Resolution function of nonsinusoidal radar signals. II.Range-velocity resolution with pulse compression techniques

For pt.I see ibid., vol.32, no.2, p.153-60 (May 1990). The thumbtack range-velocity resolution function of nonsinusoidal radar signals has been realised with signals having a large number of characters with triangular correlation functions. In reality, a radar signal rarely consists of one pulse; rather, it consists of thousands of pulses structured by various coding techniques. Pulse compression is a technique for obtaining high range resolution with long coded signals. The thumbtack range-velocity resolution function based on the pulse compression principle is realized by coding the transmitted signal using complementary codes. Increasing the code length will increase the pulse compression ratio and the time-sidelobe-free region, Doppler processing of correlation functions based on the pulse compression technique can realize the thumbtack range-velocity resolution function. The range-velocity resolution function is obtained by computer simulation and represented by a three-dimensional surface as a function of target range and velocity for signals with a different number of characters. Plots of range-velocity resolution functions for characters with different code lengths are presented     

Carrier-free signal design for look-down radars

The detection of low flying targets with small radar cross section (RCS), known as low observables, such as cruise missiles and stealth airplanes adds a new dimension to radar signal design and radar signal processing. A high resolution look-down radar is very attractive since it takes advantage of target shape to overcome difficulties encountered with small RCS. The look-down geometry, however, imposes three requirements: 1) the radar should detect targets with small relative velocities from almost zero to about the velocity of sound with no blind speeds, 2) it should minimize ground clutter by using short pulses, and 3) the radar signal must have a thumbtack ambiguity function. We investigate a look-down radar that eliminates time side lobes of compressed signal correlation functions to improve range resolution, reduces ground clutter to enhance receiver dynamic range, and uses thumbtack resolution function to resolve moving low observable targets from the surface of the Earth. The side lobe elimination technique transforms the correlation function of a coded waveform, based on complementary codes, to the correlation function of a single pulse. Features of side lobe elimination technique along with clutter cancellation circuits are presented in terms of blind speeds and range-velocity resolution function     

Resolution function of nonsinusoidal radar signals. I.Range-velocity resolution with rectangular pulses

A generalization of a previously published ambiguity function that applies to radar known as large-relative-bandwidth radar, carrier-free radar, impulse radar, or nonsinusoidal radar is discussed. This radar has attracted attention because of its ability to penetrate absorbing materials used in the stealth technology. Another good application is the detection of moving targets with a small radar cross section by a look-down radar, which calls for a thumbtack ambiguity function. Since a small radar cross section in this application is typically due to the small size of the target that is coated with absorbing material, the antistealth feature of the nonsinusoidal radar is implicitly being used. The principle is presented of a resolution function (tentatively called the range-velocity or the range-Doppler resolution function) based on processing a nonsinusoidal signal consisting of N characters with a time separation T_D and each character consisting of a sequence of L binary pulses of duration T . It is shown that range-velocity resolution functions approaching the ideal thumbtack function are easy to obtain. The blind speeds of the pulse-Doppler radar with sinusoidal carrier do not inherently occur, and all velocities are observed as true velocities rather than as velocities modulo the first blind speed (velocity ambiguity)     

现代隐身技术的发展

分别从外形技术、有源隐身、天线隐身、雷达吸波材料、等离子体、RCS测量以及红外特征信号控制7个方面阐述现代隐身技术的发展。其中,外形技术是目前隐身技术中最为有效的技术途径之一;雷达吸波材料是实用且具有潜力的隐身技术之一;等离子体技术则是控制目标RCS指标的一种新兴技术,其核心关键问题是如何产生等离子体。     

涂覆吸波材料目标RCS测量校准试验研究

雷达吸波涂层易受涂覆工艺、物理特性和气动应力等因素影响而破坏飞机整体的隐身特性。为评估雷达吸波涂层状态,在紧缩场对涂覆雷达吸波材料的目标展开RCS测量和分析。雷达散射测量系统的测量精度受定标体几何参数精度、测量方法、校准方法、系统稳定性等多种因素影响。在金属球定标体几何参数、场地制造装配精度和安装定位精度等已溯源至国家基准的基础上,针对测量和校准需求,研究了替代置换法的测量校准原理,开展了测量和校准试验,结果表明：在扫频测量基础上,通过时域频域变换、背景矢量对消、时间窗等技术滤除杂波干扰而获取线性度较好的系统校准曲线,用于涂覆雷达吸波材料目标的RCS测量校准,能有效提高测量效率和精度,确保量值一致,满足隐身飞机雷达隐身状态监控和校准需求。     

Target signature using nonsinusoidal radar signals

A target recognition method that utilizes both target length determined from target signature duration for target classification and target shape determined from target signature amplitude variation for target identification is presented. The transformation of the target axes coordinate system into a rotated coordinate system enables target recognition at any aspect angle. The information obtained about target shape and size, in addition to the velocity information supplied by the Doppler effect, can be used to generalize Woodward's ambiguity function to a range-velocity-shape resolution function. Thumbtack range-velocity-shape resolution functions are easily obtained by increasing the number of pulses in the transmitted radar signal     

一种基于分时发射技术的双线性间断调频准连续波雷达的研究

为解决常规线性调频雷达存在的距离速度耦合和近距离盲区等问题,提出一种采用大占空比双线性间断调频脉冲信号的准连续波体制雷达。该雷达在一个脉冲重复周期内分时交替发射频谱互不重叠的两个线性调频脉冲信号,接收机通过发射信号分离、Stretch处理、时域互相关、FFT、运动补偿等过程可以在一个脉冲重复周期内获得运动目标的速度估计值和距离估计值。本文首先给出了该雷达的信号模型和距离速度去耦合原理,分析了系统性能,最后讨论了尚需解决的关键问题。     

特种车辆RCS减缩外形研究

从现代地面目标反雷达隐身的特点出发,确定了特种车辆主要的威胁区域,在比较多平面和融合式外形2种设计思想优缺点的基础上采用了多面体思想方面,对原车和隐身车建模,并用软件仿真了威胁区域内的RCS对比曲线,通过对比曲线分析了特种车辆RCS与外形的关系,在多面体外形设计方面总结了RCS缩减的经验和措施,为减小车辆雷达探测特征提供参考和改进依据。     

Range-velocity resolution function of nonsinusoidal radar signalswith Gaussian time variations

Signal design for carrier-free radars calls for the calculation of a range-velocity resolution function of nonsinusoidal signals consisting of a number of pulses with Gaussian time variations; this is a generalization of P.M. Woodward's (1953) ambiguity function that includes signals that do not have a sinusoidal carrier. Doppler processing of nonsinusoidal signals is investigated in terms of the Doppler effect of pulses with Gaussian time variation and Doppler resolutionl. Doppler resolution is determined in terms of signal parameters. The range-velocity resolution function is obtained analytically and represented by a three-dimensional surface as a function of target range and velocity. Methods for approaching the thumbtack range-velocity resolution function are determined in terms of signal parameters. Several plots for range-velocity resolution function are shown     

频率步进雷达及其在小目标检测中的应用

在强杂波环境下检测一类重要小目标（如巡航导弹，反舰掠海导弹，隐身飞机）是现代雷达面临的一个最具有挑战性的课题。频率步进雷达，由于其高距离分辨能力及独特的波形和处理，正在用来解决强杂波中小目标的检测问题。文中首先介绍了频率步进宽带高距离分辨雷达的原理和技术，然后讨论了应用频率步进雷达解决强杂波中运动小目标的无杂波区检测和无折叠杂波检测问题。     

后勤通用厢式车反雷达隐身设计研究

从后勤通用厢式车反雷达隐身特点出发，分析了后勤通用厢式车受雷达探测威胁的主要区域，并确定了合理的雷达截面减缩量。在分析简单形体的雷达反射特性和与RCS相关的因素以及减缩RCS方法的基础上，详细分析了后勤通用厢式车的主要散射源，提出了从修改厢式车外形和采用雷达吸波复合材料及涂料两方面降低后勤通用厢式车雷达散射截面积的方法。     

基于射频隐身的雷达发射波束形成方法

为进一步提高雷达的射频隐身性能,提出了基于射频隐身的宽带发射波束形成方法。首先根据目标距离和目标雷达横截面积设计了主瓣方向的功率大小,确定了工作的阵元数。然后考虑截获接收机位置信息的角度误差,建立宽带信号频域模型,利用旋转信号子空间方法对宽带信号进行聚焦并计算信号的自相关矩阵。最后利用约束最小方差准则产生权向量,完成了发射波束的零陷设计。仿真结果表明,提出的发射波束形成方法与零陷设计前的方法相比,具有较低的截获概率和较好的射频隐身性能。     

LFMCW雷达运动目标距离与速度超分辨估计

超分辨谱估计算法能得到比传统周期图法高得多的分辨率,针对LFMCW雷达动目标检测问题,本文提出一种基于状态矢量空间方法的LFMCW雷达距离与速度超分辨估计方法。文中介绍了状态矢量空间方法的基本原理并分析了三角LFMCW雷达上、下扫频段差频信号的特点,使用基于状态矢量空间方法估计差频信号频谱,同时给出了相应的运动目标距离与速度的估计算法。该算法解决了LFMCW雷达动目标去耦问题,与传统FFT方法相比提高了运动目标距离与速度的分辨率和估计精度。仿真结果证明了该算法的有效性。      

Transient interactions of an EM pulse with a dielectric sphericalshell

The authors study the scattering interaction of short electromagnetic pulses with a spherical target. The target is assumed penetrable and they model it as an air-filled dielectric shell. The radar cross-section (RCS) of such a target is obtained and its resonance features are analyzed. A dielectric composition makes the resonance features become very prominent compared with the case of a perfectly conducting sphere. When the interrogating waveform is a pulse of short duration, the resonance features of the RCS can be extracted within the frequency band of the spectrum of the incident pulse. To verify their theoretical predictions they illuminate spherical targets with short, broadband pulses using an impulse radar system. The actual shape of the pulse that is incident on the targets is theoretically modeled using a digital filter design technique together with pulse returns from a reference target. They verify that the shape of the predicted, backscattered pulse that results from their design method agrees well with the experimental findings using three additional targets of different sizes and materials. They investigate in the combined time-frequency domain the development in time of the various frequency features of the spectra of backscattered pulses using time-windowed Fourier transforms. The methodology developed can handle broadband pulses of any sufficiently smooth spectrum, interacting with (lossy or lossless) dielectric scatterers, and can extract resonance features within the frequency band of the spectrum of the transmitted pulse. Accordingly, this method could be also used for assessing the performance of high-power impulse radar systems     

脉间频率编码脉内复合调频雷达信号设计与分析

现代的战场环境复杂多变,机载雷达除了需要具备较高的目标分辨力来完成目标探测任务外,还应具备大时间带宽积、低截获因子、低功率谱幅度、不均匀频谱及最大不确定性等良好的射频隐身性能。为了设计性能良好的射频隐身波形,本文以脉间脉内双重频率编码（interpulse Costas and intrapulse Costas,Costas-Costas）信号的时频特征为基础,在保持子脉冲间频率捷变的同时,在子脉冲内采用Costas频率编码和非线性调频相结合的复合调频方式,得到脉间频率编码脉内复合调频（interpulse Costas frequency coded and intrapulse Costas and NLFM composite frequency modulation,Costas-CN）雷达信号。与单一调制信号、脉间频率编码脉内非线性调频（interpulse Costas frequency coded and intrapulse nonlinear frequency modulation,Costas-NLFM）信号和Costas-Costas信号相比,该信号极大地增...     

VHF频段隐身目标缩比模型的雷达散射截面测量

介绍了甚高频(VHF)频段、工作在水平(H)或垂直(V)极化发射-接收组合(即HH、VV、HV、VH)情况下隐身目标缩比模型的雷达散射截面积(RCS)测量方法;给出了低频段RCS测量与计算的详细过程,采用背景杂波对消和时域加窗处理的方法减少了低频段RCS测量的误差;并给出了两种隐身目标缩比模型的RCS测量结果。测量结果表明:由于谐振效应,在VHF下端的低频段,隐身目标的RCS在平方米的量级,远大于在微波段的测量值;在部分频点,交叉极化的RCS甚至比同极化还强。这为利用隐身目标在频率域的谐振效应和极化域的极化特征,设计具有探测隐身目标能力的现代雷达提供了理论依据。     

动目标检测与速度估计仿真研究

介绍了雷达信号处理技术中的脉冲压缩、动目标检测、脉冲多普勒处理和恒虚警检测技术,并对雷达发射波形、目标回波、动目标检测进行了Matlab仿真。对脉冲回波信号进行脉冲压缩与动目标显示得到动目标脉压信号。利用动目标显示和脉冲多普勒处理实现脉压信号的动目标检测,并得到脉冲多普勒数据块。在数据块的距离维上进行恒虚警检测,检测动目标的距离,然后提取对应距离门的多普勒数据,检测动目标的速度。通过仿真建立了雷达信号处理的基本框架,为雷达系统建模及其仿真的深入研究提供了仿真支持。     

车辆RCS分析及外形隐身研究

对目标进行低RCS外形设计是提高目标雷达隐身能力的重要手段,讨论了车辆低RCS外形设计的原则,对设计的效果进行了测试比较．     

LFMCW雷达信号模糊函数分析

本文从ＬＦＭＣＷ雷达体制特点出发，导出了ＬＦＭＣＷ信号模糊函数，分析了它的特点以及它与ＬＦＭＣＷ雷达接收机中点目标回波信号的关系，阐明了它与脉冲雷达ＬＦＭ信号模糊函数的差别，并从模糊函数角度说明了运动目标回波的距离速度耦合及波形畸变现象。     

对称三角线性调频连续波信号模糊函数分析

本文从对称三角线性调频连续波雷达体制的特点出发,导出了对称三角线性调频连续波信号模糊函数,分析了它的特点;阐明了它与单斜率线性调频连续波信号和脉冲LFM信号模糊函数的区别;从模糊函数的角度分析说明了采用对称三角线性调频连续波信号相对于单斜率线性调频连续波信号可以大大提高目标的分辨力,并能消除多目标环境中运动目标的距离速度耦合现象.