Chemical and microbiological quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) slaughtered by different methods

The effect of two slaughter methods (immersion in ice-water slurry and electrical stunning followed by ice slurry asphyxiation) on chemical and microbiological parameters of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) stored in ice for 20 days was evaluated. No differences in total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), pH, carbohydrate or protein content of mucus were observed between the slaughter methods. Ice-slaughtered fish had lower bacteria counts at the beginning of storage, but higher counts than fish slaughtered by electricity at the end of storage (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences in the shelf life were observed between the slaughter methods evaluated (limit of acceptability – counts > 3 × 10⁶ CFU g⁻¹ – attained after 13–16 days). Results indicated that the chemical parameters evaluated have a limited applicability to assess the shelf life of grass carp stored in ice, since pH limit (6.8) was exceeded after 4 days, while TVB-N limit (30 mg%) was not attained after 20 days of storage.     

Effects of slaughtering methods on sensory,chemical and microbiological quality of rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Onchorynchus mykiss</Emphasis>) stored in ice and MAP

The effects of slaughtering methods (percussive stunning and death in ice slurry) on the quality of rainbow trout stored in ice and modified atmosphere packing (MAP) (40% CO₂, 30% N₂ and 30% O₂) were investigated in terms of sensory, chemical and microbiological analysis. Sensory analysis showed that the demerit points of fish slaughtered by percussive stunning were higher than those slaughtered by the ice slurry method, but there were no significant differences in demerit points (P>0.05). In addition, the rate of increase in demerit points in fish in MAP was significantly (P>0.05) higher at 6 and 10 days of storage than that in fish in ice for each slaughter method, which was due to increased drip, the appearance of slime and the odour of the fish in MAP packing. The mean K values of rainbow trout slaughtered by percussive stunning in this study were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of trout slaughtered according to the ice slurry method. The level of biogenic amines, regardless of the slaughter method, showed a similar trend (P>0.05), but higher concentrations of biogenic amines were found for the ice slurry slaughter method and for fish stored in ice. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in total viable count of fish stored in ice and MAP, regardless of the different slaughter methods used. However, fish packed in MAP showed reduction in bacterial counts compared to fish held in ice throughout study. The results of this study showed that slaughter by percussive stunning improved the quality of trout compared to the ice slurry method.     

Effects of using slurry ice during transportation on the microbiological, chemical, and sensory assessments of aquacultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) stored at 4 degrees C

Slurry ice, a biphasic system consisting of small spherical ice crystals surrounded by seawater at subzero temperature, was evaluated as a new chilled storage method for whole sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) a sparidae fish species of remarkable commercial interests. In this study two different group of chilling methods were used during transportation; in slurry ice packaged (Group A), and flake ice packaged (Group B). The effect of this advanced system during transportation on quality losses and the shelf life of aquacultured sea bass was evaluated. Mesophilic counts for sea bass exceeded 7 log cfu/g, which is considered the maximum level for acceptability for freshwater and marine fish after 13 days for groups A and B. On day 13 TVB-N values of groups A and B, reached the legal limits (35 mg/100 g set for TVB-N) for consumption. According to the results of sensory analyses, up to day 9 all the groups were determined as "acceptable" but on day 13 the groups A and B were no longer acceptable. The main negative aspect related to quality loss in slurry ice group corresponded to the appearance of eyes and gills. Using slurry ice during transportation did not extend the shelf life of sea bass stored at 4 degrees C.     

Evaluation of a slurry ice system for the commercialization of ray (Raja clavata): Effects on spoilage mechanisms directly affecting quality loss and shelf-life

The application of slurry ice, a biphasic system formed by small spherical ice crystals surrounded by seawater at sub-zero temperature, was evaluated as a new storage method for ray (Raja clavata), the elasmobranch fish species that exhibits highest commercial value in the European food markets. This advanced technique was used to compare with a control batch stored 10 days in flake ice. The results obtained in the sensory analysis indicated a significant extension of the overall quality (A class fish) from 3 days (flake ice) to 6 days (slurry ice). The development of ammonia external odour was the limiting parameter in both batches and was correlated with the activity of the endogenous mechanisms involved in the degradation of proteins and non-protein-nitrogen (NPN) rather than with the activity of proteolytic microorganisms. Storage of ray in slurry ice significantly (P<0.05) slowed down both biochemical (as estimated by the follow-up of the pH, TVB-N and K-value evolution) and microbial degradation mechanisms (estimated by the development of psychrotrophes and mesophiles counts) in chilled ray muscle. According to the parameters evaluated, storage of ray in slurry ice extends the shelf-life of this elasmobranch fish species due to a better maintenance of sensory, biochemical and microbiological quality, thus facilitating its commercialization.     

Effects of using slurry ice on the microbiological, chemical and sensory assessments of aquacultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) stored at 4 °C

Slurry ice, a biphasic system consisting of small spherical ice crystals surrounded by seawater at subzero temperature, was evaluated as a new chilled storage method for whole sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) a sparidae fish species of remarkable commercial interests. Four different group of chilling methods were used in this study; in slurry ice packaged on board (group A), in slurry ice packaged on company after 2 h (group B), slurry + flake ice packaged on board (group C) and only flake ice packaged on board (group D). The effect of this advanced system at the beginning of storage on quality losses and the shelf-life of aquacultured sea bass was evaluated. Mesophilic counts for sea bass exceeded 7 log cfu/g, which is considered the maximum level for acceptability for freshwater and marine fish after 13 days for groups C and D, and 15 days for groups A and B. At day 15; total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values of groups A–D reached the legal limits (35 mg/100 g set for TVB-N) for consumption. According to the results of sensory analyses, up to day 11, all the groups were determined as ‘acceptable’ but on day 13, the groups A–D were no longer acceptable. The main negative aspect related to quality loss in slurry ice group corresponded to the appearance of eyes and gills. Using slurry ice at the beginning of packaging did not affect the shelf-life of sea bass stored at 4 °C.     

不同宰杀方式对草鱼肉呈味水溶性成分的影响

以不同宰杀方式草鱼的背部肉为对象,采用高效液相色谱法和氨基酸自动分析法研究不同宰杀方式（自然、急杀、去鳃）对草鱼背部肉核苷酸类化合物和游离氨基酸含量的变化,并测定背部肉pH值、糖原和乳酸的含量。结果表明：自然、急杀、去鳃3 种宰杀方式的草鱼背肉苦味氨基酸含量占总游离氨基酸含量分别为78.95%、68.60%、69.44%,部肉的鲜度K值分别为20.28%、15.49%、12.13%,自然死亡组腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸含量最低,肌苷酸含量最低,鲜度最差。草鱼背肉中pH值的变化与乳酸含量的变化呈负相关,乳酸含量的变化与糖原含量的变化呈负相关,自然死亡的草鱼肉乳酸含量最高,pH值最低。不同宰杀方式对草鱼背肉呈味水溶性成分影响较大,自然死亡的草鱼肉滋味最差,急杀致死和去鳃致死组滋味差别不明显。因此,在加工过程中,要避免鱼血渗入肌肉,造成鱼肉土腥味产生。     

酸性电解水对草鱼品质及挥发性风味物质的影响

优化草鱼片酸性电解水减菌工艺条件,在此基础上,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)技术分析减菌处理前后草鱼片的挥发性风味物质,并结合感官评价、微生物指标和理化指标共同评价酸性电解水减菌处理对草鱼片品质特性的影响.结果表明:经过...     

流化冰预冷处理对鲈鱼贮藏期间品质变化的影响

目的：模拟鲈鱼生产流通过程（即预冷、运输、贮藏环节）,以碎冰为对照,研究了流化冰预冷对新鲜 鲈鱼运输期间的控温效果与贮藏期间品质变化的影响。方法：将新鲜鲈鱼随机分组,分别进行流化冰预冷-运输-贮 藏（slurry ice,SI）、流化冰预冷-无冰运输-碎冰贮藏（slurry ice-no ice-crush ice,SNI）与碎冰预冷-运输-贮藏 （CK）3 种流通方式,在贮藏期间定期取样进行感官、理化（pH值、盐度、质构与硫代巴比妥酸值）及微生物 （菌落总数）指标测定,并结合扫描电子显微镜与聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析,综合评价其鲜度变化。结果：流化冰 在1.0～1.5 h内将鲈鱼中心温度降至0 ℃,鱼体终温为－1.1 ℃,降温速率显著高于碎冰预冷处理。在贮藏中后期, 与CK组相比,SI组能较好保持鲈鱼的感官品质和质构特性,抑制硫代巴比妥酸值、pH值与菌落总数的升高,有效 延缓蛋白质分解与肌肉组织降解速率,货架期为18 d左右,相对CK组延长了6 d。SNI组无冰运输过程中鲈鱼体温 维持在0.8 ℃以下,贮藏期间其样品质构特性、微生物生长及蛋白质降解水平与CK组差异不大,两组货架期均为 12 d;说明流化冰预冷具有较好的控温作用,能在一定程度上维持鲈鱼的鲜度。结论：流化冰是一种快速、高效的 保鲜处理方式,SNI组无冰运输操作可提高鱼样装载量,节约运输成本,因此该研究对水产品的短途运输具一定的 参考价值。     

不同冻结方式对草鱼肉挥发性成分的影响

为探明冻结方式对草鱼肉挥发性风味物质的影响,以草鱼背肉和红肉为研究对象,采用新型材料MonoTrap作为固相萃取整体捕集剂,通过电子鼻和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对经过速冻、酒精浸渍冻结和冰柜直接冻结的草鱼背肉和红肉的挥发性风味成分进行分析和鉴定。结果显示,电子鼻可以良好区分新鲜和不同冻结方式处理草鱼背肉和红肉气味,主成分分析显示冰柜直接冻结样品的气味与新鲜样品的气味差异最大。通过气相色谱-质谱检测新鲜、速冻、酒精浸渍冻结及冰柜直接冻结草鱼背肉和红肉,从背肉中分别鉴定出45、33、28?种和22?种挥发性物质,红肉中分别鉴定出49、38、33?种和25?种挥发性物质,以醛类和醇类物质为主。结果表明,戊醛、己醛、庚醛、辛醛、2-辛烯醛、壬醛、2-壬烯醛、癸醛、2-癸烯醛、十一醛、2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、2-辛烯醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、二甲苯等化合物对草鱼肉总体风味形成有重要贡献。3?种冻结方式中与新鲜样品挥发性物质的种类和相对含量最接近的是速冻后的样品,差异最大是冰柜直接冻结样品。速冻更有利于保持冻结草鱼肉的品质,冻结后草鱼肉的风味接近于新鲜鱼肉。     

草鱼低温保鲜技术研究进展

低温保鲜是草鱼重要的贮藏方式。低温虽然不能完全使草鱼鱼体内源酶活性丧失,但能显著抑制鱼体内酶的活性,抑制微生物的生长繁殖,从而延长鱼的保质期。储藏温度相对低时,草鱼的品质、口味等不容易丢失,从而延缓其腐败变质。此外,为响应国家关于“十四五”冷链物流发展规划,需要建立有效的保鲜技术,降低草鱼储藏期间的品质劣化,延长草鱼的货架期。本文概述了有关草鱼低温保鲜对微生物、酶活性的影响,综述了草鱼常见的几种低温保鲜方式（冷却保鲜、冰温保鲜、微冻保鲜、冻藏保鲜、气调低温保鲜、复合保鲜以及新型保鲜技术）的作用原理、方式及其在草鱼保鲜中的应用、保鲜效果等,旨在为草鱼低温保鲜提供参考,寻找更实用、经济的草鱼保鲜方式。     

银杏叶提取液与竹醋液流化冰对鲳鱼冰藏期间品质变化的影响

研究银杏叶提取液流化冰与竹醋液流化冰对鲳鱼冰藏期间品质变化的影响。将新鲜鲳鱼运至实验室,清洗后随机分组,分别用体积分数1%银杏叶提取液与体积分数1%竹醋液制得的流化冰进行冰藏处理,以普通流化冰处理后的样品为对照组。贮藏期间,分别于第0、5、9、12、15、18天进行各组样品的感官、理化(质构、电导率、pH值、K值、硫代巴比妥酸值、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basis nitrogen,TVB-N)含量)与微生物(菌落总数、假单胞菌总数和希瓦氏菌总数)指标分析,并结合低场核磁共振技术对冰藏鲳鱼品质变化的影响进行综合评价。结果得出:与对照组相比,银杏叶提取液和竹醋液流化冰处理组均能较好保持样品的感官品质与质构特性,延缓其电导率值、pH值、K值、TVB-N含量与微生物指标的上升,减慢鱼肉的氧化速率。银杏叶提取液与竹醋液流化冰处理能使鲳鱼的冰藏期从9~12 d分别延长至15~16 d和17~18 d。     

生鲜鲩鱼片货架期预测模型的建立与评价

以生鲜鲩鱼片为对象,研究在15.0、10.0、5.0、-0.7℃贮藏的鲩鱼片在贮藏期间其细菌总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和感官评定变化,以探讨鲩鱼片贮藏过程中的品质变化并建立其剩余货架期的预测模型。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,鱼片肌肉的感官指标呈下降趋势,而细菌总数和TVB-N值呈上升趋势。用修正的Gompertz模型描述各温度下细菌总数的增长规律,优于一级化学反应动力学模型和Logistic模型。贮藏温度对细菌最大比生长速率μm和延滞时间λ的影响,采用Arrhennius方程描述,呈现良好线性关系,R2分别为0.956和0.990。在-0.7～15.0℃贮藏时,以细菌总数为标准建立货架期预测模型,所预测货架期分别为1.0、1.9、4.6、17.5d,与实测值的相对误差均小于12.5%,表明该模型可以快速可靠地预测-0.7～15℃贮藏生鲜鲩鱼片的剩余货架期。     

On-board quality preservation of megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis) by a novel ozonised-slurry ice system

The use of a combined ozonised-slurry ice system was investigated as a new refrigeration system for the on-board storage of megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis), a fish species that is usually stored aboard fishing vessels for 1 to 2 weeks. The time elapsed between the catch and unloading at the harbour affects its quality and commercial value directly. Microbiological, chemical and sensory analyses were carried out in megrim after 2 weeks of on-board storage in ozonised slurry ice, slurry ice or flake ice, and for an additional period of 6 days. Sensory analyses revealed that megrim specimens stored in ozonised slurry ice (oSI₆₀₀ batch) maintained A quality even after 20 days of storage, while counterpart batches stored in flake ice showed B quality at unloading, after 14 days of on-board storage. Storage in ozonised slurry ice (oSI₆₀₀ batch) also led to significantly (p<0.05) lower counts of aerobic mesophiles, psychrotrophic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and proteolytic microorganisms in megrim muscle as compared with flake ice. Biochemical analyses revealed that the use of ozonised-slurry ice or slurry ice alone slowed down the formation of total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N) and trimethylamine-nitrogen (TMA-N) in comparison with storage in flake ice, also allowing a better control of pH. Lipid hydrolysis and oxidation events also occurred at a lower rate in the ozonised-slurry ice and slurry ice batches than in the flake ice batch. The present study demonstrates that the combination of slurry ice and ozone for the on-board storage of megrim is advisable, thus improving the quality and extending the shelf life of this fish species.     

致死方式对草鱼肉挥发性成分和脂肪氧合酶活性的影响

采用电子鼻技术和固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术研究急杀致死、去鳃致死、低温致死和空气窒息致死等对草鱼肉挥发性成分的影响,同时研究了不同致死方式对草鱼肉中脂肪氧合酶活性的影响。其中急杀致死草鱼红肉中脂肪氧合酶（lipoxygenase,LOX）的活性最高为4 500 U/mL。通过电子鼻检测分析,4 种致死方式条件下草鱼红肉可以区分,但腹肉和背肉不能区分。固相微萃取技术可以有效地吸附草鱼肉中的挥发性成分,急杀致死红肉、背肉和腹肉中分别确定出31、18 种和31 种挥发性成分,羰基化合物和醇类相对含量分别达到65.31%、76.22%和65.21%;去鳃致死红肉、背肉和腹肉中分别确定出27、27 种和32 种挥发性成分,羰基化合物和醇类相对含量分别达到65.00%、79.32%和90.30%;低温致死红肉、背肉和腹肉中分别确定出34、29 种和29 种挥发性成分羰基化合物和醇类的相对含量分别达到70.09%、70.53%和69.24%;空气窒息致死红肉、背肉和腹肉中分别确定出27、20 种和20 种挥发性成分,羰基化合物和醇类的相对含量分别达到78.04%、75.99%和71.27%。不同致死方式对草鱼鱼肉中LOX活性和挥发性成分有显著影响。     

PINK SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA) QUALITY DURING ICE AND CHILLED SEAWATER STORAGE

Pink salmon were stored up to ten days in ice, chilled seawater (CSW), transferred from ice to CSW and from CSW to ice, and evaluated by chemical, physical, microbiological, and sensory methods. The sensory quality of CSW-held fish declined at a faster rate than for iced fish. CSW-held fish had higher weight gain, higher salt and hypoxanthine levels and had softer texture than iced fish. Microbial counts were highest for iced fish and a two-log increase occurred during storage. Moraxella species were predominant in the microbial flora of iced fish whereas Pseudomonas species were predominant in the microbial flora of CSW-held fish. Ice was superior to CSW for maintaining salmon quality.     

流化冰对养殖大黄鱼保鲜效果的研究

为探究流化冰对养殖大黄鱼的保鲜效果和应用可行性,研究流化冰的预冷效果及大黄鱼在贮藏过程中感官品质、质构特性、微生物和化学指标的变化情况.结果表明,流化冰(-1℃)将大黄鱼冷却至0.3 ℃需42 min,较碎冰(4 ℃)组冷却至相同温度缩短了65％.在整个贮藏期内,流化冰组大黄鱼的感官评分、硬度和弹性均优于同期的对照组,...     

Effects of storage in ozonised slurry ice on the sensory and microbial quality of sardine (Sardina pilchardus)

The use of slurry ice, both alone and in combination with ozone, as compared with traditional flake ice was investigated as a new refrigeration system for the storage of sardine (Sardina pilchardus). Microbiological, chemical and sensory analyses were carried out throughout a storage period of 22 days. According to sensory analyses, sardine specimens stored in ozonised slurry ice had a shelf life of 19 days, while counterpart batches stored in slurry ice or flake ice had shelf lives of 15 and 8 days, respectively. Storage in ozonised slurry ice led to significantly lower counts of aerobic mesophiles, psychrotrophic bacteria, anaerobes, coliforms, and both lipolytic and proteolytic microorganisms in sardine muscle, and of surface counts of mesophiles and psychrotrophic bacteria in sardine skin as compared with the slurry ice and the flake ice batches. In all cases, the slurry ice batch also exhibited significantly lower microbial counts, both in muscle and skin, than the flake ice batch. Chemical parameters revealed that the use of slurry ice slowed down the formation of TVB-N and TMA-N to a significant extent in comparison with storage in flake ice. A combination of slurry ice with ozone also allowed a better control of pH and TMA-N formation as compared with slurry ice alone. This work demonstrates that the combined use of slurry ice and ozone for the storage of sardine can be recommended to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of this fish species.     

Effects of storage in slurry ice on the microbial,chemical and sensory quality and on the shelf life of farmed turbot (Psetta maxima)

The application of slurry ice, a binary mixture of small spherical ice crystals surrounded by seawater at subzero temperature, is a potentially new preservation method for farmed turbot (Psetta maxima), a flat fish species of increasing commercial interest. Comparative biochemical, microbiological and sensory analyses were carried on turbot specimens stored in either slurry ice or flake ice for up to 40 days. The results obtained in the sensory analysis correlated well with the observed chemical and microbial changes. Storage of turbot in slurry ice resulted in a slowing-down of the nucleotide degradation pathway and lipid oxidation mechanisms. A good stabilisation of the high molecular weight protein fraction of turbot muscle was also achieved as a consequence of storage in slurry ice. A slower production of both trimethylamine and total volatile bases was also observed. Likewise, low levels of total aerobes, anaerobes, coliforms, and proteolytic bacteria were attained. The application of slurry ice to farmed turbot is advisable to achieve better quality maintenance during storage and distribution.     

Inhibition of chemical changes related to freshness loss during storage of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) in slurry ice

Slurry ice is a biphasic system consisting of small spherical ice crystals surrounded by seawater at subzero temperature. Its employment was evaluated in the present work as a new chilled storage method for whole horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) and compared with traditional flake icing. Different chemical analyses (nucleotide degradation, lipid hydrolysis and oxidation, interaction compounds formation and electrophoretic protein profiles) related to quality loss were checked and compared to sensory evaluation. An inhibitory effect on quality loss mechanisms was observed for the slurry ice treatment, according to the assessment of the K value, free fatty acid content, thiobarbituric acid index, fluorescent compounds formation and sarcoplasmic protein profiles. The sensory analysis showed a higher shelf-life time for fish treated under slurry icing than for flake iced fish (15 and 5 days, respectively). Results confirm the practical advantages of using slurry ice as a chilling storage method. According to the inhibition of lipid hydrolysis and oxidation obtained, the employment of slurry ice on relatively fat fish species is recommended to obtain safer and higher quality fish products.