基于VGGNet和多谱带循环网络的高光谱人脸识别系统

为了提高光谱人脸数据表征人脸特征的有效性，提出一种基于VGGNet和多谱带循环训练的高光谱人脸识别方法。首先，在光谱人脸图像的预处理阶段，采用多任务卷积神经网络（MTCNN）进行高光谱人脸图像的精确定位，并利用混合通道的方式对高光谱人脸数据进行增强；然后，基于卷积神经网络（CNN）结构建立一个面向高光谱人脸识别的VGG12深度网络；最后，基于高光谱人脸数据的特点，引入多谱带循环训练方法训练建立的VGG12网络，完成最后的训练和识别。在公开的UWA-HSFD和PolyU-HSFD高光谱人脸数据集的实验结果表明，所提方法取得了比其他深度网络（如DeepID、DeepFace、VGGNet）更好的识别性能。     

持续学习改进的人脸表情识别

目的 大量标注数据和深度学习方法极大地提升了图像识别性能。然而,表情识别的标注数据缺乏,训练出的深度模型极易过拟合,研究表明使用人脸识别的预训练网络可以缓解这一问题。但是预训练的人脸网络可能会保留大量身份信息,不利于表情识别。本文探究如何有效利用人脸识别的预训练网络来提升表情识别的性能。方法 本文引入持续学习的思想,利用人脸识别和表情识别之间的联系来指导表情识别。方法指出网络中对人脸识别整体损失函数的下降贡献最大的参数与捕获人脸公共特征相关,对表情识别来说为重要参数,能够帮助感知面部特征。该方法由两个阶段组成：首先训练一个人脸识别网络,同时计算并记录网络中每个参数的重要性;然后利用预训练的模型进行表情识别的训练,同时通过限制重要参数的变化来保留模型对于面部特征的强大感知能力,另外非重要参数能够以较大的幅度变化,从而学习更多表情特有的信息。这种方法称之为参数重要性正则。结果 该方法在RAF-DB（real-world affective faces database）,CK+（the extended Cohn-Kanade database）和Oulu-CASIA这3个数据集上进行了实验评估。在主流数据集RAF-DB上,该方法达到了88.04%的精度,相比于直接用预训练网络微调的方法提升了1.83%。其他数据集的实验结果也表明了该方法的有效性。结论 提出的参数重要性正则,通过利用人脸识别和表情识别之间的联系,充分发挥人脸识别预训练模型的作用,使得表情识别模型更加鲁棒。     

基于局部二值模式和深度学习的人脸识别

针对人脸识别中深度学习直接提取人脸特征时忽略了其局部结构特征的问题,提出一种将分块局部二值模式(LBP)与深度学习相结合的人脸识别方法.首先,将人脸图像分块,利用均匀LBP算子分别提取图像各局部的LBP直方图特征,再按照顺序连接在一起形成整个人脸的LBP纹理特征; 其次,将得到的LBP特征作为深度信念网络(DBN)的输入,逐层训练网络,并在顶层形成分类面; 最后,用训练好的深度信念网络对人脸样本进行识别.在ORL、YALE和FERET人脸库上的实验结果表明,所提算法与采用支持向量机(SVM)的方法相比,在小样本的人脸识别中有很好的识别效果.     

基于MTCNN的高光谱人脸识别自动控制系统

为避免光线、姿势、表情等因素影响高光谱人脸识别效果，该文设计了基于MTCNN的高光谱人脸识别自动控制系统。高光谱人脸采集模块通过人工智能机摄像头和CMOS图像传感器采集高光谱人脸图像样本，采用分块局部二值模式提取高光谱人脸局部特征，将其输入Ada-Boost支持向量机，得出高光谱人脸不同区域的最优谱带；利用多任务卷积神经网络，提取最优谱带特征，由Softmax函数完成高光谱人脸分类识别，将识别结果存储至人脸库构建模块，并呈现在手机智能终端。实验结果表明，该系统的高光谱人脸图像采集和LBP特征提取的应用效果较好，可有效识别出不同光线条件和光照角度下高光谱人脸，平均识别率高达99.36%。     

应用深度光学应变特征图的人脸活体检测

目的 随着人脸识别系统应用的日益广泛,提高身份认证的安全性,提升人脸活体检测的有效性已经成为迫切需要解决的问题。针对活体检测中真实用户的照片存在的人脸欺骗问题,提出一种新的解决照片攻击的人脸活体检测算法。方法 利用局部二值模式LBP（local binary pattern）、TV-L1（total variation regularization and the robust L1 norm）光流法、光学应变和深度网络实现的人脸活体检测方法。对原始数据进行预处理得到LBP特征图;对LBP特征图提取光流信息,提高对噪声适应的鲁棒性;计算光流的导数得到图像的光学应变图,以表征相邻两帧之间的微纹理性质的微小移动量;通过卷积神经网络模型（CNN）将每个应变图编码成特征向量,最终将特征向量传递给长短期记忆LSTM（long short term memory）模型进行分类,实现真假人脸的判别。结果 实验在两个公开的人脸活体检测数据库上进行,并将本文算法与具有代表性的活体检测算法进行对比。在南京航空航天大学（NUAA）人脸活体检测数据库中,算法精度达到99.79%;在Replay-attack数据库中,算法精度达到98.2%,对比实验的结果证明本文算法对照片攻击的识别更加准确。结论 本文提出的针对照片攻击的人脸活体检测算法,融合光学应变图像和深度学习模型的优点,使得人脸活体检测更加准确。     

偏振编码方式的LDP人脸识别算法

目的 局部二值模式(LBP)作为一种简单高效的纹理特征描述算子,被广泛地应用在纹理分类和人脸识别中。针对LBP及其改进算法局部导数模式(LDP)对噪声敏感的问题,以及仅利用局部像素差分的符号信息进行二值量化提取的纹理特征信息单一的问题,提出一种基于偏振编码方式的LDP改进算法。方法 首先,提取改进的LDP局部一阶差分信息;然后,构建人脸Stokes矢量图像;其次,按照偏振方位角的编码方式提取人脸图像的多方向纹理特征;最后,分块加权统计各子块的直方图向量得到最终的人脸特征向量。结果 在ORL和YALE两个人脸库中进行实验,得到97.4%,92.22%的正确识别率,所用时间与LBP和LDP算法相差无几。当样本数目较大时,复杂度低于LBP方法。在存在高斯噪声和椒盐噪声的情况下,分别得到了93.88%、86.27%和96.13%、84.71%的识别率,均高于LBP算法和LDP算法。结论 本文提出的偏振编码方式的人脸识别算法提取的人脸纹理特征更加丰富,即使在噪声干扰下仍具有较高的识别率,并且对于其他的纹理分类、目标识别也具有一定的参考价值。     

双判别器深度残差GAN高光谱图像融合

目的 为了解决高空间分辨率多光谱图像与高光谱图像融合时的多波段对多波段问题,以及高空间分辨率多光谱图像波谱范围不能完全涵盖高光谱图像波谱范围而导致的光谱失真问题,本文利用深度学习的数据驱动优势,基于高分 5 号（GF-5）高光谱数据和 Sentinel-2 多光谱数据,提出一种基于生成对抗网络（generative adversarialnetwork,GAN）的高光谱图像空谱融合方法——双判别器深度残差 GAN 网络（two discriminator deep residual GAN,2DDRGAN）。方法 考虑待融合图像间的波谱范围关系,采用分组融合策略,利用波段间的相关性,将多对多的融合问题转变为多个一对多的融合问题。使用深度残差模块深度提取图像的光谱和空间特征,用两个判别网络对融合图像的空间和光谱质量分别进行判断,改善生成网络生成的融合图像质量。另外,本文的深度学习网络不需要制作额外的融合结果标签,待融合图像本身就是标签,这大大降低了高光谱融合的工作量,也是目前深度学习遥感图像融合的根本改变。结果 与常用传统空谱融合方法和经典深度学习方法比较的实验结果表明,对于不同地物类型数据,该网络得到的融合结果在提升空间分辨率的同时,有较高的光谱保真度。光谱曲线评价也验证了该网络对于高空间分辨率图像波谱范围以外的高光谱图像波段进行融合时有良好的光谱保真度。结论 本文方法通过深度残差模块提取高光谱图像光谱特征和高空间分辨率图像空间特征,同时引入双判别网络,使得融合结果在保持光谱信息的同时更好地提升空间信息。     

双卷积池化结构的3D-CNN高光谱遥感影像分类方法

目的 高光谱遥感影像数据包含丰富的空间和光谱信息,但由于信号的高维特性、信息冗余、多种不确定性和地表覆盖的同物异谱及同谱异物现象,导致高光谱数据结构呈高度非线性。3D-CNN（3D convolutional neural network）能够利用高光谱遥感影像数据立方体的特性,实现光谱和空间信息融合,提取影像分类中重要的有判别力的特征。为此,提出了基于双卷积池化结构的3D-CNN高光谱遥感影像分类方法。方法 双卷积池化结构包括两个卷积层、两个BN（batch normalization）层和一个池化层,既考虑到高光谱遥感影像标签数据缺乏的问题,也考虑到高光谱影像高维特性和模型深度之间的平衡问题,模型充分利用空谱联合提供的语义信息,有利于提取小样本和高维特性的高光谱影像特征。基于双卷积池化结构的3D-CNN网络将没有经过特征处理的3D遥感影像作为输入数据,产生的深度学习分类器模型以端到端的方式训练,不需要做复杂的预处理,此外模型使用了BN和Dropout等正则化策略以避免过拟合现象。结果 实验对比了SVM（support vector machine）、SAE（stack autoencoder）以及目前主流的CNN方法,该模型在Indian Pines和Pavia University数据集上最高分别取得了99.65%和99.82%的总体分类精度,有效提高了高光谱遥感影像地物分类精度。结论 讨论了双卷积池化结构的数目、正则化策略、高光谱首层卷积的光谱采样步长、卷积核大小、相邻像素块大小和学习率等6个因素对实验结果的影响,本文提出的双卷积池化结构可以根据数据集特点进行组合复用,与其他深度学习模型相比,需要更少的参数,计算效率更高。     

关键点深度特征驱动人脸表情识别

目的 人脸关键点检测和人脸表情识别两个任务紧密相关。已有对两者结合的工作均是两个任务的直接耦合,忽略了其内在联系。针对这一问题,提出了一个多任务的深度框架,借助关键点特征识别人脸表情。方法 参考inception结构设计了一个深度网络,同时检测关键点并且识别人脸表情,网络在两个任务的监督下,更加关注关键点附近的信息,使得五官周围的特征获得较大响应值。为进一步减小人脸其他区域的噪声对表情识别的影响,利用检测到的关键点生成一张位置注意图,进一步增加五官周围特征的权重,减小人脸边缘区域的特征响应值。复杂表情引起人脸部分区域的形变,增加了关键点检测的难度,为缓解这一问题,引入了中间监督层,在第1级检测关键点的网络中增加较小权重的表情识别任务,一方面,提高复杂表情样本的关键点检测结果,另一方面,使得网络提取更多表情相关的特征。结果 在3个公开数据集：CK+（Cohn-Kanade dataset）,Oulu（Oulu-CASIA NIR&VIS facial expression database）和MMI（MMI facial expression database）上与经典方法进行比较,本文方法在CK+数据集上的识别准确率取得了最高值,在Oulu和MMI数据集上的识别准确率比目前识别率最高的方法分别提升了0.14%和0.54%。结论 实验结果表明了引入关键点信息的有效性：多任务的卷积神经网络表情识别准确率高于单任务的传统卷积神经网络。同时,引入注意力模型也提升了多任务网络中表情的识别率。     

采用LBP金字塔的人脸描述与识别

为了有效地提取人脸图像的全局和局部特征以提高人脸识别的性能,提出一种基于LBP金字塔特征的人脸描述与识别算法.首先通过多尺度分析构建人脸图像金字塔;然后采用LBP算子提取各层图像的LBP特征谱,建立图像的LBP金字塔;最后对LBP金字塔各层特征谱进行分块统计,并将各层的统计直方图序列连接起来作为人脸的鉴别特征用于分类识别.该算法在ORL和FERET人脸数据库上取得了较高的人脸识别率.实验分析表明,LBP金字塔特征具有较强的人脸描述能力和可鉴别性,且对光照、人脸表情及位置的变化具有较高的鲁棒性.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.