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1.
Several studies of the ledeburite eutectic (Fe-Fe 3C), in pure Fe-C alloys have shown that it has a lamellar morphology under plane front growth conditions. The structure of
ledeburite in white cast irons, Fe-C-Si, consists of a rod morphology. It is generally not possible to produce plane front
growth of Fe-C-Si eutectic alloys in the Fe-Fe 3C form, because at the slow growth rates required for plane front growth, the Fe 3C phase is replaced by graphite. By using small additions of Te, the growth of graphite was suppressed, and the plane front
growth of the ledeburite eutectic in Fe-C-Si alloys was carried out with Si levels up to 1 wt pct. It was found that the growth
morphology became a faceted rod morphology at 1 wt pct Si, but in contrast to the usual rod morphology of white cast irons,
the rod phase was Fe 3C rather than iron. It was shown that the usual rod morphology only forms at the sides of the two-phase cellular or dendritic
growth fronts in Fe-C-Si alloys. Possible reasons for the inability of plane front directional solidification to produce the
usual rod morphology in Fe-C-Si alloys are discussed. Also, data are presented on the spacing of the lamellar eutectic in
pure Fe-C ledeburite, which indicates that this system does not follow the usual λ 2
V = constant relation of regular eutectics.
Formerly Graduate Student, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University. 相似文献
2.
The liquidus surface of the C-Cr-Fe system has been experimentally determined in the Fe-rich region —C ≤6 wt pct, Cr ≤40 wt
pct —using a sensitive differential thermal analysis technique, along with optical and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray
diffraction. Previous liquidus surfaces for this system have differed on the extent of the (Cr,Fe) 23C 6 liquidus field, with one version reporting its existence at ∼20 wt pet Cr, and others finding that it did not occur at Cr
levels of less than ∼60 wt pct. The present investigation provides evidence in favor of the second contention, with the (Cr,Fe) 23C 6 field not being detected at Cr ≤40 wt pct. Changes are proposed to the accepted liquidus surface in respect of the compositions
of the invariant reactions— L + αδFe ⇌ γFe + (Cr,Fe) 7C 3 and L + (Cr,Fe) 7C 3 ⇌ γFe + (Fe,Cr) 3C —and of the monovariant eutectic valley— L⇌ γFe + (Cr,Fe) 7C 3. 相似文献
3.
Rapidly solidified microstructures of Fe-Cr-W-C quaternary alloy deposited on low-carbon steel by laser cladding were investigated.
The clad-coating alloy, a powder mixture of Fe, Cr, W, and C with a weight ratio of 10:5:1:1, was processed with a high-power
continuous wave CO 2 laser. The developed clad coatings possessed fine microstructures, uniform distributions of al- loying elements, and high
microhardness. Analytical electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to characterize the crystal
structures and microchemistries of the various phases in the clad coatings. The laser processed microstructure comprised fine
primary dendrites of a face-centered cubic (fcc) austenitic y phase and interdendritic eutectic consisting of a network of
pseudohexagonal M 7C 3 carbides rich in Cr in an fcc austenitic γ phase. The interlamellar spacing in the eutectic matrix was about 20 nm. The relatively
high microhardness, about 900 kg f/mm 2, of such fine microstructures is attributed to the formation of complex ter- nary carbides uniformly distributed in the eutectic
matrix. In situ transmission electron micros- copy (TEM) of thermally treated clad coatings revealed that transformation of
the primary γ phase to body-centered cubic (bcc) ferrite (α phase) commenced after heating at 843 K for about 7 minutes. The
transformation initiated at the interface of the primary dendrites and the eutectic and propagated gradually into the primary
phase. Phase change of the interdendritic γ austenite to a bcc α ferrite occurred after about 30 minutes of hold period at
843 K. Transformation of the M 7C 3 carbides did not occur even after heating at 843 K for about 3.2 hours. The growth of a thin M 2O 3 (M = Fe, Cr) oxide scale was detected after heating at 843 K for approximately 24 minutes. After cooling gradually to room
temperature, the softened (723 kgy/mm 2) micro- structure consisted of primary dendrites with a bcc α ferrite crystal structure and interdendritic ternary eutectic
of untransformed M 7C 3 carbides in α ferrite. 相似文献
4.
Chromium white cast irons are widely used in environments where severe abrasion resistance is a dominant requirement. To improve
the wear resistance of these commercially important irons, the United States Bureau of Mines and CSIRO Australia are studying
their solidification and solid-state transformation kinetics. A ternary Fe-Cr-C iron with 17.8 wt pct (pct) Cr and 3.0 pct
C was compared with commercially available irons of similar Cr and C contents with Si contents between 1.6 and 2.2 pct. The
irons were solidified and cooled at rates of 0.03 and 0.17 K · s -1 to 873 K. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed that Si depresses the eutectic reaction temperature and suggests that
is has no effect upon the volume of eutectic carbides formed during solidification. Microprobe analysis revealed that austenite
dendrites within the Si alloyed irons cooled at 0.03 and 0.17 K·s -1 had C and Cr contents that were lower than those of dendrites within the ternary alloy cooled at the same cooling rate and
a Si alloyed iron that was water quenched from the eutectic temperature. These lower values were shown by image analysis to
be the result of both solid-state growth (coarsening) of the eutectic carbides and some secondary carbide formation. Hardness
measurements in the as-cast condition and after soaking in liquid nitrogen suggest an increase in the martensite start temperature
as the Si content was increased. It is concluded that Si’s effect on increasing the size and volume fraction of eutectic carbides
and increasing the matrix hardness should lead to improved wear resistance over regular high-chromium white cast irons. 相似文献
5.
The transformation of carbides with austenization time of a high speed steel (HSS) roll material, manufactured by a centrifugal
casting method, has been studied. The correlation between wear resistance and the type, morphology, volume fraction, and distribution
of the carbides has also been investigated. Microstructural observations, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness measurements,
and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) have been used to characterize the carbides. The type and volume fraction of carbides
were found to change with austenizing time. During austenization, the transformation of the M 3C carbides can be postulated as M 3C + γ-Fe → M 2C, with much finer nodular and rodlike MC carbides also forming through a solid-state transformation. The M 2C carbide decomposes as M 2C + γ-Fe → MC + M 7C 3 + M 6C. The decomposed carbide substantially maintains a platelike shape until the end of decomposition. The most important finding
of this study is that austenization results in changes in the type, morphology, volume fraction, and distribution of carbides
and that it can be controlled to produced a homogeneous distribution of hard carbides, resulting in an improvement in the
wear resistance of HSS rolls. This finding may be of great use for the industrial production of HSS rolls. 相似文献
6.
The constitution of the Pb-Sn-Sr system from the Pb-Sn binary up to 36 at. pct Sr was determined by differential thermal analysis,
metallography, microprobe analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Pb 3Sr forms a continuous series of solid solutions with Sn 3Sr, and is referred to here as the 8 phase. Sn 4Sr was the only other intermetallic phase found and is designated here as γ. A eutectic-like trough is formed between (Pb)
and δ. It originates at 1.0 at. pct Sr and 324.5 °C (the (Pb)/Pb 3Sr eutectic) and falls monotonically to ~75 at. pct Pb, 24.5 at. pct Sn, and 0.45 at. pct Sr at 283 °C. At 283 °C, a Class
II, four-phase reaction occurs: L + δ → (Pb) + γ. A eutectic-like trough between (Pb) and γ falls from the four-phase plane at 283 °C to the ternary eutectic at
~26 at. pct Pb, ~74 at. pct Sn and <0.3 at. pct Sr at 182 °C. The ternary eutectic reaction is L → (Pb) + (Sn) + γ. 相似文献
8.
Rapid solidification by electron beam surface melting of a Mo-base high-speed steel (M7) has produced microstructural features
different from those observed in the conventionally processed material. As a result of rapid solidification, the volume percent
of the carbide phases formed has decreased sharply and has resulted in the formation of M 2C and M 23C 6 carbide phases, while in the conventionally processed material, M 6C and MC carbides were present. Microanalysis of the extracted carbides formed by electron beam melting has yielded an intriguing
finding. M 23C 6 is found to be unusually rich in molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium; the concentration of (Mo + W), for instance, is approximately
60 wt pct. The corresponding values for Fe and Cr are surprisingly low (6 wt pct Cr and 1 wt pct Fe). This is in marked contrast
with carbides encountered in the conventionally processed high-speed steel, where Cr and Fe are the major constituents. The
shift in composition of the carbide phases could be attributed to the accelerated evaporation of chromium during surface melting
as compared to the evaporation of Mo, W, and V.
formerly Research Associate, University of Connecticut 相似文献
9.
Phase relations in the Fe-Cr-C system in the temperature range 900 to 1150°C have been studied using metallographic and X-ray
methods and the electron microprobe. An isothermal section of the phase diagram at 1000°C is shown. Lattice dimensions of
the three carbides were determined for several values of the ratio Cr:(Fe +Cr). The solubilities of the carbides at each temperature
were determined by metallographic study of quenched specimens. The distribution of Cr between austenite (γ) and the several
carbides was determined by use of the electron microprobe. Data of Wada et al on the activity of carbon were used to calculate
activities at the y-phase boundary and the free energy of the several carbides as a function of their chromium content. The
data are treated thermodynamically on the basis of assumed random mixing of Cr and Fe atoms in each carbide. While this randomness
was not definitely proved, the assumption was shown to be reasonable and the results useful. Extrapolation to 0 and 100 pct
Cr gives values for the standard free energy of Cr 7C 3 and the hypothetical carbides Cr 36C, and Fe 7C 3.
Formerly with the Research Staff, Massachusetts Institute Technology 相似文献
12.
The overall transformation kinetics of austenite isothermal decomposition above the bay of the time-temperature-transformation
(TTT) curve and the eutectoid morphology of the resulting products have been studied in a Fe-0.46 pct C-5.2 pct Cr alloy.
Classical lamellar pearlite was formed at high temperatures while complex ferrite plus carbide morphologies, sometimes described
as spiky pearlite, arborescent structures, or nonclassical decompositions products of austenite in Fe-Cr-C alloys, formed
at low temperatures. While X-ray diffraction of extracted carbides and selected area diffraction-transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) showed evidence for a mixture of M 3C and M 7C 3 carbides, thermodynamic calculations results obtained only M 7C 3 as the equilibrium carbide at the temperatures studied. A tentative explanation for the arborescent morphology is presented,
based on the hypothesis of the existence of a drag force or free energy dissipation term that is locally relaxed by the partition
of Cr into the carbides at the reaction front, consequently removing Cr from the interface.
This article is based on a presentation made in the “Hillert Symposium on Thermodynamics & Kinetics of Migrating Interfaces
in Steels and Other Complex Alloys,” December 2–3, 2004, organized by The Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. 相似文献
13.
Carbon solubility and the composition of carbides in the Fe-Cr-C system up to 8.07 pct Cr were measured at 985 K by CH 4/H 2 gas equilibration. An iron-carbon binary alloy was included in the equilibration as a reference material. The chromium-carbon
interaction in α-phase was analyzed by the central atoms model. The Wagner interaction coefficient was determined as ε
C
Cr
= -72 ± 2, a significantly higher negative value than in austenitic alloy. The activity coefficient of carbon in α-Fe was determined as log ϕ
C
o
= 3.617, which supports the values reported by Swartz and by Chipman. The carbide phase was analyzed as a regular solution
of two component carbides, FeC
x
and CrC
x
. M 7C 3 carbide was present in the carbon activity range up to a
c = 0.8, while M 3C carbide was present at higher carbon activities. Partitioning of chromium between α and the carbide phases was measured. The standard Gibbs energies of formation of the two component carbides and the interaction
energy parameters were determined for both M 7C 3 and M 3C carbides. 相似文献
14.
The melting and solidification behavior of Alloy 625 has been investigated with differential thermal analysis (DTA) and electron
microscopy. A two-level full-factorial set of chemistries involving the elements Nb, C, and Si was studied. DTA results revealed
that all alloying additions decreased the liquidus and solidus temperatures and also increased the melting temperature range.
Terminal solidification reactions were observed in the Nb-bearing alloys. Solidification microstructures in gastungsten-arc
welds were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. All alloys solidified to an austenitic (γ)
matrix. The Nb-bearing alloys terminated solidification by forming various combinations of γ/MC(NbC), γ/Laves, and γ/M 6C eutectic-like constituents. Carbon additions (0.035 wt pct) promoted the formation of the γ/MC(NbC) constituent at the expense
of the γ/Laves constituent. Silicon (0.4 wt pct) increased the formation of the yJLaves constituent and promoted formation
of the γ/M 6C carbide constituent at low levels (<0.01 wt pct) of carbon. When both Si (0.4 wt pct) and C (0.035 wt pct) were present,
the γ/MC(NbC) and γ/Laves constituents were observed. Regression analysis was used to develop equations for the liquidus and
solidus temperatures as functions of alloy composition. Partial derivatives of these equations taken with respect to the alloying
variables (Nb, C, Si) yielded the liquidus and solidus slopes t( m
L
, m
S
) for these elements in the multicomponent system. Ratios of these liquidus to solidus slopes gave estimates of the distribution
coefficients ( k) for these same elements in Alloy 625. 相似文献
15.
The objective of this study is to investigate the correlation of microstructure with wear resistance and fracture toughness
in duocast materials that consisted of a high-chromium white cast iron and a low-chromium steel as the wear-resistant and
ductile parts, respectively. Different shapes, sizes, volume fractions, and distributions of M 7C 3 carbides were employed in the wear-resistant part by changing the amount of chromium and molybdenum. In the alloys containing
a large amount of chromium, a number of large hexagonal-shaped primary carbides and fine eutectic carbides were formed. These
large primary carbides were so hard and brittle that they easily fractured or fell off from the matrix, thereby deteriorating
the wear resistance and fracture toughness. In the alloys containing a smaller amount of chromium, however, a network structure
of eutectic carbides having a lower hardness than the primary carbides was developed well along solidification cell boundaries
and led to the improvement of both wear resistance and toughness. The addition of molybdenum also helped enhance the wear
resistance by forming additional M 2C carbides without losing the fracture toughness. Under the duocasting conditions used in the present study, the appropriate
compositions for wear resistance and fracture toughness were 17 to 18 pct chromium and 2 to 3 pct molybdenum. 相似文献
16.
The formation of secondary carbides during tempering of H11 hot work steels at 898 K (625 °C) was studied by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) and related to the previously established effects of Si content on mechanical properties. Lower
Si contents (0.05 and 0.3 pct Si) and higher Si contents (1.0 and 2.0 pct Si) were observed to yield different carbide phases
and different particle distributions. Cementite particles stabilized by Cr, Mo, and V in the lower Si steels were found to
be responsible for similar precipitation hardening effects in comparison to the M 2C alloy carbides in the higher Si steels. The much higher toughness of the lower Si steels was suggested to be due to a finer
and more homogeneous distribution of Cr-rich M 7C 3 carbides in the interlath and interpackage regions of the quenched and tempered martensite microstructure. The present effects
of Si content on the formation of alloy carbides in H11 hot work steels were found to be the result of the retarding effect
of Si on the initial formation of cementite, well known from the early tempering stages in low alloy steels. 相似文献
17.
Fast removal of soft phases (e.g., pearlite and ferrite) in the iron matrix limits the wear life of high-Cr white irons. To address this shortcoming, the authors successfully produced fine networks of M6C carbide in a high-Cr white iron through extensive thermodynamic calculations. Fishbone-like networks of M6C carbides were observed with an optical microscope. It was experimentally determined that such carbide networks protected the soft matrix and increased the overall hardness. Additionally, electron backscattered diffraction was conducted, which showed that the alloy contained phases of M7C3, M6C, ferrite, and retained austenite. Solidification sequence was determined by correlating the thermodynamic equilibrium calculation results with the size and distribution of each phase. A dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus following ASTM standard G65 Procedure A was utilized to assess the abrasive wear performance of the developed alloy. Results showed that the volume loss of the developed material was 25 pct less than that of conventional high-Cr white irons. Wear scars were investigated using a scanning electron microscope, and the improved wear resistance was attributed to the “buffer” effect and plastic deformation of the introduced M6C carbide networks. 相似文献
18.
A solidification model is developed and experimentally checked for Fe-C-Cr-Nb alloys in the white cast irons range. It is
based on a partial quaternary Fe-C-Cr-NbC phase diagram and predicts the possible solidification paths for the alloys containing
γ, with (Fe,Cr) 7C 3 and NbC as the microconstituents at room temperature. The dendritic γ to massive (Fe,Cr) 7C 3 transition in experimental alloy microstructures with NbC contents up to 22 pet is explained by this model. Thermal analysis
is also used to compare the solidification paths and model approach. 相似文献
19.
Carbide transformations of M 3C → M 7C 3 → M 23C 6 → M 6C and crystallographic relationships among these carbides were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Two kinds of
high carbon-chromium steels containing tungsten or molybdenum were quenched rapidly from the melts and tempered at temperatures
up to 700°C. By tempering at 600°C, M 7C 3 carbides nucleated mostly on cementite/ferrite interfaces and grew inward the cementite by in- situ transformation. In-situ transformations from M 7C 3 to M 23C 6 and from M 23C 6 to M 6C were also found in these alloy steels during tempering at higher temperatures. Mutual relationships of crystal orientations
among M 3C, M 7C 3, M 23C 6 and M 6C were decided as follows: {fx739-01}. 相似文献
20.
Phase transformations in an Fe-7.8Al-29.5Mn-l.5Si-1.05C alloy have been investigated by means of optical microscopy and transmission
electron microscopy. In the as-quenched condition, a high density of fine (Fe,Mn) 3AlC carbides could be observed within the austenite matrix. When the as-quenched alloy was aged at temperatures ranging from
550 °C to 825 °C, a γ → coarse (Fe,Mn) 3AlC carbide + DO 3 reaction occurred by a cellular precipitation on the γ/γ grain boundaries and twin boundaries. Both of the observations are quite different from those observed by other workers in
Fe-Al-Mn-C alloys. In their studies, it was found that the as-quenched microstructure was austenite phase (γ), and (Fe,Mn) 3AlC carbides could only be observed within the austenite matrix in the aged alloys. In addition, a γ → α (ferrite) + coarse (Fe,Mn) 3AlC carbide reaction or a γ → α + coarse (Fe,Mn) 3AlC carbide + β-Mn reaction was found to occur on the γ/γ grain boundary in the aged Fe-Al-Mn-C alloys. 相似文献
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