壳聚糖季铵盐超声波催化合成

用超声波催化荣典聚糖季铵盐的合成反应，考察了不同反应条件对合成取代度和反应速度的影响，并对反应产物进行相应的结构表征。实验结果表明，超声波催化可以显著白蚁同壳聚糖季铵化异相反应速度，增加反应取代度；本实验反应条件下，壳聚糖的季铵衍生化反应主要发生于亲核中心C2位氮基上，所合成的壳聚糖季铵盐衍生物易溶解于水，具有显著的吸湿与保湿作用     

水溶性壳聚糖季铵盐的制备工艺及絮凝性能研究

采用壳聚糖（CTS）为原料,NaOH为催化剂,与3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵（CTA）进行季铵化反应,得到了取代度较高的壳聚糖接枝物,确定最佳反应工艺条件为：n（NaOH）／n（CTA）=1．1：1,n（CTA）／n（CTS）=5：1,反应时间为8h,反应温度为78℃。合成的产物能完全溶于水,并将产物对马铃薯淀粉厂废水进行了絮凝性能测试,结果表明水溶性壳聚糖季铵盐对污水的絮凝效果良好。     

环氧衍生物开环法制备壳聚糖季铵盐的工艺研究

采用异丙醇为溶剂,以壳聚糖(CTS)、2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(GTA)为原料,用环氧衍生物开环法制备了壳聚糖季铵盐(HACC).通过单因素实验,研究了反应物摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度等因素对产物取代度的影响.结果表明,制备壳聚糖季铵盐的最优工艺为:ncrs∶nGrA =1∶4,反应时间8h,反应温度75℃,反应pH值为7,碱化时间14h,壳聚糖分子量3.2×105,反应体系含水率20％.通过红外光谱、扫描电镜、热重仅对壳聚糖、壳聚糖季铵盐的结构、外观形貌以及热稳定性进行了表征与分析,结果表明壳聚糖季铵化改性以N-取代为主,改性后外貌和粒度有了明显变化,且热稳定性降低.     

壳聚糖季铵盐复合絮凝剂对高岭土悬浮液的絮凝处理

以3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)对壳聚糖(CTS)进行季铵化改性,制备了壳聚糖季铵盐(CTA-CTS),用其和聚合氯化铝(PAC)复配对高岭土悬浮液进行絮凝处理.考察了复合絮凝剂的质量配比、沉降时间、pH值对絮凝性能的影响.最佳絮凝条件为:壳聚糖季铵盐用量为2 mg/L、m(PAC):m(CTA-CTS)=1...     

壳聚糖季铵化衍生物结构表征及特性研究

采用壳聚糖(CTS)与2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(GTA)制备了不同取代度的水溶性壳聚糖季铵盐(HACC),通过红外、扫描电镜对壳聚糖、壳聚糖季铵盐结构进行表征,同时测试了壳聚糖季铵盐的水溶性、表面张力.结果表明:取代主要发生在壳聚糖的氨基上,改性后产物外观与粒度有很大变化;壳聚糖季铵化改性产物具有比壳聚糖更优良的水溶性、表面活性,且随着取代度的增加而提高.     

壳聚糖季铵盐的微波辐射合成及应用

采用微波辐射法合成了壳聚糖季铵盐,将其作为絮凝剂对造纸白水进行处理,获得良好的效果。探讨了壳聚糖季铵盐加入量、废水pH及絮凝时间对絮凝效果的影响,确定了造纸白水的最佳处理条件。实验发现壳聚糖季铵盐能大幅降低造纸白水的COD。     

环氧衍生物开环法制备壳聚糖季铵盐的工艺研究

采用异丙醇为溶剂,以壳聚糖(CTS)、2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(GTA)为原料,用环氧衍生物开环法制备了壳聚糖季铵盐(HACC),通过单因素实验,考察了反应物摩尔比,反应时间,反应温度等因素对产物取代度的影响,结果表明,制备壳聚糖季铵盐的最优工艺为：nCTS: nGTA=1: 4,壳聚糖相对分子质量3.2×105,碱化时间14h,预处理壳聚糖含水率20%,反应pH值7,反应温度75℃,反应时间8h。通过红外光谱、扫描电镜、热重分析对壳聚糖、壳聚糖季铵盐的结构、外观形貌、热稳定性进行了表征与分析,结果表明壳聚糖季铵化改性以N取代为主,改性后外貌和粒度有了明显变化,并且热稳定性降低。     

环氧衍生物开环法制备壳聚糖季铵盐

采用异丙醇为溶剂,以壳聚糖(CTS)、2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(GTA)为原料,用环氧衍生物开环法制备了壳聚糖季铵盐(HACC),通过单因素实验,考察了反应物摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度等因素对产物取代度的影响,结果表明,制备壳聚糖季铵盐的最优工艺条件为:n(CTS):n(GTA)=1∶4,壳聚糖相对分子质量(简称分子量,下同)3.2×105,碱化时间14h,预处理壳聚糖含水率20％,反应pH =7,反应温度75℃,反应时间8h.通过红外光谱、扫描电镜、热重分析对壳聚糖、壳聚糖季铵盐的结构、外观形貌、热稳定性进行了表征与分析,结果表明,壳聚糖季铵化改性以N取代为主,改性后外貌和粒度有了明显变化,并且热稳定性降低.     

壳聚糖季铵盐温敏型原位凝胶的研究

壳聚糖季铵盐是壳聚糖季铵化后的产物,已有文献报道壳聚糖(CS)/甘油磷酸盐(GP)系统是一种具有温敏性溶胶-凝胶转变的原位凝胶,本研究利用壳聚糖季铵盐与甘油磷酸盐GP组成温敏原位凝胶体系,通过改变壳聚糖季铵盐取代度和浓度,来观察不同取代度对凝胶形成和凝胶特性的影响。研究发现,壳聚糖季铵盐的不同取代度、用量以及甘油磷酸盐的量对凝胶的形成具有较为显著的影响。壳聚糖季铵盐HACC/甘油磷酸盐GP凝胶系统比壳聚糖CS/甘油磷酸盐GP凝胶系统的稳定性好。     

壳聚糖季铵盐的合成及其对鞣酸的絮凝性能

通过引入季铵盐基团的方法对壳聚糖进行改性得到完全溶于水的壳聚糖季铵盐,IR谱图表明取代反应主要发生在壳聚糖的氨基上。以中药药液中的主要杂质之一鞣酸为对象进行了絮凝试验,结果显示其鞣酸去除率,明显高于壳聚糖。同时壳聚糖季铵盐絮凝剂投加量适用范围更宽,有利于实际使用。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。