thickness and stacking sequence of composites. For the machine tool bed, which usually has a plate shape, was designed to have high stiffness in two directions at the same time controlling stacking sequence and rib geometry; that is, rib thickness and number of ribs. The sensitivity of design parameters like rib thickness and composite skin thickness was examined and the optimal condition for high stiffness structure was suggested. Finite element analysis was also performed to verify the static and dynamic robustness of the machine structure. L-shaped joint for combining bed and column of the micro-EDM machine was proposed and fabricated using adhesive bonding. The dynamic performance such as damping characteristics was investigated by vibration tests. From the results optimal configuration and materials for high precision micro-EDM machines are proposed.     

穿芯高强螺栓-端板节点方钢管混凝土框架抗震性能数值分析

为研究采用穿芯高强螺栓-端板节点的方钢管混凝土框架的抗震性能,基于一榀两层两跨方钢管混凝土框架的拟静力试验研究结果,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对试验试件进行了非线性数值分析。研究框架的破坏机制、延性、耗能能力及节点性能。在峰值荷载前,数值分析结果与试验结果吻合较好。对轴压比、节点端板厚度、加劲肋厚度以及高强螺栓预拉力等因素进行了分析。结果表明,框架滞回曲线饱满,具有良好的延性和耗能能力,节点在加载过程中未产生塑性变形。当框架柱的轴压比较小时,可形成理想的梁铰破坏机制。增大端板厚度和设置梁端加劲肋可提高结构的刚度与承载力,使框架刚度的退化趋于平缓。高强螺栓预拉力对框架性能无显著影响。     

Pole assignment using state feedback with time delay in friction-induced vibration problems

The dynamic behavior of friction-induced vibration problems is governed by second-order differential equations having asymmetric matrices, due to the coupling of structures and external loads, which are functions of some parameters. Asymmetric systems are prone to unstable vibration (flutter) as a parameter reaches a critical value. Placement of these unstable poles to the left-hand half of the complex pole plane for stabilization can be achieved by active (feedback control) and passive means (structural modification). Moreover, placement of poles is also done to achieve the desirable dynamic response and system performance. However, such active pole assignment control introduces inherent time delays in the feedback control loop. This paper presents a method for assigning complex poles to second-order damped asymmetric systems by using state-feedback control while considering a constant time-delay in the feedback control loop. The control strategy is based on receptances of the symmetric part of the asymmetric open-loop system (without time delay), which can be easily obtained from transfer function measurements. This method does not require the knowledge of mass, damping and stiffness matrices, and hence circumvents the modeling errors (finite element or reduced order). In this research, with numerical examples, it is shown that by means of active state feedback control and by using a relatively small number of available receptances, open-loop poles of the asymmetric system can be assigned precisely. The stability of the closed-loop system is analyzed by computing primary closed-loop poles and the associated critical time delay.     

Performance improvement of permanent magnet machines by modular poles

Modular permanent magnet poles have recently been proposed to enhance the performance of permanent magnet machines and improve the exploitation of used magnet materials. An optimisation method for these poles is proposed for use in linear permanent magnet synchronous machines. The main objective of the optimisation is to select proper dimensions and material properties of modular permanent magnet poles to enhance the machine developed thrust. The optimisation is carried out based on a mathematical model of the machine obtained analytically. In particular, the developed thrust of linear permanent synchronous machines with modular poles is given by the model. Genetic algorithm is then employed to optimise pole parameters where the ratio of thrust ripples to average thrust is chosen as an objective function. Extensive investigations carried out by analytical and finite element methods confirm that substantial lower thrust ripples are produced with almost the same average thrust.     

Investigation of the mechanical behavior and vibration characteristics of thin walled glass/carbon hybrid composite beams under a fixed-free boundary condition

In the present work, woven fabric glass laminate is modified by interplying high modulus carbon fabric layers for improving the stiffness to weight ratio to enable good performance in dynamic conditions. The glass, carbon, and hybrid of glass/carbon laminates were fabricated with two different stacking sequences by hand layup method and tested for evaluating the mechanical properties with considerable trials. The vibration characteristics of composite beams were experimentally studied by impulse excitation techniques under fixed-free boundary conditions. The stacking sequence of beams influences the mechanical properties and vibration characteristics. The modal response of tested samples are compared and discussed.     

离心成型预应力钢纤维混凝土电杆设计试验研究

对研制的呼称高27m离心成型预应力钢纤维混凝土电杆进行了受力性能试验研究。结果表明,在断线工况荷载作用下,电杆的受力表现出良好的整体性,各项性能均满足设计要求;杆身采用预应力和钢纤维双重增强作用,使电杆的抗裂能力提高,变形减小;一旦发生超载运行出现裂缝,裂缝细短且非贯通,卸载后变形回复能力强,残余变形很小;在极限承载时,整杆变形明显,具有良好的延性破坏预兆。同时,预应力钢纤维混凝土电杆在预应力筋放张和杆段对焊组装过程中,避免了普通预应力混凝土电杆在预应力筋挂板和杆段连接钢圈附近混凝土起皮爆裂现象。根据试验结果对比分析,建立了预应力钢纤维混凝土电杆抗裂度、裂缝宽度、挠度和正截面承载力设计计算方法。研究成果为河南省漯河~淮阳220kV线路工程建设提供了重要科研依据,为钢纤维混凝土在预应力电杆中的应用提供了重要参考。     

热塑性玻璃纤维头盔服役性能分析与数值仿真

为了探究复合材料特别是碳纤维、玻璃纤维在头盔产品上的应用,本文基于模压成型工艺,对热塑性连续玻璃纤维材料增强头盔的成型过程进行实验。探究复合材料头盔所使用层合板最佳铺层方案,并通过实验获得层合板的应力应变曲线。对比不同头盔的穿透、碰撞和刚度服役性能数据,并使用有限元软件LS-DYNA进行数值仿真计算,得到不同材料对头盔性能及质量的影响。使用ABAQUS软件对头盔模型进行拓扑优化,在保持头盔刚度性能基本不变的情况下,优化得到头盔的加强筋结构,以此减轻头盔表层厚度并实现轻量化。结果表明,相比于普通ABS材料的头盔,热塑性连续玻璃纤维头盔的质量减轻了14.6%、刚度提升了10.6%;含有加强筋结构的玻璃纤维头盔质量减轻了14.2%,刚度与普通ABS头盔保持一致,但更节约材料、性价比更高。复合材料头盔的综合性能相比普通ABS塑料头盔有显著提升。     

Mechanical characterisation of a glass/polyester sandwich structure for marine applications

Composite materials have recently found application in various field, particularly for high performance equipment. Some examples might be found in the sport and sea transportation field (i.e. yacht hulls, windsurf boards).The aim of the present work is to deepen the knowledge of mechanical properties of sandwich structures used for marine applications, suggesting at the same time some solutions to increase their performances. In particular, a new lamination sequence – used to realise the cover exhaust of luxury yachts – has been investigated.The behaviour of the sandwiches was studied under static conditions, by performing the following tests: three point flexural, torsion, edgewise compression and flatwise compression test. The tests execution has allowed both to analyse the mechanical performances and to understand several fracture mechanisms that take place in these structures.     

Biological materials: Functional adaptations and bioinspired designs

Biological materials are typically multifunctional but many have evolved to optimize a chief mechanical function. These functions include impact or fracture resistance, armor and protection, sharp and cutting components, light weight for flight, or special nanomechanical/chemical extremities for reversible adhesive purposes. We illustrate these principles through examples from our own research as well as selected literature sources. We conduct this analysis connecting the structure (nano, micro, meso, and macro) to the mechanical properties important for a specific function. In particular, we address how biological systems respond and adapt to external mechanical stimuli. Biological materials can essentially be divided into mineralized and non-mineralized. In mineralized biological materials, the ceramics impart compressive strength, sharpness (cutting edges), and stiffness while the organic components impart tensile strength, toughness and ductility. Non-mineralized biological materials in general have higher tensile than compressive strength, since they are fibrous. Thus, the mineralized components operate optimally in compression and the organic components in tension. There is a trade-off between strength and toughness and the stiffness and density, with optimization. Mineralization provides load bearing capability (strength and stiffness) whereas the biopolymer constituents provide viscoelastic damping and toughness. The most important component of the nascent field of Biological Materials Science is the development of bioinspired materials and structures and understanding of the structure–property relationships across various length scales, from the macro-down to the molecular level. The most successful efforts at developing bioinspired materials that attempt to duplicate some of the outstanding properties are presented.     

内填脱硫石膏砌块墙体的新型装配式钢框架抗震性能研究

为分析脱硫石膏砌块填充墙体对新型装配式钢框架抗震性能的影响,开展了2榀1/2缩尺的单跨2层装配式钢框架的拟静力试验研究。通过与纯钢框架试件的对比,得到了脱硫石膏砌块填充墙体的破坏模式及其对钢框架抗震性能的影响。结果表明:采用新型装配式节点的钢框架具有良好的抗震性能;脱硫石膏砌块填充墙体不仅显著提高了框架的初始抗侧刚度,而且对框架的延性、耗能均有不同程度的提高。采用数值建模的方法对试验进行模拟,其结果与试验结果吻合良好,并针对试件的轴压比、高跨比和砌块厚度进行变参分析,得出增大试件的轴压比对试件的延性有一定的削弱作用,建议轴压比取值小于0.4;过大或过小的高跨比对结构均不利;改变砌块厚度对结构初始刚度影响较大,但对结构的承载能力影响较小。