稀疏分光WDM组播网络协议设计

WDM Multicast的关键问题是如何在WDM层建立组播树.文章首先分析了光网络实现组播的重要性,描述了波分复用(WDM)的两种交换结构,提出将DVMRP协议应用在稀疏分光波分复用网络中实现组播,并描述了该过程.     

基于贪婪算法的WDM网络组播路由算法的研究

文章首先用贪婪算法找出在现有网络结构中完成任务所需的波长数较少的波长集,然后依据其上每条链路的权值,用最短路径算法生成一棵组播树,使其跳数和阻塞率较低,以保证网络能够在使用较少波长资源的情况下,快速、有效地传送数据.     

组播技术及其在光层的实现

带宽密集型的多媒体应用对现有网络提出了新的要求,组播技术有助于解决其在网络带宽和服务质量方面的问题,而在光层实现组播具有更简单、高效的特点.然而,光层组播由于光缓存、光分束和光波长变换等光器件的限制,呈现出和IP层组播不同的特点.对IP层和光层组播进行了讨论,分析了光层组播模型,并对稀疏光分束和稀疏波长变换的光网络组播路由提出了重路由到源和重路由到相关节点两种重路由方式.     

WDM光网络广义无阻塞组播通信

文章讨论了一系列典型拓扑 (线阵列、环和网格 )WDM光网络的组播通信 ,并在常规路由算法下 ,导出了WDM网广义无阻塞组播通信时需求最小波长数的充要条件     

无线Mesh网络中的组播机会路由研究

 针对无线Mesh网络组播中包丢失严重的问题,提出了保持包的IP层不变,而改变包的目的MAC域,进而MAC层以单播形式向组成员发送包的M2U(Multicast to Unicast) 优化解决方案.为了满足组成员增加时不影响用户的性能,提出在M2U中引入了机会路由的M2UO（Multicast to Unicast Opportunistic Routing）算法,对候选节点采用单播形式发送包,对其它节点采用组播形式发送包.在实际网络环境中的大量实验表明,优化组播减小了数据包的丢失率,提高了网络的吞吐量,具有较好的组播视频流效果.     

WDM格型光网络中的动态组播共享保护算法

该文针对WDM格型网络中单链路失效的情况,提出了一种保护动态组播业务的基于路径的优化共享保护(PB-OSPM)算法。该算法在基于最优路径对的共享不相交路径(OPP-SDP)算法的基础上,通过引入保护波长使用情况矩阵和波长预留矩阵记录预留波长资源的使用情况,允许不发生冲突的不同组播的保护路径间共享预留波长资源。研究采用欧洲光网络(EON)的拓扑对PB-OSPM算法和OPP-SDP算法在增性网络负载情况下的网络冗余度和同波长资源配置和网络负载情况下动态网络负载的网络连接阻塞率做了仿真。结果表明,相同条件下,PB-OSPM算法比OPP-SDP算法有更低的连接阻塞率。组播业务间波长资源的共享是提高波长资源利用率的有效方法。     

WDM光网络中的组播路由算法研究

组播是一种应用广泛的点到多点或多点到多点的通信方式.本文剖析了光层组播的特点,在综合分类的基础上,对光网络组播路由算法的最新研究进展进行了归纳和总结,指出了其面临的问题与挑战,并对今后需重点研究的方向进行了展望.     

Clos网络中的组播路由算法

对于三级Clos网络,扇出机制会影响Clos网络的阻塞率、算法的时间复杂度及网络成本,因此选择好的扇出方式能充分发挥网络的组播能力。根据输出级扇出、中间级扇出、输入级扇出等不同的扇出机制分类,可将组播算法分为输入级扇出算法（IFMA）、最迟扇出算法（LFMA）、切割扇出算法（SFMA）、中间级优先扇出算法（CMFF—MA）。在对4种算法仿真比较的基础上,文章提出针对不同的业务采用不同的处理方法的路由方案,对于固定扇出业务可采用CMFFMA算法进行路由,针对递增业务采用先输出级、再中间级、最后输入级扇出的策略,可有效地降低阻塞率。     

IP组播路由算法及协议

该文主要介绍了在IP组播中使用的各种构造组播树的路由算法,以及相关的路由协议和几种新的协议。     

WDM网络组播连接保护切换时间分析

保护切换时间是衡量一个网络保护方案性能优劣的重要指标之一.文章给出了一种波分复用(WDM)网络中组播连接的保护切换模型,并在此基础上对目前主要的组播连接保护方案的保护切换时间做了理论上的分析和比较,这些方案包括link-disjoint保护、arc-disjoint保护和段保护.同时,结合各方案的连接阻塞率,对各方案的总体性能做了简要的分析.     

A novel efficient multicast routing algorithm in sparse splitting optical networks

The advances in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology are expected to facilitate bandwidth-intensive multicast applications through light splitting. Due to complexity and cost constraints, light splitting (or optical multicast) nodes are sparsely configured in a practical WDM network. In this article, we investigate the multicast routing problem under the sparse light-splitting constraint. An efficient sparse splitting constrained multicast routing algorithm called Multicast Capable Node First Heuristic (MCNFH) is proposed. The key idea of MCNFH is to include the shortest path, that includes most of the multicast capable nodes, for configuring the multicast tree. Simulations and comparisons are used to demonstrate the performance of MCNFH. Simulation results and analysis show that MCNFH builds multicast trees with the least wavelength channel cost and with the smallest number of wavelengths used per link. In addition, MCNFH requires only one transmitter at the source node.     

Wavelength assignment with sparse wavelength conversion for optical multicast in WDM networks

This paper addresses the problem of multicast wavelength assignment for sparse wavelength conversion (MWA-SWC) in wavelength-routed wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks. It aims to optimally allocate the available wavelength for each link of the multicast tree, given a sparse wavelength conversion network and a multicast request. To our knowledge, little research work has been done to address this problem in literature.In this paper, we propose a new technique called MWA-SWC algorithm to solve the problem. The algorithm first maps the multicast tree from the sparse conversion case to the full conversion case by making use of a novel virtual link method to carry out the tree mapping. The method provides a forward mapping to generate an auxiliary tree as well as a reverse mapping to recover the original tree. Applying the auxiliary tree, we propose a dynamic programing algorithm for the wavelength assignment (WA) aiming to minimize the number of wavelength converters (NWC) required. Simulation results show that our new algorithm outperforms both random and greedy algorithms with regard to minimizing the NWC. Testing on various scenarios by varying the number of wavelength conversion nodes in the tree has confirmed the consistency of the performance. The primary use of the MWA-SWC algorithm is for static traffic. However, it can also serve as a baseline for dynamic heuristic algorithms. Typically, the MWA-SWC algorithm will provide great benefit when the number of available wavelengths on each link of the multicast tree is relatively large and the performance advantage is significant.     

Analysis of tree‐based multicast routing in wireless sensor networks with varying network metrics

Wireless ad hoc and sensor networks are emerging with advances in electronic device technology, wireless communications and mobile computing with flexible and adaptable features. Routing protocols act as an interface between the lower and higher layers of the network protocol stack. Depending on the size of target nodes, routing techniques are classified into unicast, multicast and broadcast protocols. In this article, we give analysis and performance evaluation of tree‐based multicast routing in wireless sensor networks with varying network metrics. Geographic multicast routing (GMR) and its variations are used extensively in sensor networks. Multicast routing protocols considered in the analytical model are GMR, distributed GMR, demand scalable GMR, hierarchical GMR, destination clustering GMR and sink‐initiated GMR. Simulations are given with comparative analysis based on varying network metrics such as multicast group size, number of sink nodes, average multicast latency, number of clusters, packet delivery ratio, energy cost ratio and link failure rate. Analytical results indicate that wireless sensor network multicast routing protocols operate on the node structure (such as hierarchical, clustered, distributed, dense and sparse networks) and application specific parameters. Simulations indicate that hierarchical GMR is used for generic multicast applications and that destination clustering GMR and demand scalable GMR are used for distributed multicast applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Layered-routing approach for solving multicast routing and wavelength assignment problem

We have developed a new layered-routing approach to address the problem of all-optical multicast over wavelength-routed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. We model the WDM network as a collection of wavelength layers with sparse light- splitting (LS) and wavelength conversion (WC) capabilities. We apply the degree constraint technique to solve the problem. The approach is capable of completing multicast routing and wavelength assignment (MCRWA) in one step. We propose two generic frameworks to facilitate heuristic development. Any heuristic that is derived from either Prim’s or Kruskal’s algorithm can be easily imported to solve the MCRWA problem. One example is given for each framework to demonstrate heuristic development. Extensive simulations were carried out to measure the performance of heuristics developed from the frameworks. The results show that the STRIGENT scheme is suitable for hardware design and it is advisable to deploy light splitters and wavelength converters to the same node for better performance.     

多播光网络研究中几个问题的探讨

波分复用(WDM)技术的开发和应用使得网络中的信息容量得到了极大的提高，而网络中业务信息的多样化则促进了多播技术的应用和发展。多播的出现使网络的节点结构、虚拟拓扑连接方式及路由和流量疏导算法变得更加复杂多样。为此对光网络中各种多播方式及节点结构并对现有的路由和波长分配算法进行了评述。在此基础上提出了对这类光网络中的信息流量进行疏导时应遵循的几个基本原则，目的是提高波长容量的利用率，减少网络中所用的波长和分插复用器（ADM）数，降低网络的成本和费用。     

QoS multicast routing in cognitive radio ad hoc networks

In this paper, we discussed the issues of QoS multicast routing in cognitive radio ad hoc networks. The problem of our concern was: given a cognitive radio ad hoc network and a QoS multicast request, how to find a multicast tree so that the total bandwidth consumption of the multicast is minimized while the QoS requirements are met. We proposed two methods to solve it. One is a two‐phase method. In this method, we first employed a minimal spanning tree‐based algorithm to construct a multicast tree and then proposed a slot assignment algorithm to assign timeslots to the tree links such that the bandwidth consumption of the tree is minimized. The other is an integrated method that considers the multicast routing together with the slot assignment. Extensive simulations were conducted to show the performance of our proposed methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

WDM光网络中的组播波长分配算法研究

组播是一种应用广泛的点到多点或多点到多点的通信方式,光层组播以其独特优势引起了人们的关注和重视.在综合分类的基础上,对光网络组播波长分配算法的最新研究进展进行了归纳和总结,并对今后需重点研究的方向进行了展望.     

有/无线ATM网的组播选路算法

本文提出一种组播选路算法,在组播连接路由树的代价函数中计入了移动成员的越区切换发生概率,使为移动成员服务的接入节点（ＡＰ）尽可能成为组播路由树的树叶节点。当移动成员发生越区切换以后,可减去原来为之服务的ＡＰ和相应的树枝通道链路,从而保证了网络资源得以有效地利用。数值模拟分析的结果表明,我们提出的算法达到了这一目的。     

加权的基于多播节点的多播路由算法

在许多多播应用中,降低多播树网络费用非常重要.本文提出了加权的基于多播节点的多播路由算法（WDDMC算法）.由于改变了DDMC（Destination-Driven routing for low-cost Multicast ）算法中的指示函数,适当降低了多播节点作为中间节点的优先级,提高非多播节点作为中间节点的优先级,从而使得多播树更接近最小Steiner树.在随机网络上的仿真结果表明,WDDMC算法的多播树网络费用优于DDMC算法.该算法的复杂度与DDMC算法完全相同.