甲烷液相部分氧化合成甲醇过程研究

以碘系列化合物为催化剂,在发烟硫酸溶剂中进行了甲烷液相选择性氧化制取甲醇。考察了催化剂种类、用量、反应温度、发烟硫酸浓度等工艺条件对反应收率的影响,探讨了甲烷液相选择性氧化的催化机理以及发烟硫酸中 SO3 含量的作用。实验结果表明,甲烷液相部分氧化的最佳催化剂为 I2,最佳的工艺条件为催化剂浓度为0.099 mol?L?1、反应温度 473K、发烟硫酸(SO350%(wt))、反应时间 3h。 在此条件下,甲烷转化的转化率可达 82.65%,选择性可达 70.43%。机理研究表明,甲烷在部分氧化反应中首先转化为硫酸单甲酯,然后进一步水解得到甲醇, 反应遵循亲电取代机理。发烟硫酸中的游离 SO3的作用就在于提供较好的亲电环境、反应的氧源以及亲核试剂。     

Co-VPO催化甲苯液相H_2O_2氧化制苯甲醛

以Co-VPO为催化剂,对常压下甲苯液相H2O2氧化制备苯甲醛进行了研究。考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、H2O2用量、溶剂用量等因素对反应的影响。结果表明:Co-VPO复合催化剂对甲苯液相氧化反应具有优良的催化性能,在催化剂用量为0.4 g,助催化剂NaBr用量为0.2 g,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为4 h,H2O2用量为12 mL,溶剂用量为15 mL的条件下,甲苯的转化率可达19.8%,苯甲醛的选择性为60.4%。对催化剂进行了固体紫外表征,并对反应机理做了初步探讨。     

醋酸与磷钨钼酸混合溶剂中甲烷部分氧化研究

采用单因素考察法考察了以碘为催化剂,在醋酸和磷钨钼酸混合溶剂中各种工艺条件对甲烷液相部分催化氧化反应的影响。磷钨钼酸与醋酸的混合溶剂体系可用于甲烷部分氧化反应,以碘为催化剂有较好的催化效果。通过对液相产物的分析,提出了在醋酸与磷钨钼酸混合溶剂中甲烷液相部分氧化反应属于亲电取代反应机理。反应条件为碘催化剂浓度0.04 mol/L,混合溶剂中醋酸50 mL,磷钨钼酸0.14 mol/L,氧化剂K2S2O80.20 mol/L,温度210℃,压力4.0 MPa时,甲烷转化率可达32.79%,目的产物选择性可达96.64%。     

Na2WO4-2 Na2CO3·3 H2O2体系催化氧化乙腈的反应研究

以钨酸钠为催化剂、过碳酸钠为氧化剂,选择性氧化乙腈制备乙酰胺.研究了该碱性氧化体系的作用,比较了反应时间、温度对反应的影响.考察了钨酸钠的催化性能以及不同碳酸钠用量在体系中的反应结果.反应时间的延长和温度的升高并不利于提高转化率,因此反应选择在室温条件下进行.碳酸钠和氧化体系碱性的增加能促进产物乙酰胺的生成.以钨酸钠为催化剂,反应条件:室温25℃,时间4 h,V[H2O]/V[methnol]=2/3时,乙腈的转化率可达100%左右,生成的乙酰胺的选择性可达94.3%.     

醋酸混合溶剂中碘催化甲烷部分氧化过程研究

在醋酸和杂多酸混和溶剂中进行了甲烷液相部分氧化过程研究.进行了碘系列催化剂以及溶剂体系中杂多酸筛选,考察了催化剂用量、磷钨酸浓度、氧化剂类型、反应温度、压力等条件对甲烷转化的影响.结果表明,在磷钨酸浓度0.072 mol/L,碘含量0.04 mol/L,KMnO4为0.158 mol/L,温度210℃,压力4.0 Mpa条件下,甲烷转化率可达12.98%,目的产物醋酸甲酯选择性84.39%.初步探讨了醋酸和磷钨酸混合溶剂中碘催化甲烷液相选择性氧化的亲电反应机理.     

液相SO3体系中过氧化物引发甲烷的自由基部分氧化反应

以过氧化物为引发剂,在SO3体系中进行甲烷的自由基反应研究。进行了引发剂的筛选,考察了反应温度、引发剂加入量、反应时间对甲烷自由基氧化反应的影响,并对反应机理进行探讨。最终确定K2S2O8为最佳引发剂,反应最优工艺条件为：温度T=333 K,初始压力P=4 MPa,时间为6 h,搅拌速度500 r/min,催化剂用量0.018 5 mol/L。该工艺条件下甲烷转化率为34.72%,目的产物收率为33.17%。     

Co-LsX催化苯乙烯生成环氧苯乙烷绿色合成工艺研究

采用离子交换法制备Co-LsX催化剂,分子筛经Co2+离子交换后,其骨架结构没有发生变化。考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、溶剂加入量及氧气通入速率等因素对苯乙烯环氧化反应的影响。得出最佳工艺条件:反应温度100℃,反应时间6 h,Co-LsX与苯乙烯质量比为0.16,混合溶剂与苯乙烯体积比为5;V(O2)∶V(苯乙烯)=1.3 min-1。在此条件下苯乙烯转化率达到62.5%,环氧苯乙烷的选择性达到57.1%。催化剂经6次循环使用后活性和稳定性都比较好。     

液相SO3体系中过氧化物引发甲烷的自由基部分氧化反应

以过氧化物为引发剂,在SO3体系中进行甲烷的自由基反应研究。进行了引发剂的筛选,考察了反应温度、引发剂加入量、反应时间对甲烷自由基氧化反应的影响,并对反应机理进行探讨。最终确定K2S2O8为最佳引发剂,反应最优工艺条件为:温度T=333 K,初始压力P=4 MPa,时间为6 h,搅拌速度500 r/min,催化剂用量0.018 5 mol/L。该工艺条件下甲烷转化率为34.72%,目的产物收率为33.17%。     

Dawson型磷钼钒杂多酸盐催化合成二苯基甲烷

合成了Dawson型磷钼钒杂多酸盐Fe2H2P2Mo16V2O62·41H2O,采用感耦等离子体发射光谱(ICP)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG)表征了杂多酸化合物的结构,并将其用于苯与氯化苄烷基化合成二苯基甲烷的反应中。考察了反应物的用量、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对烷基化反应的影响。结果表明,在催化剂用量为0.1 g,氯化苄用量为10 mmol,苯与氯化苄的摩尔比n(C6H6)∶n(C7H7Cl)=6∶1,反应时间1 h,反应温度80℃的条件下,氯化苄的转化率达到99.5%,二苯基甲烷的选择性达到98.7%。Fe2H2P2Mo16V2O62·41H2O催化剂表现出了很好的催化活性。     

过氧磷钼钒酸盐催化合成乙酰基香兰素

以过氧磷钼钒酸十二烷基吡啶盐为催化剂、30%H2O2为氧化剂,催化氧化乙酰基异丁香酚合成了乙酰基香兰素。单因素实验结果表明,溶剂种类、反应温度、过氧化氢用量对反应有较大的影响;优化的工艺条件为:溶剂乙腈用量5mL、乙酰基异丁香酚用量1mmol、催化剂用量0.03g、过氧化氢用量6mmol、反应温度50℃、反应时间2h,在此条件下,乙酰基异丁香酚转化率和乙酰基香兰素选择性分别达到92.4%和64.2%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。