风拖曳力系数和曼宁系数对风暴潮流模拟的影响

利用0205号威马逊台风期间实测风暴增水和风暴潮流数据,采用NCEP FNL和台风模型风场的融合风场作为驱动项,建立了覆盖东海的三维风暴潮流数值模型,研究风拖曳力系数和曼宁系数对风暴增水和风暴潮流的影响。计算结果表明:(1)风拖曳力系数取值应考虑随风速变化。表层风暴潮流受风拖曳力系数影响较大,中层和底层风暴潮流基本不受影响。(2)风暴潮流结构在一定程度上取决于曼宁系数;曼宁系数对中层和底层风暴潮流影响大于表层,曼宁系数越大,底摩擦阻力越大,风暴潮流垂向分层越明显。(3)风暴增水和风暴潮流对曼宁系数的响应不同,建立模型时,应同时率定风暴增水和风暴潮流。     

湍黏系数对浅滩海域三维风暴潮的影响

利用WRF大气模式和基于有限体积法的三维海洋数值模型FVCOM,建立了连云港及其附近浅滩海域的三维风暴潮流数学模型。运用k-ε和MY-2.5两种不同的湍流模型,对"韦帕"台风作用下的三维风暴潮流进行了数值模拟,并对计算得到的三维风暴潮流流场结果和垂向湍流黏性系数结果进行了对比分析。计算分析结果表明,两种不同湍流模型计算所得的风暴潮增水差别很小,可以忽略;但在风生流较强的时间段内,MY-2.5湍流模型计算所得的水平流速流向沿垂向分布并不一致,而k-ε湍流模型的计算结果较好,与实测分层潮流资料更为符合。研究结果表明,垂向湍流黏性系数沿水深的垂向分布对浅滩海域风暴潮流水平流速的垂向结构至关重要,建议选用k-ε湍流模型计算垂向湍流黏性系数和湍流扩散系数。     

基于台风参数模型的江苏海域风暴增减水研究

以正面袭击江苏的"达维"台风为例,运用台风参数模型、第三代波浪模型和基于浅水方程水动力模型对台风期间江苏沿海的风暴增减水进行模拟研究。首先,运用Je氏台风参数模型模拟了台风的梯度风场,并与NECP再分析风场数据对"达维"台风场进行合成,与观测值进行比较,拟合结果良好;然后,以模拟的台风风场为驱动,模拟台风经过期间江苏海域的波浪场,同时计算台风期间江苏海域的天文潮;最后,运用浅水方程计算江苏海域的增减水,并研究了沿海增减水分布情况。研究结果表明:灌河口附近最大风暴增水达1.9 m左右,由于台风中心位置的影响,江苏沿海最大增水从北往南呈先增大后递减的趋势。     

长江口登陆台风增水数值模拟

1810号强台风“安比”是1990年以来直接登陆上海的最强台风,却并未诱发较大风暴增水。采用ERA-Interim数据集作为背景风场资料建立了双重嵌套的高分辨率风暴潮与天文潮耦合数学模型,研究了台风“安比”在长江口地区风暴潮增水特征及成因。结果表明:台风期间增水主要集中在长江口北支出口沿岸,而长江口南支在台风登陆后出现明显的减水过程,台风登陆位置导致了长江口南、北支增水分布的差异;移行风对台风路径右侧增水影响更大,除梯度风场的向岸风作用外,落潮期间移行风场的作用致使连兴港附近岸段风暴增水平均增幅26.8%;除台风强度外,台风路径也是影响长江口地区风暴增水大小的重要因素之一。     

Development of an adaptive Kalman filter-based storm tide forecasting model

Extreme storm tide usually causes flooding of low-lying land in a coastal city. Hence, developing an efficient and accurate forecasting model for issuing a timely warning is important. In this study, an adaptive Kalman filter-based storm tide forecasting model was proposed and applied to the inner Harbor of Macau. The model is a dynamic linear regression model with the harmonic tidal prediction, wind speed, wind direction and atmospheric pressure as its input parameters. With persistence forecast of weather assumed during the prediction period, the model was tested with 40 cases of storm tide induced by tropical cyclones in Macau between 2005 and 2012. Success was found for forecasts with lead times up to 3 hours. The proposed adaptive model is considered a practical tool for storm tide forecast in small coastal cities.     

数值天气预报的成功经验对洪水预报的启示

鉴于近30年来数值天气预报有了长足的进步,而在洪水预报中试图推行流域水文模型却进展缓慢这一现状,试图寻找洪水预报精度与数值天气预报精度的差距原因。通过对大气模式(型)和流域水文模型的比较,围绕预报方法及预见期、初始场和边值场、数据同化和融合等问题,论述了数值天气预报的成功经验和流域水文模型在洪水预报应用中存在的问题,期望洪水预报能从中得到启示,在不远的将来实现流域水文模型与数值天气预报的无缝衔接,以进一步提高洪水预报精度,增长洪水预报预见期。     

Meteorological Forcing and Water Level Fluctuations on Lake Erie

Analyses of both overtake wind and water level data in Lake Erie are presented for the summer periods of 1979 and 1980. The new data sets are compared to the more conventional land-based data and, where appropriate, to the results of several numerical models. Differences between land-based and open-water data are particularly significant on the shorter time scales of a few hours to several days in length (for winds and less than a few hours in the case of water levels). In practical applications of Lake Erie meteorological forcing functions these differences are shown to be important to such problems as storm surge forecasting. Thus, further research into the relation between land-based and lake-based forcing is recommended.     

Numerical simulation of typhoon-induced storm surge along Jiangsu coast,Part Ⅱ:Calculation of storm surge

The Jiangsu coastal area is located in central-eastern China and is well known for complicated dynamics with large-scale radial sand ridge systems. It is therefore a challenge to simulate typhoon-induced storm surges in this area. In this study, a two-dimensional astronomical tide and storm surge coupling model was established to simulate three typical types of typhoons in the area. The Holland parameter model was used to simulate the wind field and wind pressure of the typhoon and the Japanese 55-year reanalysis data were added as the background wind field. The offshore boundary information was provided by an improved Northwest Pacific Ocean Tide Model. Typhoon-induced storm surges along the Jiangsu coast were calculated based on analysis of wind data from 1949 to 2013 and the spatial distribution of the maximum storm surge levels with different types of typhoons, providing references for the design of sea dikes and planning for control of coastal disasters.     

风暴潮灾害监测预警技术发展方向研究建议

风暴潮造成的直接经济损失居海洋灾害之首,介绍了风暴潮的成因,分析了我国在风暴潮监测预警自动化程度方面与发达国家相比存在较大差距,存在风暴潮常规监测和现场调查能力不足,风暴潮预警技术落后,很难准确预警预报等问题,针对存在问题,提出当前迫切需要开展的风暴潮灾害监测预警技术中的发展方向研究,建议建立潮灾数据库,发展浮标自动监测站研究,加强风暴潮常规监测,制订规范,重点开展风暴潮监测预警技术研究。     

Wind Fields over the Great Lakes Measured by the SeaWinds Scatterometer on the QuikSCAT Satellite

This paper demonstrates the utility of satellite scatterometer measurements for wind retrieval over the Great Lakes on a daily basis. We use data acquired by the SeaWinds Scatterometer on the QuikSCAT (QSCAT) satellite launched in June 1999 to derive wind speeds and directions over the lakes at a resolution of 12.5 km, which is two times finer than the QSCAT standard ocean wind product at a resolution of 25 km. To evaluate QSCAT performance for high-resolution measurements of lake wind vectors, we compare QSCAT results with Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting System (GLCFS) nowcast wind fields and with standard QSCAT measurements of ocean wind vectors. Although the satellite results over the Great Lakes are obtained with an ocean model function, QSCAT and GLCFS wind fields compare well together for low to moderate wind conditions (4–32 knots). For wind speed, the analysis shows a correlation coefficient of 0.71, a bias of 2.6 knots in mean wind speed difference (nowcast wind is lower) with a root-mean-square (rms) deviation of 3.8 knots. For wind direction, the correlation coefficient is 0.94 with a very small value of 1.3° in mean wind direction bias and an rms deviation of 38° for all wind conditions. When excluding the low wind range of 4–12 knots, the rms deviation in wind direction reduces to 22°. Considering QSCAT requirements designed for ocean wind measurements and actual evaluations of QSCAT performance over ocean, results for high-resolution lake wind vectors indicate that QSCAT performs well over the Great Lakes. Moreover, we show that wind fields derived from satellite scatterometer data before, during, and after a large storm in October 1999, with winds stronger than 50 knots, can monitor the storm development over large scales. The satellite results for storm monitoring are consistent with GLCFS nowcast winds and lake buoy measurements. A geophysical model function can be developed specifically for the Great Lakes using long-term data from satellite scatterometers, to derive more accurate wind fields for operational applications as well as scientific studies.     

针对热带飓风的风场、波浪和风暴潮的NOPP实时预报系统

介绍针对热带气旋的风场、波浪、风暴潮的NOPP（国家海洋舍作项目）安时预报系统。这个系统的低分辨率模式曾被用于2004年和2005年的飓风季节预测,国家飓风中心每6h在内部网上发布飓风路径、极限半径与特征浪高的预测值。这个预测系统通过输入来自H＊WIND的高精度初始风场数据采预测以后每半小时的风场预测数据。改进后的风场数据被用于追踪飓风路径以及驱动三阶的波浪模块和风暴潮模块。而波浪模块得出的辐射压力场则被耦合于飓风登陆时的海岸风暴潮住预测中。此系统正在采用低分辨率与高分辨率模式模拟2006年飓风季节情况。     

风应力拖曳系数选取对风生流数值模拟的影响

在风生流的形成中风应力起决定性作用,风应力拖曳系数决定了大气与湖泊间的动量传输率.风应力拖曳系数随风速而变化,与水面粗糙度有关.本文采用五种与风速有关的风应力拖曳系数表达式进行水槽风生流和太湖风生流的数值模拟,与将其视为常数情况相比较,发现风应力拖曳系数取为和风速有关的表达式时,计算结果的精度有较明显提高.对比各表达式模拟结果,采用Large and Pond给出的风应力拖曳系数公式的模拟效果为最好.     

Coupled modelling of storm surge,circulation and surface waves in a large stratified lake

The wind-driven nature of large lakes suggests that the accuracy of meteorological inputs is essential for hydrodynamic modelling. Moreover, coupling between the meteorological inputs and density stratification may also influence the simulated lake behavior. To investigate wind-driven large lake processes, a high-resolution coupled Delft3D-SWAN model was applied to Lake Ontario to simulate storm surges, surface waves, and circulation during two recent storm events. In both events, the sustained wind speeds approached 20 m s^?1; however, variations in wind direction and duration altered the lake's surface wave and storm surge responses. The influence of different atmospheric inputs was investigated by comparing results from two spatially varied atmospheric models: the Rapid Refresh (RAP) and the High-Resolution Deterministic Prediction System (HRDPS). Hydrodynamic simulations using HRDPS were marginally better, with maximum root mean squared errors (RMSE) between modelled and observed water levels of 0.07 m, compared to 0.08 m with RAP. Predictions of the magnitude and timing of the maximum wave heights varied based on wind fields, with differences between predicted peak wave heights of up to 0.4 m. Both events occurred during a stratified period, allowing for a comparative evaluation of the influence of baroclinic and barotropic processes on the simulated surface wave and storm surge results. Simulations including the vertical density gradient gave a better representation of current velocities with depth and resulted in an improved prediction of peak storm surge magnitudes and surface water level behavior following the storms, reducing the RMSE by up to 12%.     

“达维”台风作用下连云港海域台风浪数值模拟

为准确模拟"达维"台风过境期间连云港海域波浪场分布,采用Jelesnianski风场模式模拟的海面10m风速作为波浪模式MIKE-SW的驱动风场,再现1210号"达维"台风登陆连云港海域波浪变化过程。模拟计算结果表明,Jelesnianski风场模式成功复演了"达维"台风过境期间风动力变化过程,1210号"达维"台风与1209号"苏拉"台风形成明显的双台风效应;"达维"台风风暴潮期间,连云港海洋站最大风暴增水1.78m,连云港海域风暴增水现象十分明显;利用三重网格嵌套技术,考虑实时风暴潮增水效应的台风浪模型能够较好地模拟连云港近海波浪成长过程,台风过境期间徐圩海洋站处H1/3波高最大值为3.86m,近岸海域波高等值线分布较为密集,分布趋势与水下地形等深线基本一致,破波带以内水域衰减速度明显加快,与连云港海域属于淤泥质海岸类型的性质相吻合。     

台风环境下海水抽水蓄能电站上水库超高计算评述

台风环境下海水抽水蓄能电站上水库的超高计算尚无成熟经验可循,如何合理计算超高是上水库设计急需解决的问题。在分析海水抽水蓄能电站超高计算关键问题及其特点的基础上,对台风风场、风暴潮及台风浪预报模型的研究进展进行了回顾与评述。分析指出在超高计算中应对上水库地形对台风边界层的影响、台风中心扫过上水库的极端情况、风速风向快速变化条件下风暴潮的动态响应等问题予以必要关注。为发展超高计算方法,建议加强小局域台风风场关键参数的概率分布研究和相关性分析,开展风暴潮及台风浪模型在小尺度孤立封闭水域的适应性研究,加强台风和风浪数据的观测。     

基于数据同化的降雨数值空间分布模拟研究

降雨数值模拟是延长水文预报预见期的重要方法,但由于降雨数值模拟中驱动数据所提供的初始场和边界场条件和大气的实际状态并不是完全吻合,导致模拟结果存在误差。减小降雨数值模拟的误差是提高水文预报精度的关键问题,特别是在大气数值模式和分布式水文模型耦合模拟过程中,高精度的降雨信息是准确模拟的关键。本文基于WRF模式和三维变分数据同化方法,选取雷达反射率和GTS(Global Telecommunication System)数据作为同化资料,开展基于数据同化的降雨数值空间分布模拟研究,从降雨的空间展布和指标评价两方面对同化前后的模拟结果进行对比。结果表明:同化后的模拟数据在CSI指标和RMSE指标上都优于同化前的模拟数据,说明同化后模拟数据的误差小于同化前的误差;将同化前后的数据展布在网格图中,发现同化后的数据可以更加准确地刻画降雨的空间分布规律,说明通过数据同化方法提高了模拟降雨和实际降雨空间分布的一致性,改善了WRF模式模拟降雨空间分布的能力。     

ASSIMILATION OF ALTIMETER WIND DATA IN MESOSCALE NUMERICAL MODEL (MM5)

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基于数据同化校正参数的河流磷迁移估计研究

通过磷迁移数学模型合理估计磷在河流中的时空分布,对防治水体富营养化,抑制水华暴发具有重要的科学和工程意义。数据同化方法可以将模型和观测两种研究手段有机地结合起来,将观测数据融入模型,优化模型状态变量,校正模型参数,进而提高数学模型的模拟预报精度,并依托物联网技术将传统数学模型发展为实时数学模型。本文将粒子滤波数据同化算法引入到水动力-泥沙-磷迁移模型中,以实测的断面磷含量作为观测数据,在观测时刻优化磷含量估计结果,同时校正模型参数磷相平衡分配系数Kd,构建了水动力-泥沙-磷迁移模型同化系统。将其应用于长江上游寸滩至坝前河段的计算结果表明,所构建的同化系统在真实的河流中计算效果良好,可以有效地优化更新状态变量各相磷含量浓度,并反演出模型参数Kd随水沙水环境条件变化的动态变化过程,同化之后模型模拟预报磷输移过程的精度显著提升,为水质实时模型打下基础。     

小流域暴雨山洪水文模型与水动力学方法计算比较分析

针对小流域暴雨山洪精细模拟问题,提出了小流域时空变源混合产流模型,以小流域为单元构建了暴雨山洪分布式模拟模型,开发了可视化时空变源分布式水文模型软件FFMS和水动力学计算软件FHMS。以宝盖寺小流域场次暴雨洪水计算为例,分别采用水文学和水动力学方法计算了小流域暴雨山洪过程,并分析了两种方法的计算精度、效率、实用性等。案例研究结果表明:(1)水文与水动力学方法均可实现小流域暴雨山洪的模拟,模拟结果与实测基本一致;(2)对于无资料小流域暴雨洪水计算,水文学建模速度快,计算效率更高,水动力学方法建模和计算效率更低;(3)在复杂地形条件下暴雨洪水形成机理、演进过程模拟方面,水动力学计算结果更加精细和准确;在山区中小流域洪水预报预警方面,水文学方法更加实用。     

Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics and influencing mechanisms of storm surge in Guangdong. Hong Kong and Macao Greater Bay AreaEI北大核心CSCD

基于1970—2018年珠江口潮位站历史潮位资料，结合风暴潮数值模拟结果，统计分析了粤港澳大湾区风暴潮的时空分布特征并探讨了风暴潮增水影响机理。结果表明：在空间分布上，伶仃洋、狮子洋、前航道等区域出现较大增水的频率较高，与该区域特殊的地理位置及伶仃洋河口湾漏斗状形态产生的能量辐聚有关，增水极值与台风登陆地点和台风强度均有关系；风暴潮发生时间主要集中在7—9月，占全年总次数的74.4%；影响粤港澳大湾区的强台风以上级别的台风频次增加趋势明显，各站点历年最高潮位呈增加趋势，平均速率为0.02~0.03m/a；台风路径对风暴潮增水的空间分布有较大影响，当台风在大湾区西岸登陆，距离台风登陆点约2.5倍最大风速半径的位置可产生较大的增水值；最大增水随着台风中心压强的降低而升高，中心压强每下降10hPa，最大增水值上升0.4~1.1m；当台风移动速度接近8.3m/s，珠江口形成较为稳定的风暴潮水位梯度，产生较大的风暴潮增水。