A New Method of Change Point Detection Using Variable Fuzzy Sets Under Environmental Change

Change point detection is an effective tool to identity whether the hydrological data are of consistency. In this paper, Pettitt test was first used to detect change point for annual rainfall and runoff time series in 6 selected sub-watersheds of Luanhe river basin in Northeast part of China. Then we presented a method to detect change point according to the law of mutual change of quality and quantity in variable fuzzy sets. We chose the mean of time series as assessment index as in other change point detection methods, and defined 95 and 5 % quantiles of the time series as the supremum and infimum respectively. We selected a reference period (for example, the first 10 points of the time series) as the stationary period, and after the reference period, we checked the mean value of the time series point by point. We used this method in the 6 sub-watersheds of Luanhe river basin. The results of the 2 methods showed that most annual rainfall time series had no change point, and some annual runoff time series had change point in 1979 or 1981. Comparison of the 2 methods was made, and it indicated that Pettitt test provided reference for variable fuzzy sets method, but the latter provided more reasonable results than Pettitt test in this study. This method can also be used in other natural time series.     

城镇化和闸坝对沙颍河流量的影响研究

分布式水文模型PRMS(The Precipitation Runoff Modeling System)考虑了降水、气候和土地利用等因素,可模拟产流、产沙等描述流域水和物质循环的重要变量。利用沙颍河实测流量资料对建立的PRMS模型进行了校正和验证,据此模拟了该流域城镇化和闸坝工程对沙颍河流量的影响,结果表明:城镇化使地面不透水面积增加,导致流域蒸散量和降雨入渗减少,产流量增加,而闸坝等水工建筑物改变了流域水资源的时空分配,减弱了自然径流量的波动性,增加了水面蒸发,使流域径流量峰值减小,径流洪峰滞后。城镇化和闸坝对河流径流的影响在枯水年尤为明显。     

密云水库入库径流演变特性及成因分析

密云水库是北京唯一的地表饮用水源地,水库水量的多少直接关系到首都人民的生活。根据密云水库1960—2009年年入库径流量和汛期径流量2类序列,采用随机水文学方法结合序列统计性质揭示了入库径流演变规律,从降雨、人类活动和土地利用变化角度探讨入库径流演变的成因。结果表明:年入库径流和汛期入库径流都呈现减小趋势,1999年以后减小趋势更为明显,年径流减小程度比汛期显著,年际变化有明显的阶段性。受多种因素影响的密云水库入库径流序列包含相依成分,特别是年径流序列相依关系较强。入库径流减少的趋势不是单一由降水造成,流域内人类活动和土地利用变化是径流量锐减的主要原因。     

滦河流域径流变化及其驱动力分析

根据滦河流域滦县站1950年-2009年的逐日降水资料、逐日流量资料,运用数理统计等方法系统分析了滦河流域径流的年际、代际、年内变化特征和径流的变化趋势,并对滦河流域降水变化做了相应分析,探讨了降水和人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明:滦河流域径流的年际变化剧烈,代际变化明显,1950年-1979年基本处于丰水期阶段,1980年后基本处于枯水期阶段;径流年内分配极不均匀,主要集中在7月-9月,几乎占全年的66.2%。滦河流域径流有显著的递减趋势,降水与径流变化趋势基本一致,不同阶段降水和人类活动对径流的影响不同,1959年-1968年,降水和人类活动均对径流的增加做出了贡献;1969年-2009年,人类活动是该时期滦河流域径流减少的主要原因。     

近47年来降水变化和人类活动对滦河流域年径流量的影响

近47年来,随着流域降水量的减少,以及水利工程的修建、林草地的减少等土地利用方式的改变,在气候变化和人类活动双重因素的作用下,滦河流域年径流量呈现出显著的减少趋势。现基于降水-径流经验统计模型的构建,定量评估了滦河流域降水变化和人类活动对该地区年径流量的影响程度。结果表明:①1983年以前,滦河流域年径流量受环境变化影响较小,1983年以后,年径流量受到气候变化和人类活动影响较为显著;②1984年-2006年期间,受人类活动影响所产生的年均减水量为11.97亿m3,占该时段减水量的84.42%,受降水变化所产生的年均减水量为2.21亿m3,占该时段减水量的15.58%,人类活动的贡献率远大于降水变化。     

基于可变模糊集理论的滦河流域降雨径流演变特征分析

本文以滦河流域6个子流域为研究区域,依据降雨频率分级,对不同量级的降雨和对应径流序列分组,进行基于可变模糊集理论的演变特征分析。结果表明,各子流域降雨序列1980年后较1980年前仅发生量变,而对应的年径流序列却发生了渐变式质变,说明人类活动是导致滦河流域径流明显减少并发生渐变式质变的主要因素。通过实际降雨量和径流量的变化过程证实了质变与量变定理,说明其降雨序列演变特征参数可以量化水文序列。     

Evaluation of Simple Statistical Downscaling Methods for Monthly Regional Climate Model Simulations with Respect to the Estimated Changes in Runoff in the Czech Republic

An ensemble of fifteen regional climate model (RCM) simulations has been used to estimate the climate change impacts on runoff and several drought characteristics for 250 basins in the Czech Republic. The scenario series of precipitation and temperature have been derived with four simple statistical downscaling methods (SDMs): the delta change and bias correction method, both in two alternatives considering the changes/biases in the mean, and in the mean and variance. Bootstrap resampling has been used to assess the effect of sampling variability and the differences in the estimated changes in runoff obtained by different SDMs were evaluated. Further simplification of the SDMs (spatial-average changes/biases and ensemble-average changes in precipitation and temperature) have been considered. It was shown, that given the spread between the projections of individual RCM simulations and the sampling variability, the differences in the estimated changes in mean runoff between the SDMs are not very large. The same partly holds also for the effect of spatial averaging. In general, the SDMs accounting for variability have led to smaller decrease (or larger increase) in runoff and the decrease was also smaller for bias correction methods than in the case of delta change methods. In contrast to changes in mean runoff, significant differences between the estimates based on different SDMs were found for the drought characteristics. In addition, the averaging of the changes in precipitation and temperature over the RCMs resulted in much stronger decrease in runoff than indicated by ensemble average changes in runoff.     

密云水库流域降水径流非平稳特征识别及归因

为更准确揭示和认识变化环境下密云水库流域水文过程的非平稳特征,选取该流域1960—2019年降水和径流资料,采用多种时间序列分析方法综合诊断其趋势、突变点和周期等非平稳特征并进行成因分析。结果显示：该流域降水变化主要表现出较明显的随机特性,径流相比降水的下降趋势更显著,且在1979年发生了向下跳跃的强变异;相比气候变异影响,人类活动是密云水库流域径流减少的主导因素;1980—1998年流域水土保持措施与水利工程兴建对径流变化的贡献率为-111.40%,抵消了气候变异11.4%的增水效应;1999—2019年,塘坝建造和用地类型转变对径流变化的贡献率为-66.60%,同时叠加气候变异-33.40%的减水效应,导致近20年来该流域径流呈现显著减少的态势。研究结果可为密云水库安全运行、洪水调度以及流域水资源管理决策提供科学支撑。     

黄河中游多沙粗沙区水沙控制途径的探讨

根据黄河中游多沙粗区暴雨洪水及产流产沙特点，提出了为控制水沙危害，黄河中游治理应分两步走的战略。第一步解决近期水沙控制和耕地问题，主要措施是建设淤地坝和骨干坝。研究表明，在现状坝地，梯田条件下，为满足粮食生产需要，每平方公里需新增坝地３．１８ｈａ，且能港口控制水沙的要求。第二步是进行坡面治理，改善生态环境，以达到根治水沙的目的。     

人类活动及气候变化对河北省地表径流量的影响

利用河北省1956-2000年水文、气象资料,对现状下垫面时间进行了界定,建立了下垫面变化前后降水与地表径流的相关关系,定量评价了人类活动对地表径流量的影响。根据现状下垫面条件下的径流量系列与气候要素(降水量、蒸发量、气温)之间的关系,建立了对数型非线性统计模型,其相关显著,灵敏度较高。根据2030、2050年气候情景数据预测河北省地表径流量的变化:与标准气候值相比,2030年降水量将增加4%～12%,气温升高1.1℃～1.4℃,径流量为106.5～128.9×108m3;2050年降水量将增加4%～14%;气温升高1.7℃～2.2℃,径流量为95.7～123.0×108m3。     

Hydrological Drought Class Transition Using SPI and SRI Time Series by Loglinear Regression

Loglinear models for three-dimensional contingency tables was used with data from 21 rainfall stations and 7 hydrometric stations in the Luanhe river basin, northeast China, for short term prediction of drought severity class. Loglinear models were fitted to drought class transitions derived from standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized runoff index (SRI) time series to find which series was more suitable for hydrological drought class prediction 1 and 2 months ahead, respectively. Expected frequencies for two consecutive transitions between drought classes were first calculated, and based on this the predicted drought classes 1 and 2 months ahead were obtained. The results showed that despite the contingency tables of drought class transitions presented the maintenance of the precedent drought class, results of three-dimensional loglinear modeling presented good results when comparing predicted and observed drought classes. Only for a few cases predictions did not fully match the observed drought class, mainly for 2-month lead and when the SRI values are near the limit of the severity class predicted by SRI time series. Based on the correlation analysis of SPI and SRI, we presented the well-known method of hydrological drought class prediction by SPI time series. It was found that, using loglinear regression method, the accuracy of predictions for 2-month lead predicted by SPI time series was higher than those predicted by SRI time series. When we divided the SPI and SRI time series into 2 sub-periods (pre- and post-1980 where land cover changed), we got the same drought class prediction as that predicted by the entire SPI and SRI time series, which illustrated that changes in land use did not affect predictions of hydrological drought classes in the Luanhe river basin. It could be concluded that loglinear prediction of drought class transitions is a useful tool for short term hydrological drought warning, and the results could provide significant information for water resources managers and policy makers to mitigate drought effects.     

拉萨河流域径流对土地利用和气候变化的响应分析

拉萨河流域处青藏高原中南部,因其独特的地理位置是对气候变化较为敏感的区域之一,同时也是青藏高原人口和耕地较为密集区域。在建立SWAT模型对拉萨河流域水循环过程进行模拟的基础上,通过设置不同气候情景与土地利用状况,分析近30 a来拉萨河流域径流变化的成因,并研究径流对气候因子变化的敏感性。结果表明:①气候变化与土地利用对径流影响占比分别约为82.95%和17.05%,主要原因在于近30 a拉萨河流域土地利用情况变化不大,而气温、降水则呈显著增加趋势;②降水每增加10%,流域径流约增加11.8%,且径流对降水变化敏感性的空间差异性较小;③气温每增加1 ℃,流域总径流约增加2.5%,但径流随气温变化的空间差异性较大,其中,中上游地区径流减小0.7%,下游地区径流约增加3.6%。     

黄河流域天然径流量评价探讨

针对现有径流系列一致性处理方法不够具体的问题,提出了一种黄河流域天然径流量还原、还现算法。根据黄河流域入海口利津站的实测径流、利津断面以上流域地表水消耗量、地下水开采引起的地表径流减少量、人工水库和淤地坝水面蒸发增加量、水库蓄变量等数据,对利津站的天然地表径流量进行还原分析,并以2001—2016年下垫面作为参照下垫面估算下垫面还现后的天然径流量。结果表明:1956—2016年长系列的黄河利津站地表水天然径流量为577.72亿m³,下垫面还现后的天然径流量为551.72亿m³,还现天然径流量比流域机构给出的第三次水资源评价结果多61.72亿m³。     

Hydrologic Response of Streams Restored with Check Dams in the Chiricahua Mountains,Arizona

In this study, hydrological processes are evaluated to determine impacts of stream restoration in the West Turkey Creek, Chiricahua Mountains, southeast Arizona, during a summer‐monsoon season (June–October of 2013). A paired‐watershed approach was used to analyze the effectiveness of check dams to mitigate high flows and impact long‐term maintenance of hydrologic function. One watershed had been extensively altered by the installation of numerous small check dams over the past 30 years, and the other was untreated (control). We modified and installed a new stream‐gauging mechanism developed for remote areas, to compare the water balance and calculate rainfall–runoff ratios. Results show that even 30 years after installation, most of the check dams were still functional. The watershed treated with check dams has a lower runoff response to precipitation compared with the untreated, most notably in measurements of peak flow. Concerns that downstream flows would be reduced in the treated watershed, due to storage of water behind upstream check dams, were not realized; instead, flow volumes were actually higher overall in the treated stream, even though peak flows were dampened. We surmise that check dams are a useful management tool for reducing flow velocities associated with erosion and degradation and posit they can increase baseflow in aridlands. © 2015 The Authors. River Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

邯郸市地表水资源特性及变化趋势分析

通过实测径流还原计算,得出区域内1956。2010年不同分区地表水资源量系列。结合区域内下垫面条件和降水情况,分析地表水资源量在空间分布上山区大于平原,且年内分配不均,主要集中在汛期的6-9月,年际变化在空间和时间上差别均较大。应用Mann—KendMl非参数统计检验法和有序聚类分析法,对山区、平原和全市天然径流量系列进行显著性、突变分析与处理．得出全市和山区地表水资源量系列呈明显下降趋势,平原区则无显著性变化趋势．且1964年和1977年是两个显著的突变点。     

黄土高原流域土地利用变化的水土流失效应

本文以黄土高原中部的油河流域为例,利用3个不同时期的遥感影像分析了1977年以来的讷河流域的土地利用变化特征,在此基础上,选择年径流深度、年侵蚀模数、汛期径流深度、汛期侵蚀模数和枯季径流深度为水土流失过程参数,通过基于流域降水与水土流失过程各参数的统计回归模拟分析,区分出了降水和土地利用等地表属性变化分别导致的流域水土流失变化过程.研究结果认为:1980年以来,流域水土流失明显趋缓,以10年为尺度得出的平均值,径流深度减少了32.75mm,侵蚀模数减少了778t/km2.水土流失的变化主要是由地表属性变化引起的,降水量变化的贡献很小.耕地面积变化和地表属性变化引起的水土流失变化具有显著的相关性,坡耕地改梯田的农田水利建设可能是导致水土流失变化的主要原因.     

气候变化和人类活动对汉江上游径流变化影响的定量研究

以汉江上游为例,基于弹性系数法和水文模拟法定量估算气候变化和人类活动对流域径流的影响,探讨了变化环境下流域径流对气候变化和人类活动的响应特征。研究结果表明:1961年-2013年汉江上游流域径流呈明显下降趋势,并在1985年前后发生了突变;降水及潜在蒸散发在同时期内也逐渐降低,但变化趋势不显著。气候变化对径流变化的贡献率为42.8%~43.5%,人类活动对径流变化的贡献率为56.5%~57.2%,相比人类活动对汉江上游径流的影响稍大,且其对径流变化的影响呈现增长的趋势。     

淮河流域水沙变化趋势及其成因分析

根据淮河流域来水来沙特点,选定反映淮河流域水沙变化趋势的代表水文站,利用50余年来的实测年径流量及年输沙量资料,研究了淮河流域水沙量的时空分布特性;采用Mann-Kendal秩相关检验法,分析了淮河流域水沙量年际变化趋势和可能发生突变的年份。研究结果表明整体上淮河流域来水量无明显的减小趋势,其中淮河干流年径流量无明显的变化趋势,支流及沂、沭、泗水系各站年径流量减小趋势明显;而淮河流域来沙量则呈现显著减少的趋势,发生突变的年份为1973—1975年。从流域降雨量、用水变化、水库拦沙、水土流失及其治理状况等方面分析了引起淮河流域水沙变化的主要成因,提出了淮河流域上游山区河流水库建设是流域来沙量减少的主要原因。     

基于改进 abcd 模型的黄河源区径流变化与归因

为改进模型对高寒地区融雪径流模拟不足的缺陷，将融雪模块耦合到传统 abcd 模型。利用 1980—2018 年 逐月实测的径流数据和通过 AnuSpline 方法插值的格网气象要素，驱动改进后的abcd 模型，分析三江源生态保护 措施实施前后（1980—1999 年和 2000—2018 年）黄河源区径流的动态变化，并量化关键气象因素与人类活动对 径流变化的影响程度，即相对贡献。结果表明：耦合融雪模块的 abcd-snow 模型完善了高寒地区水文过程的模拟， 提高对径流的模拟性能，在黄河源区表现出较好的适用性；整个研究时段黄河源区的实测径流呈不显著减少趋势 （?0.80?mm/a，p>0.05），但 2000 年前径流则呈现显著下降趋势（?4.12?mm/a，p<0.05），2000 年后径流则呈显著增加 趋势（3.16?mm/a，p<0.05）；?归因分析表明气候变化是源区径流变化的主导因素。2000 年前，气候变化对径流减少 的相对贡献率为 62.8%，人类活动对径流的贡献为 37.2%；2000 年后，气候变化对径流增加的贡献率达到 120.0?%， 人类活动对径流的贡献为?20.0%。其中：降水的变化是决定径流变化主导因素；其他气候因素的相对贡献较小； 以人类活动为主的生态恢复可显著降低河川径流。本研究有助于理解气候变化和下垫面变化对黄河源区水资源 变化的系统驱动机理，并为流域水资源合理配置提供科学参考依据。     

Prioritizing Structural Management by Quantifying the Effect of Land Use and Land Cover on Watershed Runoff and Sediment Yield

Hydrological processes in a mixed land use watershed are significantly influenced by land use (LU) and land cover (LC). In order to quantify the effect of LU/LC, topography, and morphology, runoff and sediment yield of a small multivegetated watershed in a sub-humid subtropical region in India were simulated by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and were compared with measured values. The mixed land use watershed displayed a synchronized runoff response to monsoon rains. Measured runoff and sediment yield varied one sub-watershed to another and ranged, respectively, from 256.33 to 367.83 mm and from 0.27 to 11.65 t/ha for 734.90 mm of rainfall in 2000 and from 310.36 to 393.49 mm and from 0.84 to 10.71 t/ha for 765.50 mm of rainfall in 2001. The correlation coefficient between rainfall and runoff was 0.86, that between runoff and sediment yield was 0.56, and that between rainfall and sediment yield was 0.55. The sub-watersheds with relatively high forest cover (SWS1 and SWS2) showed significantly less runoff and sediment yield (310.36 mm and 0.84 t/ha), whereas a sub-watershed with more area under cultivation produced higher runoff (393.5 mm) and higher sediment yield (11.65 t/ha). Measured and model simulated estimates of runoff and sediment yield from different sub-watersheds were employed to prioritize control measures in the watershed comprising areas under cultivation, waste, fallow and eroded land, and forest and bushes. The average estimates of sediment yield from different sub-watersheds were used to prioritize the checkdam construction as an effective measure to control sediment transport to downstream water resources.