散乱点云精简的一种改进算法*

非接触式扫描获取的散乱点云数据存在大量冗余,为方便模型重构,点云数据精简是不可或缺的点云预处理步骤,提出一种散乱点云数据精简的改进算法,首先将包围点云数据的最小包围盒划分成若干个子空间,根据每个含有点的子空间,获取K邻域点集的拟合平面,计算K邻域中各点到拟合平面距离的累加和。对各个K邻域的距离累加和升序排列,根据预定精简百分比,将包围盒划分为待保留和待删除两个区域,实现了对同一数据在不同区域采用不同算法,完成不同比例的精简。实例验证表明,该算法在保留几何特征的同时,更能有效地避免“空白区域”,且提高了计算效率。     

基于光栅投影和点云体积计算的过度包装检测系统

为了实现商品过度包装的无接触检测,设计了一种基于光栅投影的商品过度包装检测系统;首先利用投影仪和两个高分辨率摄像头,实现物体三维点云的获取,再提出物体点云的包围盒获取算法,计算物体的包围盒体积及三维点云体积,最后根据容积率和空隙率,检测商品包装是否过度;实验结果表明,系统能有效基于点云形状生成包围盒,点云体积计算准确度能达到95%,耗时比广泛使用的Poisson方法明显减少。     

序列图像三维重构中点云精简算法的研究与改进

点云精简是基于图像的三维重建过程中的一个关键步骤,精简后点云的数量和分布质量将直接决定重建的效率。针对传统方法易在平缓区出现孔洞和无法保证均衡分布的缺点,在保留传统精简方法精简后点云依据曲率自适应分布特点的基础上,给出了一种改进的点云分类精简算法。首先对点云进行小栅格包围盒精简,可初步简化点云并方便点云的特征计算,然后通过点的法向夹角系数和弯曲度进行点云分类并分别采样,最后给出了一种简易的方法来进行精简效果的评估。实验结果表明,该方法能较好保留点云几何特征,克服传统方法的缺点。     

基于八叉树空间分割的k近邻搜索算法

以三维扫描得到的散乱点云为基础,提出了一种基于空间八叉树的快速k近邻搜索算法,通过对点集建立包围盒,利用八叉树记录分割过程,从而使近邻点的搜索只局限于采样点所在的包围盒及其周围的包围盒,并通过剪枝策略使搜索范围进一步缩小。大量真实数据的实验结果表明：该算法可以很好地提高近邻点的搜索速度。     

一种基于遮罩的稀疏点云滤波算法

基于图像的三维重建硬件约束小、成本低、灵活度高,在实际中得到广泛应用,但物体各部分之间存在遮挡,导致由图像生成的三维点云数据稀疏和密度不均等问题,一直是处理的难点和热点.文中提出一种基于遮罩的稀疏点云滤波算法.首先计算点云的包围盒,并在包围盒中根据点云的稀疏度自适应地划分栅格;其次,利用深度优先搜索,递归求出所有由栅格...     

大规模三维点云快速拾取技术研究

为三维点云处理系统点云查询与交互编辑功能的实现,在系统总结当前计算机三维图形拾取主要方法的基础上,提出三维点云拾取基本方法.针对实际LiDAR(激光雷达)点云处理中往往为大规模点云数据,通过层次包围盒引入四叉树,提出了基于四叉树的大规模三维点云快速拾取系列算法,并从提高四叉树构建速度、降低四叉树内存占用角度,采取有效策略,使得算法整体效率得到进一步优化,实验结果表明算法在大规模三维点云拾取速度和精度上均达到了很好的效果.     

基于树型结构网格矢量量化的点云渲染算法

针对3D模型海量点云数据存在的空间冗余问题,提出一种基于TSLVQ(tree structure lattice vector quantization)的静态点云有损渲染算法。算法旨在利用层级嵌套网格的集合,解决渲染低效的问题。首先对整个点云进行包围盒封装,多层量化,把数个较小尺度的截断包围盒嵌入到一个较高尺度的截断包围盒单元中,每一步量化过程采用8叉树方法将包围盒分割为八个最佳尺寸的空或非空小包围盒;最后在最高深度的层级里,用包围盒来代替整个小包围盒中全部的点。同时,算法可自行设定8叉树的深度,从而任意控制编码的复杂度和精度,满足渲染的实时性要求。实验结果表明,与现有的网格有损压缩算法相比,提出的算法能在保证模型重建精度的基础上具有较好的空间分解优势,实现实时渲染效果。     

基于圆柱体轴向包围盒检测的巷道相交建模

针对岩土工程中三维巷道相交建模复杂、运算时间长的问题,根据巷道的几何特性,提出了一种圆柱体-轴向包围盒的双层包围盒检测方法。该方法能够快速查找出可能相交的三角形单元,结合三维实体布尔运算实现了一种不规则三角形网(TIN)巷道曲面相交的快速构建方法。详细讲述了圆柱体-轴向包围盒(AABB)双层包围盒碰撞检测的基本原理以及实体相交布尔运算中的关键技术,对生成的实体网格提出优化方案。通过工程实例验证,在巷道曲面相交建模中,相比于层次有向包围盒(OBB)算法,圆柱体-AABB双层包围盒在包围盒生成方面效率提高近50%,具有建模简单、检测时间短、顶层检测准确度高等特点。     

基于原始点云的三维目标检测算法

针对当前三维目标检测中存在的数据降采样难、特征提取不充分、感受野有限、候选包围盒回归质量不高等问题,基于3DSSD三维目标检测算法,提出了一种基于原始点云、单阶段、无锚框的三维目标检测算法RPV-SSD(random point voxel single stage object detector),该算法由随机体素采样层、3D稀疏卷积层、特征聚合层、候选点生成层、区域建议网络层共五个部分组成,主要通过聚合随机体素采样的关键点逐点特征、体素稀疏卷积特征、鸟瞰图特征,进而实现对物体类别、3D包围盒以及物体朝向的预测。在KITTI数据集上的实验表明,该算法整体表现良好,不仅能够命中真值标签中的目标并且回归较好的包围盒,还能够从物体的不完整点云推测出物体的类别及其完整形状,提高目标检测性能。     

Kinect v2的三维物体重建系统设计

三维物体重建一直是计算机图形学领域研究的热点。设计并实现一套基于Kinect v2的三维物体重建系统。使用Kinect v2获取包含物体所在场景的点云,去除离群点,并用三维包围盒将特定的物体点云从场景中分离出来;利用SAC-IA算法对相邻两片点云进行粗配准,将两两配准的ICP算法扩展到多片点云,提出一种从两边向中间逼近的策略,减少累积误差,提高物体点云还原度;实现一套低成本,精确的针对单个物体的三维重建系统。实验结果表明,与传统的只使用ICP算法配准相比,该算法配准的精度更高,重建还原度更好。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。