Time-frequency and time-scale techniques for the classification ofnative and bioprosthetic heart valve sounds

The determination of diagnostic features in recorded heart sounds was investigated with Carpentier-Edwards (CE) bioprosthetic valves. Morphological features, extracted using the Choi-Williams distribution, achieved between 96 and 61% correct classification. The time-scale wavelet-transform feature set achieved 100% correct classification with native valve populations, and 87% with the CE replacements     

基于最小距离的音频分类方法的研究

基于内容的音频分类是一个有趣并有重要意义的问题。音频分类技术包括音频特征抽取和分类器两个基本部分。如今,基于内容的音频自动分类技术已经有了很大的发展。然而,现有的基于内容的音频自动分类方法在分类的准确性、有效性和算法复杂度等诸多方面存在一定的不足,探索性能更佳的方法就成为了该领域的研究热点。提取了基于内容的音频分类所使用的音频特征,得到了基于帧的音频特征和基于片段的音频特征两个层次的特征,并提出了一种基于MFCC的简化的特征;选取了最小距离分类器中的最近邻分类器和K近邻分类器,对这几种典型的音频分类器进行研究,进行仿真实验,分析了实验结果;最后设计并仿真了经过改进的最小距离音频分类器,它的性能相对于原有的最近邻和K近邻分类器有一定的提高,并具有很低的系统复杂度和很短的分类时间。     

基于核的最近邻特征重心分类器及人脸识别应用

本文提出核最近特征线和特征面分类器,可直接对高维人脸图像进行识别.为解决计算量大和可能失效的问题,提出(核)最近特征重心和(核)最近邻特征两种解决方法,前者降低了计算特征线和面距离的复杂度,后者减少了特征线和面的数目,两种方法均避免了可能失效的问题.将二者结合得到的(核)最近邻特征重心分类器,在获得相近识别率的条件下,使计算复杂度降到了最小.所得方法无需预先抽取人脸图像特征,因此避免了在较多样本数时,特征抽取存在计算量大的问题.基于ORL人脸数据库的实验验证了本文方法的有效性.     

Pole-Zero Modeling and Classification of Phonocardiograms

Phonocardiography, the analysis of heart sounds, is a noninvasive diagnostic method useful in studying heart valve function. Phonocardiograms (PCG's) of porcine prosthetic heart valves in the aortic position were analyzed by a parametric signal modeling method in order to derive frequency domain features suitable for the classification of the valve state.     

An efficient ear recognition technique invariant to illumination and pose

This paper presents an efficient ear recognition technique which derives benefits from the local features of the ear and attempt to handle the problems due to pose, poor contrast, change in illumination and lack of registration. It uses (1) three image enhancement techniques in parallel to neutralize the effect of poor contrast, noise and illumination, (2) a local feature extraction technique (SURF) on enhanced images to minimize the effect of pose variations and poor image registration. SURF feature extraction is carried out on enhanced images to obtain three sets of local features, one for each enhanced image. Three nearest neighbor classifiers are trained on these three sets of features. Matching scores generated by all three classifiers are fused for final decision. The technique has been evaluated on two public databases, namely IIT Kanpur ear database and University of Notre Dame ear database (Collections E). Experimental results confirm that the use of proposed fusion significantly improves the recognition accuracy.     

Fetal lung maturity analysis using ultrasound image features

This pilot study was carried out to find the feasibility of analyzing the maturity of the fetal lung using ultrasound images. Data were collected from normal pregnant women at intervals of two weeks from the gestation age of 24 to 38 weeks. Images were acquired at two centers located at different geographical locations. The total data acquired consisted of 750 images of immature and 250 images of mature class. A region of interest of 64×64 pixels was used for extracting the features. Various textural features were computed from the fetal lung and liver images. The ratios of fetal lung to liver feature values were investigated as possible indexes for classifying the images into those from mature (reduced pulmonary risk) and immature (possible pulmonary risk) lung. The features used are fractal dimension, lacunarity, and features derived from the histogram of the images. The following classifiers were used to classify the fetal lung images as belonging to mature or immature lung: nearest neighbor, k-nearest neighbor, modified k-nearest neighbor, multilayer perceptron, radial basis function network, and support vector machines. The classification accuracy obtained for the testing set ranges from 73% to 96%     

A Comparison of One- and Two-Dimensional Classification of Hemagglutination Reactions in Microplates

The ability of a two-dimensional classification system to improve detection of weak hemagglutination reactions was investigated. Two canonical variables were derived by stepwise linear discriminant techniques from a set of 24 measurements of light absorbance for each of 605 hemagglutination reactions. A test set of 3864 reactions were then classified by the k nearest neighbor algorithm using either the first canonical variable or both variables. No improvement in the ability to distinguish positive reactions from negative ones was found when the second canonical variable was added. This implies that all of the information about hemagglutination reactions in microplates is contained in the first canonical variable. Thus, computationally expensive two-dimensional pattern classifiers will not improve the performance of automated microplate hemagglutination detection. It appears that it will be necessary to reduce the size of the light beam used to measure light absorbance in order to improve detection of weak reactions.     

Automatic classification of asymptomatic and osteoarthritis knee gait patterns using kinematic data features and the nearest neighbor classifier

The aim of this work is to develop an automatic computer method to distinguish between asymptomatic (AS) and osteoarthritis (OA) knee gait patterns using 3-D ground reaction force (GRF) measurements. GRF features are first extracted from the force vector variations as a function of time and then classified by the nearest neighbor rule. We investigated two different features: the coefficients of a polynomial expansion and the coefficients of a wavelet decomposition. We also analyzed the impact of each GRF component (vertical, anteroposterior, and medial lateral) on classification. The best discrimination rate (91%) was achieved with the wavelet decomposition using the anteroposterior and the medial lateral components. These results demonstrate the validity of the representation and the classifier for automatic classification of AS and OA knee gait patterns. They also highlight the relevance of the anteroposterior and medial lateral force components in gait pattern classification.     

基于直方图统计量的逆合成孔径雷达目标识别

将原用于人脸识别的基于Gabor局部二进制模式的识别技术用于逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)像的雷达目标识别,对算法进行了改进,取得了较好的识别效果。将ISAR像进行Gabor小波变换,提取不同尺度和方向的Gabor幅值图谱;然后把幅值图谱分成小的子区域,用多尺度局部二值模式提取空域增强的直方图作为特征,最后在χ²统计量作为不相似度量计算的特征空间里,采用最近邻分类器完成五类目标的分类识别。与目前已有的几种典型ISAR目标识别方法进行了对比,结果表明:该方法是可行且有效的,能够明显地提高识别率。     

优先度排序RBF神经网络在与文本无关说话人确认中的应用

该文介绍了优先度排序径向基函数(PORBF)神经网络的结构与算法,并提出了将其应用于与文本无关说话人确认时的训练算法、似然度的计算方法以及识别规则。为了增强PORBF网络的泛化能力,该文用压缩矢量构造抑制样本集,提出了顺序选取、最近邻选取和最远距离选取等3种选择抑制样本集中说话人的方法,并对PORBF神经元的输出进行了等比递减加权.在相同条件下的与文本无关说话人确认实验中,传统的矢量量化方法的等差错率可达10.56％,而基于PORBF网络的确认系统使用最近邻选择方法构造抑制样本集,其等差错率可达6.83％;性能提高很多。     

Texture-based classification of atherosclerotic carotid plaques

There are indications that the morphology of atherosclerotic carotid plaques, obtained by high-resolution ultrasound imaging, has prognostic implications. The objective of this study was to develop a computer-aided system that will facilitate the characterization of carotid plaques for the identification of individuals with asymptomatic carotid stenosis at risk of stroke. A total of 230 plaque images were collected which were classified into two types: symptomatic because of ipsilateral hemispheric symptoms, or asymptomatic because they were not connected with ipsilateral hemispheric events. Ten different texture feature sets were extracted from the manually segmented plaque images using the following algorithms: first-order statistics, spatial gray level dependence matrices, gray level difference statistics, neighborhood gray tone difference matrix, statistical feature matrix, Laws texture energy measures, fractal dimension texture analysis, Fourier power spectrum and shape parameters. For the classification task a modular neural network composed of self-organizing map (SOM) classifiers, and combining techniques based on a confidence measure were used. Combining the classification results of the ten SOM classifiers inputted with the ten feature sets improved the classification rate of the individual classifiers, reaching an average diagnostic yield (DY) of 73.1%. The same modular system was implemented using the statistical k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier. The combined DY for the KNN system was 68.8%. The results of this paper show that it is possible to identify a group of patients at risk of stroke based on texture features extracted from ultrasound images of carotid plaques. This group of patients may benefit from a carotid endarterectomy whereas other patients may be spared from an unnecessary operation.     

Evaluation of FFT-Based and Moder Parametrc Methods for the Spectral Analysis of Bioprosthetic Valve Sounds

The objective of this paper is to compare the performance of conventional FFT-based (basic periodogram and Welch's method) and modern parametric (all-pole and pole-zero modeling) methods in estimating the spectral distribution of cardiac bioprosthetic valve sounds, and for the extraction of the two most dominant frequency peaks (DFP). These methods were tested for stability by adding random noise and truncating the bioprosthetic valve closing sounds, and for reproducibility by measuring the variance of the spectra obtained from three consecutive recordings of each patient. Results from a group of 11 patients show that the basic periodogram and Steiglitz-McBride's method with maximum entropy (pole-zero modeling) provide the most consistent (minimal variance) estimates of the DFP's of the closing sounds. However, for estimating spectral distributions, the most stable methods appear to be the basic periodogram and Steiglitz-McBride's method with extrapolation to zero. The basic periodogram appears to be the best compromise to estimate both the spectral distribution and the DFP's of the bioprosthetic closing sounds.     

基于弱分类器集成的车联网虚假交通信息检测

车联网中车辆以自组织的方式相互报告交通信息,开放的网络环境需要甄别消息,然而,要快速移动的车辆在短时间内检测出大量的交通警报信息是非常困难的。针对这一问题,提出一种基于弱分类器集成的虚假交通信息检测方法。首先,扩充交通警报信息的有效特征,并设计分割规则,将信息的特征集划分为多个特征子集;然后,根据子集特征的不同特性,使用对应的弱分类器分别进行处理。仿真实验和性能分析表明,选用弱分类器集成方法检测车联网中的虚假交通信息减少了检测时间,且由于综合特征的应用,检测率优于仅使用部分特征的检测结果。     

基于MCT可逆线路的量子线路近邻化排布

为了实现量子线路线性最近邻（LNN）排布,给出了可逆MCT门的最近邻Toffoli门级联方法.为了解决线路近邻化中额外插入的SWAP门增加量子代价的问题,引入NNTS门减少插入的SWAP门数,并给出了MCT门基于NNTS门的最近邻线路排布.提出了量子线路近邻化排布算法,将多控制MCT门通过交换线路的顺序得到其最近邻线路排布,然后将每个NNTS门替换为其最优的LNN量子线路实现,得到该MCT线路的LNN量子线路,该方法可以减少量子线路的长度和量子代价.通过Benchmark例题测试,并与现有的线路近邻化结果进行比较,所需插入的SWAP门数平均减少42.83%,量子代价平均改善率达14.80%.     

Classification of multispectral image data by the binary diamondneural network and by nonparametric, pixel-by-pixel methods

The study deals with the application of nonparametric pixel-by-pixel classification methods in the classification of pixels, based on their multispectral data. A neural network, the binary diamond, is introduced, and its performance is compared with a nearest neighbor algorithm and a back-propagation network. The binary diamond is a multilayer, feedforward neural network, which learns from examples in unsupervised one-shot mode. It recruits its neurons according to the actual training set, as it learns. The comparisons of the algorithms were done using a realistic database, consisting of approximately 90000 Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper pixels. The binary diamond and the nearest neighbor performances were close, with some advantages to the binary diamond. The performance of the back-propagation network lagged behind. An efficient nearest neighbor algorithm, the binned nearest neighbor, is described. Ways for improving the performances, such as merging categories and analyzing nonboundary pixels, are addressed and evaluated     

A Treatment Outcome Prediction Model of Visual Field Recovery Using Self-Organizing Maps

Brain injuries caused by stroke, trauma, or tumor often affect the visual system that leads to perceptual deficits. After intense visual stimulation of the damaged visual field or its border region, recovery may be achieved in some sectors of the visual field, but the extent of restoration is highly variable between patients and is not homogeneously distributed in the visual field. We now assess the visual field loss and its dynamics by perimetry, a standard diagnostic procedure in medicine, to measure the detectability of visual stimuli in the visual field. Subsequently, a treatment outcome prediction model (TOPM) has been developed, using features that were extracted from the baseline perimetric charts. The features in the TOPM were either empirically associated with treatment outcomes or were based on findings in the vision-restoration literature. Among other classifiers, the self-organizing map (SOM) was selected because it implicitly supports data exploration. Using a data pool of 52 patients with visual field defects, the TOPM was constructed to predict areas of improvement in the visual field topography. To evaluate the predictive validity of the TOPM, we propose a method to calculate the receiver operating characteristic graph, whereby the SOM is used in combination with a nearest neighbor classifier. We discuss issues relevant for medical TOPMs, such as appropriateness to the patient sample, clinical relevance, and incorporation of a priori knowledge.     

WB-KNN for emotion recognition from physiological signals

K-nearest neighbor (KNN) has yielded excellent performance in physiological signals based on emotion recognition. But there are still some issues:the majority vote only by the nearest neighbors is too simple to deal with complex (like skewed) class distribution; features with the same contribution to the similarity will degrade the classification accuracy; samples in boundaries between classes are easily misclassified when k is larger. Therefore, we propose an improved KNN algorithm called WB-KNN, which takes into account the weight (both features and classification) and boundaries between classes. Firstly, a novel weighting method based on the distance and farthest neighbors named WDF is proposed to weight the classification, which improves the voting accuracy by making the nearer neighbors contribute more to the classification and using the farthest neighbors to reduce the weight of non-target class. Secondly, feature weight is introduced into the distance formula, so that the significant features contribute more to the similarity than noisy or irrelevant features. Thirdly, a voting classifier is adopted in order to overcome the weakness of KNN in boundaries between classes by combining different classifiers. Results of WB-KNN algorithm are encouraging compared with the traditional KNN and other classification algorithms on the physiological dataset with a skewed class distribution. Classification accuracy for 29 participants achieves 94.219 2% for the recognition of four emotions.     

A composite classifier system design: Concepts and methodology

This study explores the scope for achieving enhanced recognition system performance through deployment of a composite classifier system consisting of two or more component classifiers which belong to different categories. The domains of deployment of these individual components (classifiers) are determined by optimal partitioning of the problem space. The criterion for such optimal partitioning is determined in each case by the characteristics of the classifier components. An example, in terms of partitioning the feature space for optimal deployment of a composite system consisting of the linear and nearest neighbor (NN) classifiers as its components, is presented to illustrate the concepts, the associated methodology, and the possible benefits one could expect through such composite classifier system design. Here, the optimality of the partitioning is dictated by the linear class separability limitation of the linear classifier and the computational demand characteristics of the NN classifier. Accordingly, the criterion for the optimal feature space partitioning is set to be the minimization of the domain of application of the NN classifier, subject to the constraint that the linear classifier is to be deployed only in regions satisfying the underlying assumption of linear separability of classes. While many alternatives are available for the solution of the resulting constrained optimization problem, a specific technique-Sequential Weight Increasing Factor Technique (SWIFT)- was employed here for convenience in view of previous successful experience with this technique in other application areas. Numerical results derived using the well-known IRIS data set are furnished to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new concepts and methodology.     

Transmission Range Control in Multihop Packet Radio Networks

This paper presents a model for analyzing the performance of transmission strategies in a multihop packet radio network where each station has adjustable transmission radius. A larger transmission radius will increase the probability of finding a receiver in the desired direction and contribute bigger progress if the transmission is successful, but it also has a higher probability of collision with other transmissions. The converse is true for shorter transmission range. We illustrate our model by comparing three transmission strategies. Our results show that the network can achieve better performance by suitably controlling the transmission range. One of the transmission strategies, namely transmitting to the nearest forward neighbor by using adjustable transmission power, has desirable features in a high terminal density environment.     

基于机器视觉的焊点检测算法研究

为了提高电路板焊点检测的准确率,提出了改进的K-近邻法。首先,采用工业相机采集图像并选取470个焊点作为训练样本,利用模板匹配法对图像中的焊点进行定位。然后根据特征分布直方图提取焊点的特征并绘制特征分布情况,选择能区分不同类别焊点的特征作为有效特征。最后,建立改进的K-近邻法焊点检测分类器,选取559个焊点作为测试样本对模型进行测试。实验结果表明改进的K-近邻算法检测的准确率96%以上,可以有效地提高检测效率。