The effect of die casting machine parameters on porosity of aluminium die castings

The primary objective of this research is to investigate the effect of machine related parameters on porosity formation in the aluminum die casting process. The amount and distribution of porosity in die castings was examined in relation to plunger velocity during the 1st phase, fast shot set point, plunger velocity during the 2nd phase, die cavity filling time and multiplied pressure during the 3rd phase.

Standard statistical analysis was performed in order to identify the effect of each of the considered parameters and parameter interactions on porosity formation. It was found that, among the parameters considered, multiplied pressure, plunger velocity in the 2nd phase and die cavity filling time have the most significant effect on porosity formation. Using optimal die casting machine parameter levels, the optimum porosity value of aluminum alloy die-castings was predicted. The results were confirmed by further experiments.     

An analysis of shrinkage defects in aluminium and aluminium-copper castings

The influence of casting parameters and alloy composition on the formation of shrinkage defects has been studied using a T-piece test casting. Macro shrinkage defects were found in pure aluminium and aluminium 0.4wt% copper castings, but not in aluminium 1, 2, and 4.5 wt.% copper alloys. The thermal data which were in general, reproducible to +/-5% showed that a negative temperature gradient prevailed in the pure and aluminium 0.4wt% aluminium alloy right up to the end of freezing. In the aluminium 1, 2 and 4.5 wt.% copper alloys the initial negative gradient changes to become positive after approximately one half of the total solidification time has elapsed. The gradient was only of the order of 2°C/mm. Variations in pouring temperature of about 50°C and filling times of a factor of three changed the solidification times by 10% only. Such variations did not change the relative freezing times at different locations in the uniform section castings. Solidification times for the 15 mm horizontal section of the castings (a/b = 0.6) were similar to those of the 25 mm sections (a/b = 1) showing that even in this simple case the modulus concept is invalid. The form of the cavities in the feeder heads is a function of the metal cast, the gas content and the grain structure. The results formed the basis of validation tests for a computer shrinkage model.**     

表面纳米化钛合金与不锈钢脉冲加压扩散连接

采用高能喷丸（HESP）对TA17钛合金和0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢棒材的端面进行了表面自纳米化（SSNC）处理,在端面获得了一定厚度的纳米晶组织层。将钛合金和不锈钢的纳米化处理端面对接,在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上进行脉冲加压扩散连接。对接头进行了拉伸试验,并对断口和接头显微组织进行了研究分析。结果表明,接头强度高达384．0MPa,与在相同条件下获得的常规粗晶的接头强度相比,有显著的提高。接头在拉伸时发生脆性断裂,接头剖面的显微硬度随显微组织而变化。     

铝基复合材料/低碳钢异种材料过渡液相扩散焊

用市售厚约50 μm的纯铜箔作中间层在590℃分别保温30 min及2h进行了铝基复合材料,低碳钢异种金属过渡液相扩散焊试验.结果表明,薄弱界面并非钢,中间层界面,而在于Al MMC/残留中间层一侧界面;液相优先溶解铝基复合材料的棱边而形成明显的环状缺口将导致应力集中;被挤出的多余液相全部流布于铝基复合材料的外表面,而未曾流向钢一侧.断口分析表明,接头沿残留中间层内部(压力较低时)及Al MMC的表层区断裂(压力较高时);Fe向残留中间层内发生了过渡的溶解,足以形成金属间化合物,由此导致接头强度均很低.     

Electrodeposition of aluminium from ionic liquids on high strength steel

Electroplated aluminium from ionic liquids is a promising candidate for corrosion protection of steels due to its excellent corrosion resistance. The pretreatment of the substrate is a crucial step for good adhesion of the coating and hence its performance. Conventional aqueous pretreatment of the steel substrate prior to aluminium plating does not lead to satisfactory results. In this paper, the authors systematically investigated anodic polarisation of high strength steel in Lewis acidic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/AlCl₃ as an electrochemical pretreatment method. The study includes cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometric and chronopotentiometric methods as well as SEM/EDS analysis, optical microscopy, completed by roughness measurements using laser scanning profilometry and AFM. The removal of oxides and impurities from the steel surface and an increase of the surface roughness leads to excellent adhesion of the deposits. In-situ anodic polarisation and subsequently deposition results in the formation of an aluminium-iron alloy. By separation of pretreatment and deposition baths, high quality pure aluminium deposits can be achieved. It is shown that the developed pretreatment process can be successfully applied for the coating of flat substrates as well as for fasteners; the latter in a barrel plating process. The coating shows good adhesion and is evenly distributed over the substrates. Furthermore, a method for removing ionic impurities (e.g. iron) in the pre-treatment bath is suggested.     

The effect of zirconium coating on bonding strength of porcelain to titanium

The Zr coating was deposited on titanium surface using the magnetron sputtering technique. Effects of Zr coating on microstructure and mechanical properties of porcelain fired to titanium have been investigated. The results show that interdiffusion of elements occurs during porcelain firing, and the Zr coating can effectively protect titanium surface from excess oxidation. The strength of bond zone with Zr coating deposited for 1 hour reaches 29. 7 MPa, which has increased by 26.4% as compared with that of bond zone without coating （23.5 MPa）.     

Evolution of bonding interface during ultrasonic welding between steel and aluminium alloy

Ultrasonic welding (USW), a solid-state bonding technique, was applied to join ultra-low carbon steel and Al5052 aluminium alloy. The evolution of bonding strength and microstructure at the bonding interface during ultrasonic welding was investigated with an emphasis on the early stage before the formation of intermetallic compound. Initially, adhesive wear starts when steel and Al alloy have sliding contact, and thereafter, a thin layer of Al is attached onto the surface of the steel while the wear of Al base metal is continued owing to the sliding. As the welding time increases, bonding sections are gradually formed with the increase of interfacial temperature owing to the sliding friction, whose process is illustrated in this article.     

钛合金微弧氧化膜表面形貌对膜/环氧树脂结合强度的影响

采用微弧氧化法于硅酸钠溶液体系中在钛合金表面制备了氧化物陶瓷膜, 用剪切法测试了氧化膜与环氧树脂之间的结合强度, 通过SEM研究了陶瓷膜剪切前后表面形貌的变化.结果表明: 陶瓷膜表面的微孔直径、粗糙度随微弧氧化频率的增大而减小; 陶瓷膜/环氧树脂的结合强度随频率的增加先是快速上升, 当频率增加至400Hz时, 膜层的结合强度达到最高值56.9MPa, 随后结合强度逐渐下降并趋于平缓.     

阴极离子镀TiN涂层组织结构与结合强度

采用阴极离子镀方法在YT14硬质合金刀具表面制备了Ti N涂层,通过SEM、EDS和XPS等手段对涂层表面-界面形貌、界面化学元素线扫描和元素价态进行了分析,并用划痕法定量表征其界面层结合强度。结果表明,涂层呈细小致密结构,与基体紧密结合,未观察到裂纹现象;基体表面C原子以间隙扩散和空位扩散方式进入Ti N涂层中,O原子占领或替代Ti N涂层中N原子,形成结合较强的Ti-O键以及Ti-O-N化合物,验证了Ti原子和O原子具有很强的亲和力;涂层-基体界面为化合和扩散结合形式,其结合强度为40.95 N,有利于提高硬质合金刀具的使用寿命。     

5052铝合金表面化学镀Ni-P镀层的组织与性能

利用化学镀在5052铝合金表面制备了Ni-P镀层,通过SEM、EDS和XRD等手段对镀层表面和界面的形貌、物相、组成、结构和性能进行了表征和分析。结果表明:化学镀Ni-P合金镀层为非晶态,成分以Ni为主,由直径为10~50-m的颗粒组成,颗粒分布较均匀,界面结合状态良好;化学镀对表面粗糙度的影响在500 nm以内,镀后镀层表面粗糙度Ra为384.49 nm;镀层残余应力状态为拉应力,其值达到(521±168.0)MPa。     

表面毛化不锈钢与纯铝的真空扩散连接

采用冷金属过渡技术(CMT)对不锈钢表面进行毛化,在其表面制备高度为3 mm、分布密度为9个/cm2的毛刺,毛刺中心横向及纵向间距均为3 mm. 研究其与纯铝进行真空扩散连接接头的界面组织和性能,分析不同保温时间对接头组织和性能的变化规律. 结果表明,在扩散连接温度为600 ℃,保温时间为60 min,压力为3 MPa的工艺条件下,表面毛刺刺入铝母材内部,使得表面氧化膜有效去除,接头形成连续的Fe₂Al₅+FeAl₃界面反应层,相比不锈钢与纯铝的直接真空扩散连接,接头拉剪强度显著提高. 此外,在扩散连接温度一定时,随保温时间的增加,反应层厚度增加,接头拉剪强度呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势.     

Effect of bonding conditions on joints of 5052Al and 6063Al in pulsed electric current bonding

Recent reports on sintering and bonding using the pulsed electric current bonding process indicate that the metals are subjected to Joule heating due to the electrical resistance at the contact points. However, the influence of bonding conditions on local heating phenomena and joint quality remains unclear. In this study, the effects of bonding conditions (bonding temperature, pressure, surface roughness, interlayer, electric current wave and so on) on joint efficiency are investigated using 5052A1 and 6063A1 in pulsed electric current bonding.

The joint strength of 5052A1 and 6063A1 are improved using 2024A1 as the interlayer between the bonding interfaces. The joints with the 2024A1 powder as the interlayer are stronger than ones with 2024A1 plate, and are as strong as the base metal. The improvements of the joints depend on effective heat generation at the bonding interface due to the electrical resistance. It is 0.08 g (thickness: 0.04 mm), enough for the amount of powder between the bonding interfaces. The dispersion of the powder from the joints does not occur under various conditions.

The surface roughness and electric current wave (direct current, duty ratio, pulse frequency) have no effect on the joint strength. With the increase of bonding temperature and pressure, the deformation of the joints increases. Then bonding temperature and pressure have to be selected to prevent a big deformation of joint configuration.     

纯铝与石墨、SiC和Al_2O_3的润湿性

纯铝与过滤材料和夹杂物之间的润湿性是影响铝的过滤性能的重要因素。在10-8bar真空条件下于1000~1300°C,研究液态铝与氧化铝、SiC和石墨之间的润湿角。为了描述铝的过滤和浇铸等在低温条件下铝与陶瓷的润湿行为,使用半经验模型进行研究。计算出的700°C的纯铝与氧化铝的润湿角为97°,与玻璃体石墨的为92°,与单晶和多晶石墨的为126°,与单晶的为SiC79°。结果表明：在浇铸温度下铝不能润湿氧化铝和石墨（或者Al4C3）,但可以润湿SiC。因此,为了让铝能够浸润过滤材料,在铝过滤时需要施加一个压力差作为推动力。提高温度也可以改善铝与陶瓷间的润湿性。     

铝层对热浸铝/等离子体电解氧化复合涂层界面应力的影响

采用有限元方法分析法向均布接触载荷作用下,铝层对热浸铝/等离子体电解氧化（HDA/PEO）复合涂层表面和界面处应力场的影响,并与梯度涂层和单层涂层作了对比分析.计算表明：铝层的存在,使复合涂层表面的拉应力有所增大,同时可缓解界面处的剪切应力.研究结果表明：固定陶瓷层和FeAl层厚度不变,当铝层与涂层总厚度比为0.06-0.1时,涂层表面拉应力和界面剪切应力值均较低,可改善复合涂层的综合力学性能.     

轧制加热温度对钛/钢复合板组织与性能的影响

采用钢/钛/隔离剂/钛/钢对称结构复合板坯,研究了轧制加热温度(850-1000℃)对钛/钢复合板显微组织、基材强韧性和界面结合性能的影响。结果表明,随着轧制加热温度的升高,界面剪切性能逐步下降。加热温度影响着界面反应相的种类和厚度。在850,875,900℃条件下,轧后冷却扩散过程中,C极容易在钛/钢界面形成TiC层,阻碍了Fe向Ti中扩散,因而界面形成TiC和β-Ti反应层;在950℃和1000℃条件下,由于C在β-Ti中的扩散系数为C在γ-Fe扩散系数的10倍以上,C不能在结合界面富集形成有效的TiC屏障,此时Fe能够在Ti中充分扩散,从而形成了Fe-Ti金属间化物层、TiC层、β-Ti层和α-β Ti层。脆性反应相的厚度与加热温度呈正相关关系。脆性相种类和厚度增加使得钛/钢复合板界面剪切强度出现下降。     

Air gap formation during solidification in cylindrical castings of pure aluminium and eutectic Al-Si

Casting of aluminium and eutectic Al-Si in a cylindrical mould has been performed. The air gap formed between the inner mould wall and the solidified shell was measured throughout the solidification process. Simultaneously the temperature distribution in the metal and the mould was measured. Calculations of the shrinkage of the metal were performed. The shrinkage due to thermal contraction was found to be too small to fit the measurements. A new model for the solidification process and the air gap formation was used, where the effect of the formation and condensation of lattice defects was considered. The condensation of lattice defects was used to explain the shrinkage and the air gap found experimentally.     

铝合金液浸蚀对H13钢焊合表面的影响

将H13钢在680 ℃热铝合金液中浸蚀1、3和5 h后,对其形成的焊合表面的形貌、厚度和成分进行研究。结果表明,随着浸蚀时间的延长,表面从局部腐蚀扩展为全面腐蚀,表面过渡层平均厚度逐渐增加,5 h后厚度达到106 μm。随着与钢基体的距离增大,焊合表面Fe含量逐渐减少,Al含量逐渐增加,Fe、Al原子相互扩散生成金属间化合物层。     

低碳铝镇静钢热镀锌表面粗晶缺陷形成原因及对策

低碳铝镇静钢热镀锌板表面易产生"指甲印"缺陷,缺陷主要分布在整卷带钢带中1/3长度位置、带钢表面中间位置。通过金相观察可以确认缺陷处因晶粒明显长大,形成粗晶,晶界处开裂表现为"指甲印"缺陷。低碳铝镇静钢在热轧工序生产时的卷取温度为730℃,这个温度恰好处于A_1温度以上,卷取后带钢仍处在奥氏体和铁素体两相区。在卷取后,带中1/3位置散热较慢,温度保持在A_1线以上,奥氏体晶粒在此温度下继续长大,形成粗大晶粒。在冷轧工序的生产过程中,带钢表面受压应力和切应力作用,粗大的晶粒沿边界开裂,表现为"指甲印"缺陷。通过降低热轧卷取温度,使带钢卷取后的温度处于A_1线以下,带钢组织由铁素体和渗碳体组成,使带钢晶粒在卷取后冷却的过程中不再长大形成粗晶,消除了低碳铝镇静钢热镀锌带钢表面"指甲印"缺陷。     

The effect of thermal cycle on joint of Ti/stainless steel phase transformation diffusion bonding

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钛合金与不锈钢的钎焊和扩散焊技术研究现状及发展趋势

综述了钛及其合金与不锈钢连接技术研究现状和发展趋势,分析了钛及其合金与不锈钢连接的特点以及目前存在的问题,比较了各种连接方法的优缺点,重点论述了钎焊和扩散焊方法.