应用于计算机通信中的差错检测与控制技术

差错检测是开展控制的前提,检出差错后进行纠错即差错控制,计算机通信中的差错检测与控制技术较多,按照控制方法主要为反馈纠错、前向纠错、混合纠错.差错检测的实现主要通过检测预定的放置在传送的附件信息是否符合预计的传回信息来完成,通过增加判断数据还可实现差错纠错,一旦发生误码,便可以利用特定的机制实现检错与纠错.差错控制编码方法较多,可分为分组码、卷积码两大类,常用技术包括奇偶校验码、行列监督码、恒比码、海明码、循环冗余校验码(CRC)、里德-所罗门码(RS码)等,各有优劣,适用于不同类型信息传输,计算机通信通常采用CRC策略.     

移动数字信道差错控制系统性能估计与计算机模拟

本文以三状态Markov模型作为移动信道长突发误码的概率模型,由Markov模型参数和差错统计量间的关系分析了移动信道的长突发误码特征,研究了信道错误分布概率p(n,m),对在交错与非交错两种不同情况下的BCH分组码的纠错性能进行估计。在对交错的BCH码的性能估计中,提出用BSC信道参数对移动信道的纠错性能进行近似估计的方法,随后,采用简化的模拟方法,并利用模型参数产生的移动信道差错序列,对几组不同码长、不同编码效率的BCH码进行了交错与非交错下的计算机模拟试验。理论估计与计算机模拟结果取得了令人满意的一致性。结果表明:在移动信道长突发干扰下采用交错编码方案可获得三个数量级的性能改善,对实施交错编码的移动信道,当交错度足够大时用BSC模型来估计纠错性能比较简便、实用,在工程上具有一定的实际意义。     

SPI接口与CRC算法在双DSP数据通信中的应用

提出了一种基于DSP28335片上SPI模块和CRC校验算法的数据通信方案.给出了接口电路设计、DPI模块驱动程序设计和求取CRC校验码的具体步骤,重点介绍了通信协议中从机发送请求机制和错误帧重发机制的实现,解决了SPI从机不能发起传输的问题快,并提高了通信双方的差错检测能力.实验结果表明,该方案数据传输速度,可靠性高,满足飞控计算机的性能要求.     

视频流传输中的差错复原视频编码技术

视频压缩技术在采用预测技术、变换编码技术和可变长熵编码技术以减少冗余信息的同时,也降低了视频流的容错能力.传输信道中的差错,不仅严重损害了视频服务质量,甚至会使通信系统崩溃,因此,在有错信道上进行视频传输,差错复原视频编码技术就显得尤为重要.对差错复原视频编码技术进行了概括和总结,首先指出在视频传输过程中存在的由于传输错误而引发的比特流同步丢失及错误蔓延问题,然后研究了解决这些问题的差错复原视频编码方法,最后指出:可伸缩视频编码和多描述视频编码是差错复原视频编码的发展方向;多描述编码同多路径技术相结合,能显著提高压缩视频信号的错误恢复能力和传输信道的性能.     

基于H.263视频码流的差错掩蔽算法

在H．263视频信号的传输过程中,由于采用了可变长编码,当发生比特错误时,很容易造成错误的扩散传播及图像质量下降。由于H．263为低速率传输模式,在进行错误恢复时不适于采用网络开销较大的前向纠错方式,所以采用了基于解码器端的差错掩蔽方法来消除错误的影响。使用的是自适应分类差错掩蔽方法,通过分析图像的运动剧烈程度,将图像分为三类进行掩蔽,既降低了运算复杂度,又取得了较好的掩蔽效果。     

基于EDA的纠错编码及数据交织ASIC的设计

为了纠正数字通信中的随机错误和突发错误，提出了一种卷积编码和数据交织技术相结合的纠错编码方案，介绍了基于EDA技术的卷积纠错电路和数据交织器的设计方法，最终实现了利用MAX＋plusⅡ对纠错系统的设计集成，形成了卷积编码和数据交织ASIC。仿真表明，该方案工作稳定，纠错性能与单独的卷积纠错法相比有很大改善。     

数字电视传输中的关键技术

纠错编码在实际应用中往往要结合数据交织技术。因为许多信道差错是突发的，即发生错误时，往往是有很强的相关性，甚至是连续一片数据都出了错。这时由于错误集中在一起，常常超出了纠错码的纠错能力。所以在发送端加上数据交织器，在接收端加上解交织器，使得信道的突发差错分散开来，把突发差错信道变成独立随机差错信道，这样可以充分发挥纠错编码的作用。交织器就是使数据顺序随机化，分为周期交织和伪随机交织两种。     

双选信道下一种基于混沌交织的FBMC系统

高速移动环境下,无线信道具有时频双选性衰落的特性,使得滤波器组多载波(Filter Bank Multi-carrier,FBMC)系统产生长突发差错。将一种基于Baker映射的混沌交织算法应用在滤波器组多载波系统中,根据混沌密钥对发送数据进行分块和重新排列,按照Baker映射规则完成数据交织。此方法可以将长突发差错变为单突发差错,结合卷积编码能有效地纠正双选信道产生的长突发差错。仿真结果表明,在双选择信道中,基于混沌交织的滤波器组多载波系统误比特率性能优于传统基于块交织的滤波器组多载波系统。     

一种基于边缘判决的空域差错掩盖算法

提出了一种基于边缘判决的解码视频空域差错掩盖算法。该算法首先对丢失块邻域中的像素进行边缘检测,并对检测出的边缘判断其是否会穿过丢失块。然后使用方向选择过程提取多个候选插值方向,并通过边界像素灰度差决定最终插值方向。实验结果表明本算法有效地提高了错误图像的掩盖效果。     

SPI接口与CRC算法在双DSP数据通信中的应用

提出了一种基于DSP28335片上SPI模块和CRC校验算法的数据通信方案。给出了接口电路设计、SPI模块驱动程序设计和求取CRC校验码的具体步骤,重点介绍了通信协议中从机发送请求机制和错误帧重发机制的实现,解决了SPI从机不能发起传输的问题,并提高了通信双方的差错检测能力。实验结果表明,该方案数据传输速度快,可靠性高,满足飞控计算机的性能要求。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.