一种自适应的基于局部小波系数特征的遥感图像融合方法

光谱保持和高分辨率保留是影像融合的两个重要问题。本文提出了一种自适应的基于局部小波系数特征的遥感影像融合方法。该方法在对多光谱影像进行IHS变换的基础上,对多光谱的I分量和高分辨率的全色影像分别进行小波多分辨率分析,而后对分解得到的近似分量以及各层各方向的细节分量利用移动模板逐一提取对应的小波系数矩阵的局部特征,采用本文提出的自适应融合准则在小波域进行影像融合,最后通过小波逆变换得到新的I′分量,与H,S分量一起还原到RGB空间,最终得到融合后的高分辨率多光谱彩色图像。本文采用一组TM多光谱图像和SPOT全色图像数据进行融合实验,利用标准差、熵,光谱扭曲度等5个重要评价指标对融合效果进行数理分析。其实验融合图像的目视效果和统计指标均优于IHS融和方法和小波融合方法。     

基于IHS变换与小波变换的遥感图像融合

针对多光谱图像与全色图像的融合，本文提出了一种基于IHS变换和小波变换的遥感图像融合方法。新方法首先对多光谱图像作IHS变换，得到亮度I，色度H，饱和度S三个分量；其次，利用小波变换融合方法融合多光谱图像的亮度分量与全色图像，并用融合后的图像替代多光谱图像的亮度分量；最后，作IHS反变换得到新的多光谱图像。主观视觉效果分析和客观统计参数评价分析表明，新方法的性能优于IHS变换融合方法、小波变换融合方法和PCA变换融合方法，不仅较大地增强了融合图像的空间细节表现能力，而且很好地保留了多光谱图像的光谱信息。     

基于改进的IHS、PCA和小波变换的遥感图像融合算法

文章提出了基于改进的IHS、PCA和小波变换的遥感图像融合算法,提高融合图像的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率,首先对多光谱图像进行PCA变换,使其维度降低,减少信息损失,将原始图像数据中有效的主要信息用主成分PC1、PC2、PC3表示.接着对主成分进行IHS变换得到I、H、S分量,之后将强度分量I与全色图像进行直方图优化求解得到newPAN,最后对newPAN和强度分量I进行小波分解.利用PCA对多光谱图像操作后再进行IHS变换,弥补了传统IHS算法只能处理三个波段多光谱图像的缺陷,增加了处理的波段数,而且PCA融合算法的光谱保持度较高,该算法将IHS、PCA、小波变换三种融合算法相结合,利用各个算法的优势,最大程度地减少替换成分相关性不高造成的光谱扭曲,克服小波变换融合过程中产生的细节信息畸变问题.     

基于双正交多小波变换的多光谱与全色图像融合研究

针对多光谱与全色图像融合中存在的光谱扭曲问题,提出了一种利用双正交多小波进行多分辨率分析,并结合平均与选择法处理小波高频系数的融合算法。该算法首先对已配准的多光谱图像进行IHS变换,然后分别对变换得到的强度分量I与全色图像进行双正交多小波分解,为增强融合图像的空间信息,对分解得到的高频系数利用平均与选择相结合的方法来确定,低频系数则通过邻域方差准则得到。最后由新的小波低频和高频系数重构并进行IHS逆变换得到融合图像。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效减少光谱扭曲,并提高图像的空间分辨率,保留图像中的边缘细节。     

基于改进NSCT和IHS变换的遥感影像融合方法

目的 为了增强多光谱和全色影像融合质量,提出基于脉冲耦合神经网络（PCNN）的非下采样Contoulet变换（NSCT）和IHS变换相结合的融合方法。方法 先对多光谱图像进行IHS变换提取亮度I分量,采用主成分分析增强I分量得到新的I+分量;然后通过NSCT变换分别对I+分量和全色图像进行分解,并采用边缘梯度信息激励的PCNN得到融合图像的低频和高频分量;最后进行NSCT逆变换、IHS逆变换得到融合图像。结果 利用资源一号02C卫星数据进行实验,结果表明该算法在保留光谱信息的同时提高了图像空间分辨率,获得了较好的融合效果。结论 结合NSCT和IHS变换的融合方法在视觉效果和客观评价指标上都优于常用的图像融合方法。     

一种基于特征量积的遥感图像融合方法

提出了一种基于特征量积的遥感图像融合方法。以目前卫星遥感领域最常见的传感器图像、多光谱图像和全色图像为例,首先对多光谱图像作IHS变换,并对全色图像和多光谱图像的亮度分量I进行小波分解,得到不同分辨率下的小波系数特征,然后根据特征量积判决准则对多光谱图像的I分量与全色图像进行特征融合,并对高频域融合规则进行一致性检测,进而用融合结果替代多光谱图像的亮度分量I,最后,作IHS反变换得到融合图像。实验结果表明,融合图像既显著地融入了高空间分辨率图像的细节信息,又有效地保留了多光谱图像的光谱信息,同时信息丰富程度增加,从而使融合图像在保持光谱信息和提高空间分辨率两个方面的综合性能达到很好的平衡。     

区域特征动态加权的IHS小波遥感图像融合

研究传统的IHS变换、小波变换和两者结合的图像融合方法,提出一种区域多元特征动态加权的IHS小波遥感图像融合算法。结合IHS变换和小波变换的优点,对匹配后的新全色分量和IHS变换后多光谱图像的亮度分量,采用多元特征动态加权法进行小波融合。实验结果表明,与传统融合算法相比,该算法在空间细节增强和光谱信息保持方面性能较优。     

非下采样方向滤波器组在遥感图像融合中的应用

利用具有平移不变性的非下采样方向滤波器组(NSDFB),结合具有平移不变性的àtrous小波变换,提出了一种基于NSDFB的低分辨率多光谱图像和高分辨率全色图像的融合方法.将多光谱图像亮度、色度、饱和度(IHS)色彩空间的I分量和全色图像(PAN)分别进行àttrous小波变换,并对得到的高频系数分别进行NSDFB分解,从而得到多方向的高频信息,然后将高低频系数分别通过一定的融合算子进行融合、重构,得到I'分量,最后通过IHS逆变换得到融合图像.实验结果表明,在几种不同的客观评价标准下,该方法优于传统的IHS、主成分分析法(PCA)和小波变换方法的融合效果,能有效地改善主成分分析法(PCA)和小波变换所带来的虚假边缘和光谱扭曲现象.     

小波变换和稀疏表示相结合的遥感图像融合

针对多光谱图像与全色图像的融合,提出一种结合小波变换和稀疏表示的融合算法.该算法充分利用小波变换具有保持光谱信息这一优势,首先对多光谱图像进行IHS (intensity-hue-satuation)变换,然后对亮度分量和全色图像进行单层小波变换,得到对应的高低频系数.分析高低频系数的特征,对于不能认为是“稀疏”的低频系数采用稀疏表示进行融合;对于可以认为是“稀疏”的高频系数采用图像信息融合规则进行融合.最后进行小波逆变换和IHS逆变换得到融合结果.实验结果表明,该算法最大限度地保留了光谱信息,并提高了空间分辨率.     

耦合边缘检测与优化的多尺度遥感图像融合法

为了使融合图像在显著提高空间分辨率的同时,最大限度地融入多光谱图像的光谱信息,提出了一种结合Canny算子与非下采样Contourlet变换的粒子群优化的遥感图像融合方法。首先在IHS变换的基础上,利用Canny算子对全色图像进行边缘提取,根据边缘分布特征对全色图像和多光谱图像[I]分量进行边缘特征融合得到边缘加强的全色图像,然后对新的全色图像和多光谱图像[I]分量分别进行非下采样Contourlet变换,并在低频子带采用有选择性的加权求和融合规则,对于高频方向子带先利用粒子群优化算法寻找结构相似度的最优阈值[p],再采用基于区域结构相似度的融合规则,最后经NSCT和IHS逆变换获得融合图像。仿真实验结果表明：提出的算法能很好地兼顾全色图像细节信息的保留和多光谱图像光谱信息的保持。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).