ANN for Hybrid Energy System Evaluation: Methodology and WSS Case Study

Water Supply Systems (WSS) are large consumers of energy mainly used in pumping stations and treatment plants. Therefore, the improvement of energy efficiency is a major priority for water utilities. The current research work presents a new methodology and a computational algorithm based on renewable energy concepts, hydraulic system behaviour, pressure control and neural networks for the determination of the best hybrid energy configuration to be applied in a typical water supply system. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) created to determine the best hybrid system uses scenarios with only grid supply, grid combined with hydro turbine, with wind turbine and mutual solutions with hydro and wind turbine. The ANN is trained based on values obtained from a configuration and economical simulator model (CES), as well as from a hydraulic and power simulator model (HPS). The results obtained show this ANN advanced computational model is useful for decision support solutions in the plan of sustainable hybrid energy systems that can be applied in water supply systems or other existent hydro systems allowing the improvement of the global energy efficiency. A real case study is analysed to determine the best sustainable hybrid energy solution in a small WSS of Portugal.     

风光互补型发电和提水两用机组的研究

针对我国目前普遍存在的利用常规能源来提水时能耗大和污染排放超过国家标准等问题，创 制出新一代风光互补型发电和提水两用机组，采用高效离心潜水电泵、太阳能电池组和达里厄型立轴 式风力机、S型低风速启动风车等这些关键技术来节约大量燃料、电能资源，降低生产成本。这种机 组以最优的结构匹配，实现了功能和用途的多样化，达到了节能降耗及提高生产效率之目的     

Simulated Annealing in Optimization of Energy Production in a Water Supply Network

In water supply systems, the potential exists for micro-hydropower that uses the pressure excess in the networks to produce electricity. However, because urban drinking water networks are complex systems in which flows and pressure vary constantly, identification of the ideal locations for turbines is not straightforward, and assessment implies the need for simulation. In this paper, an optimization algorithm is proposed to provide a selection of optimal locations for the installation of a given number of turbines in a distribution network. A simulated annealing process was developed to optimize the location of the turbines by taking into account the hourly variation of flows throughout an average year and the consequent impact of this variation on the turbine efficiency. The optimization is achieved by considering the characteristic and efficiency curves of a turbine model for different impeller diameters as well as simulations of the annual energy production in a coupled hydraulic model. The developed algorithm was applied to the water supply system of the city Lausanne (Switzerland). This work focuses on the definition of the neighborhood of the simulated annealing process and the analysis of convergence towards the optimal solution for different restrictions and numbers of installed turbines.     

多级调水-供水-蓄水结合泵站-渠道-湖库系统效率计算

提出了包括全部能源消耗在内的站系统效率概念,以及既包括水量损失又包括水力损失的渠系统效率概念．研究得出了单一调水单级泵站-渠道系统效率、调水-供水结合单级泵站-渠道系统效率、单一调水多级泵站-渠道系统效率、调水-供水-蓄水结合多级泵站-渠道-湖库系统效率的计算方法,进而形成了比较完整的调水工程效率计算方法体系．     

Assessing Energy Efficiency in Water Utilities Using Long-term Data Analysis

Water supply and electrical energy use are important topics at present, particularly in São Paulo (Brazil) where rising electricity prices and a changing climate are placing increasing strain on one of the world's biggest metropolitan area. This study uses information on dwellers socio-economic profile (SEP) and behavior to make adjustment in pumping operation schedule in a water distribution network system sector in São Paulo municipality together with long-term measurement of volume of water delivered, leakage, energy consumption, customer complaints due to water supply interruption, with the aim of improving efficiency. The findings suggest that dwellers SEP and behavior is suitable to adjust pumping operation schedule and that this procedure accounted for up to 25% of energy savings compared to baseline situation. With the adjustment it was also possible to reduce leakage flow in pipes, and most importantly the changes do not deteriorate service quality (efficacy) measured by customers complaints.

     

垂直轴流体动能转换装置

介绍了可再生流体动能能源及垂直轴风力机的利用现状,分析了垂直轴流体动能转换装置的特点和开发利用价值,针对该装置高效率、低成本的特征,为其在绿色能源开发利用中的前景进行了展望。     

小型泵站能耗分析与节能研究

在规模以上的机电排灌工程中,小型泵站数量占比达95.5%,装机容量占60%,但由于小型泵站的装机容量小、分布散,因而对它的设计与管理工作远没有对大中型泵站那样重视,致使小型泵站一直处于高能耗、低效率状态。从目前小型泵站的规划设计、设备选型、运行管护等方面存在的不足着手,分析了泵站工程能耗的主要构成,并提出:规划是提升泵站效益的前提条件,设计是提升泵站效能的基础环节,管理是泵站效能充分发挥的关键所在。在规划及选址上,应充分考虑泵站上、下游河(渠)系与灌、排功能及周边水系的关系,规避实际运行中的灌排矛盾和水资源的浪费;在对输电线路、变压器、电动机、传动装置、水泵、管路、进出水建筑物及输水河渠的设计与选型过程中,应考虑到节能环节;在运行管理中,应重视工程设备的运行与维护,及时减少能耗损失。     

多能互补——促进可再生能源发展的有效途径

可再生能源的利用已成为保障国民经济可持续发展的重要战略之一。陕甘青宁电网区域内目前可规模化开发利用的再生能源主要包括：水电、风电、光伏电等。文章重点探讨陕甘青宁电网水电、火电、抽水蓄能、风电、光伏电互补的必要性、技术可行性及经济合理性。     

太阳能光伏提水灌溉技术应用

可再生新能源的开发利用是实现绿色和可持续发展的重要途径,因而受到全世界广泛关注,太阳能光伏提水灌溉也是备受关注的研究和应用领域之一。在我国西部偏远缺乏电力供应的地区,通常情况下日照时间长,太阳能资源比较丰富。这些地区也是水资源紧缺和生态严重退化的地区。因此,在我国西部地区发展太阳能提水和节水灌溉不但可以充分利用分布广泛的绿色能源,有效解决能源短缺的问题,发展节水、节能、高效的灌溉牧草和农业,具有良好的社会和经济效益,还可以保护人类赖以生存的生态环境。本文结合所承担的项目研究及推广成果,总结了太阳能光伏提水技术及应用效果。     

新型高效风力提水装置风洞实验

为了解决传统风力提水机存在的多叶片大实度、风能利用系数低下、生产成本高等问题,对所设计的具有低实度、高气动性能的新型高效风力提水装置进行实验研究。推导了适用于风力机的相似理论,建立新型风力提水装置的物理模型,在河海大学风洞实验室中进行吹风实验,测量了额定工况下风轮的风能利用系数以及不同工况下装置的流量,并绘制流量特性曲线。实验结果表明,装置在2.8m/s微风下能够起动,在额定工况下风能利用系数可达0.43以上,达到设计要求,在设计扬程下风力机与水泵匹配性能最好,效率达到最大。     

Optimal Operation of Pressurized Irrigation Networks with Several Supply Sources

The evolution of water distribution systems to pressurized networks has improved water use efficiency, but also significantly increased energy consumption. However, sustainable irrigated agriculture must be characterized by the reasonable and efficient use of both water and energy. Irrigation sectoring where farmers are organized in turns is one of the most effective measures to reduce energy use in irrigation water distribution networks. Previous methodologies developed for branched irrigation networks with one single source node have resulted in considerable energy savings. However, these methodologies were not suitable for networks with several water supply points. In this work, we develop an optimization methodology (WEBSOM) aimed at minimizing energy consumption and based on operational sectoring for networks with several source nodes. Using the NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm, the optimal sectoring operation calendar that minimizes both energy consumption and pressure deficit is obtained. This methodology is tested in the irrigation district of Palos de la Frontera (Huelva, Spain) with three pumping stations, showing that potential annual energy savings of between 20 % and 29 % can be achieved, thus ensuring full pressure requirements in nearly all hydrants, along with the total satisfaction of irrigation requirements.     

Energy Efficiency and Maintenance Costs of Pumping Systems for Groundwater Extraction

Sustainability and profitability of irrigation depends to a great extent on the energy efficiency of the pumping system, as water extraction from wells accounts for most of the energy consumption in irrigation activities all over the world. In this paper a methodology is presented intended to calculate and generalize total maintenance costs in well pumping systems. Likewise, the study has been conducted over 22 well pumping stations with the aim of analyzing the energy efficiency. The results show the essential role played by preventive maintenance works in the improvement of energy and economic efficiency.     

大型蓄能泵机组与可逆机组差异性分析

为了适应梯级电站附近的大规模风电、光电新能源的并网及外送的需要,利用弃风弃光电量,采用大流量、高扬程大型储能泵站从下一梯级水库抽水至上一梯级水库,形成梯级大型储能泵站,实现新能源电量时移,是解决电力系统安全稳定问题的有效途径.文章对可逆机组与利用可逆机组理论设计的蓄能泵机组进行对比分析,结果表明:蓄能泵机组在设计制造难...     

风电场储能工程应用研究

目前新能源建设和电网消纳送出矛盾日益凸显,大规模风电并网不仅需加强电网建设以提高消纳能力,还应从电源侧寻求解决方案,通过新技术应用推进新能源发电技术进步,建设电网友好型风电场.风电场配置储能系统可以有效提高风电场输出功率的可控性与稳定性,改善风电场对电网备用调节容量的需求,更加适应电力系统调度及电网安全稳定运行的需要....     

变频泵供水系统的运行效率探讨

通过对水泵变频运行效率分析和已建变频系统的典型调查,发现管网中的流量大小影响变频泵的运行效率,要降低单方水耗能,变频泵转速应控制在一定区间内。说明了传统水塔供水系统较变频供水系统更节能。     

基于动态规划法的多泥沙水源泵站优化调度研究

对多泥沙水源泵站的优化调度,主要以清水条件下算出的泵站稳态数据为基础,在一定的含沙率和下游所需流量下,运用泥沙公式求出泥沙水源条件下各种组合的水泵工作点;然后采用动态规划法,以抽取单位水量的耗能量最小作为目标函数,确定约束条件和递推方程,接着对模型求解,找出最优的开机组合。以某取水泵站为例进行了相关计算,计算结果表明:采用动态规划法,并运用相关的公式求出工作点;利用计算机语言,可以快速并准确地在满足条件下所有的水泵开机组合型式中寻找出最优的开机组合,以减少泵站的损耗,提高泵站的运行效率。借助于工程实例,对于含沙水流下泵站工作参数的推导、动态规划数学模型的建立以及调度目标函数的确定等过程进行了较为详细的介绍。     

Towards an Indicator Based Framework Analysing the Suitability of Existing Dams for Energy Storage

The increasing contribution of renewable energy to the total energy supply requires addition storage capacity due to the variable availability of renewable energy sources. Pumped energy storage systems can contribute to this necessary storage by converting electric energy into potential energy of the stored water. Since the investment costs and the ecological as well as social consequences are enormous, the question arises whether existing dams and reservoirs can be used for this purpose. This study analyses relevant characteristics and identifies suitable indicators to be used for the assessment of the suitability of existing dams and reservoirs for installing an additional pumped energy storage system. The indicators encompass physical and environmental characteristics. An impact analysis and a conflict analysis with respect to already existing water uses of single- or multi-purpose dams amend the analysis. Based on the identified indicators and potential conflicts, an indicator based framework is developed describing a strategy to analyse the suitability of existing dams for energy storage, quantifying the physical potentials of a site, considering the environmental restrictions and setting priorities in terms of conflict resolution among competing water uses.     

Regional Water Supply Planning with Renewable Energy Technologies: The Case of Senegal

ABSTRACT

In order to plan for the installation of renewable energy technologies in the water supply sector in developing countries, an evaluation of the countries' renewable energy resources must first be made. It is then necessary to match the energy resources with the operating characteristics of the appropriate technologies. When these two stages have been completed, planning can proceed for a national program of renewable energy technology development. The example of Senegal is presented in terms of wind, solar and rainfall resources. Technologies considered are wind energy conversion systems (WECS), rainwater catchment systems (RWCS), hand pumps and solar pumping systems     

南山一级水电站的径流调节

介绍了南山一级水电站的水源点及南山水库径流调节情况,论述了输水系统最大设计流量的优化.通过对南山水库的弃水由长滩坪抽水站对南山水库进行反调节、玉河溪水库的库容调整及其他径流调节措施,做到节省抽水耗能,充分利用水资源,增大枯水期南山水电站发电量,使工程达到最佳效益.     

风力离心泵提水机组的试验研究

我国研制的风力离心泵提水机组由一台垂直轴三叶片可变几何型风车（ Ｃｐ ＝ ０－３５ ，λ＝ ２－４）和一台低速立式离心泵（ 额定转速５００ｒ／ｍｉｎ ，额定流量４０ ｍ３／ｈ，额定扬程６ ｍ） 以三角皮带联接组成．现场试验和生产考核证明机组有良好的匹配特性和运行状况．此种机组流量大，扬程适中，在灌溉等方面有广阔的应用前景