基于BP神经网络的MIKE SHE模型参数率定

为了更精细地对水文全过程进行描述和解析,更准确地构建分布式水文模型,以丹麦Karup流域为例,对MIKE SHE模型的饱和导水率、饱和带水平水力传导系数、河床透水系数进行了参数率定,模拟流域的日径流过程。结果表明:基于BP神经网络反分析的参数率定方法比MIKE SHE模型参数自动率定计算得到的均方根误差RMSE小,模型效率系数Ens更接近1;采用BP神经网络反演率定参数后,3组测试样本的日径流模拟过程的RMSE分别为0.04,0.03,0.08 m³/s,Ens均为0.99,且模拟结果能较好地反映径流的实际变化趋势。因此,这种基于BP神经网络反分析的参数率定方法对构建分布式水文模型具有一定的价值。     

Assessing Impacts of Conservation Measures on Watershed Hydrology Using MIKE SHE Model in the Face of Climate Change

Climate change triggers changes in temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, etc. and has a significant impact on water resources in many regions. Considering the increasing scarcity of water as a result of climate change, conservation of water and groundwater recharge have become crucial factors for water resources planning and management. In this paper, an attempt is made to study the detailed hydrological behaviour of a treated watershed using physically based distributed hydrological modelling system MIKE SHE to assess the impact of conservation measures on watershed hydrology considering future climate change. Three hypothetical management scenarios are simulated for the period 2010–2040. RegCM4 regional climate model is used in the study for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Detailed hydrological water balance is extracted for individual years from 1979 to 2009 to compare relevant components. The evaluation for base period shows 10.06% reduction in surface runoff and 11.33% enhancement in groundwater recharge. Further simulation with RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios show notable reduction in surface runoff and increase in groundwater recharge. The structures in the micro-watershed influence the surface runoff and increase infiltration into the soil, resulting in higher groundwater recharge. MIKE SHE simulations for various structures management scenarios establish the role of conservation measures in reducing surface runoff and enhancing groundwater recharge under substantial effect of climate change. The results will assist in decision-making on watershed development plans in quantitative terms, including planning for water conservation measures in the face of climate change.

     

基于EFAST方法的寒旱区流域水文过程参数敏感性分析

寒旱区流域受降雨径流和融雪径流联合补给,坡面产流和融雪过程可能对流域水文产生重要影响。以分布式水文模型SWAT为平台,选取模型多个参数为关键因子,借助EFAST方法探索融雪期(3月-5月)、非融雪期(6月-次年2月)的径流峰值以及全时段径流均值的参数敏感性,这些参数涉及降雨径流、积雪消融、蒸散发、下渗、地下水补给和壤中流等多种水文过程。同时,结合流域特征及参数物理意义,深入分析参数敏感的原因,并揭示参数背后的水文过程对开都河流域产汇流的重要影响。研究发现,坡面产流、下渗以及积雪消融等水文过程对开都河流域水循环具有重要影响。此外,对于寒旱区流域重要的融雪过程参数,其总敏感性显著而一阶敏感性不显著,表明通过EFAST方法得到的水文模型参数总敏感性更为合理。结果揭示了流域水文敏感因子及关键过程,为探索水循环机理,水文科学预测、管理流域水资源奠定了基础。     

Effect of Land-Use Change and Artificial Recharge on the Groundwater in an Arid Inland River Basin

The spatial-temporal variability of groundwater in an inland basin is very sensitive to human activity. This study focused on groundwater changes in the Alagan area within the Tarim Basin, China, with the aim of analyzing the effects of land-use change and artificial recharge on the response characteristics of groundwater. The distributed hydrological model MIKE SHE was introduced for modeling the influence of land use and artificial recharge on groundwater. Based on the runoff variation of this area, we selected three periods to simulate and analyze the response of groundwater. The results of land-use change indicated that there were significant changes from 1980 to 2000. The changed region accounted for 11.93 % of the total area, and the low coverage grasslands showed the greatest reduction. The simulation of hydrological processes before artificial recharge showed that the groundwater depths differed greatly with land-use types. Response analysis of groundwater to artificial recharge showed that the regions in which groundwater decreased were mainly distributed in grassland and bare land. Moreover, spatial autocorrelation coefficients indicated positive spatial autocorrelation of groundwater depths, but these began to reverse in 2010. Overall, land use and artificial recharge have a great influence on the time and spatial distribution of groundwater. Artificial recharge has played a positive role in improving groundwater conditions, but did not change the decreasing trend in time and space. The adaptation of environment to the decrease of groundwater presents as degradation. Groundwater conditions could be improved to some extent by the artificial recharge, but its change seems to be an irreversible process. Overall, this response study provides insight into estimations for exploration of water resources in arid areas.     

Application of hydrological models in a snowmelt region of Aksu River Basin

This study simulated and predicted the runoff of the Aksu River Basin, a typical river basin supplied by snowmelt in an arid mountain region, with a limited data set and few hydrological and meteorological stations. Two hydrological models, the snowmelt-runoff model （SRM） and the Danish NedbФr-AfstrФmnings rainfall-runoff model （NAM）, were used to simulate daily discharge processes in the Aksu River Basin. This study used the snow-covered area from MODIS remote sensing data as the SRM input. With the help of ArcGIS software, this study successfully derived the digital drainage network and elevation zones of the basin from digital elevation data. The simulation results showed that the SRM based on MODIS data was more accurate than NAM. This demonstrates that the application of remote sensing data to hydrological snowmelt models is a feasible and effective approach to runoff simulation and prediction in arid unguaged basins where snowmelt is a major runoff factor.     

Development of a distributed hydrological model based on urban databanks--production processes of URBS.

The objective of this study is to present a distributed hydrological model especially dedicated to urban catchments, and able to represent hydrological processes usually neglected in urban modelling, such as evapotranspiration, infiltration in roads, or direct infiltration of soil water in sewers. This model, called URBS (as Urban Runoff Branching Structure) is distributed considering the spatial variability of land use which is well known thanks to urban databanks managed by GIS. The production function is detailed at each cadastral parcel scale, and the runoff produced is routed by a simple transfer function. The estimation of the input parameters of the model is mostly based on physical considerations, and the model is applied on a suburban catchment in Nantes (France) in order to evaluate the interest of the distribution of the hydrological variables.     

基于MIKE SHE模型率定在地下水分析研究中的应用

分布式水文模型是通过水循环的动力学机制来描述和模拟流域水文过程的数学模型。MIKE SHE作为一种分布式水文模型被越来越多地运用到流域规划、水资源管理、水资源评价等方面。要成功地建立起一个MIKE SHE模型除需要有充分的基础资料收集和前期准备工作外,后期的模型率定也是至关重要的一环。本文就渗透系数和给水度在MIKE SHE模型率定阶段的作用进行了分析。     

高寒山区融雪径流对气候变化的敏感性分析

以玛纳斯河流域为研究区,采用数理统计的方法以研究区1958—1987年实测的水文、气象资料为基础进行趋势变化及全球气候变化对降水、气温、径流影响的分析。以新安江模型为基础建立了研究区数字水文模型,并对1981年融雪径流进行模拟。利用该模型结合不同的气候情景假设分析高寒山区融雪径流对气候变化的敏感性。     

基于MIKE SHE模型的流域地下水水文响应

为研究在流域或盆地尺度上降雨入渗补给地下水水文响应的滞后效应,采用ArcGIS技术,并基于MIKE SHE软件数值分析的方法,建立了丹麦Skjern流域地表水-地下水耦合的分布式水文模型,运用观测值对该模型进行参数率定。通过观测值和模拟值对比,同时分析了Skjern流域气候条件和地下水埋深对地下水水文响应的影响,结果表明:丹麦属于温带海洋性气候,Skjern流域地下水补给集中在9—12月和1—3月;地下水位埋深为1m左右时,降雨入渗补给很快到达地下水面,地下水补给峰值的滞后时间很短,大约1～2 d;对于地下水位埋深在2～5 m之间的,滞后现象较为明显,峰值滞后4～5 d;对于地下水位埋深＞10 m的, 峰值滞后时间则很长。该模型模拟Skjern流域效果较好,模型对于Skjern流域具有一定的适用性和应用潜力。     

MIKE SHE分布式水文模型在广东省中小河流洪水预报中的应用展望

中小河流急需提高洪水预报的有效性与及时性。 MIKE SHE是基于物理过程的分布式水文模型,具有高度灵活性、操作简单、应用范围广泛等特点。该文在分析中小河流洪水预报研究现状的基础上,提出MIKE SHE在广东省中小河流洪水预警预报中的应用展望。     

内陆河流域山区温度和冻土作用下的径流过程模拟

在我国西北干旱区以季节性积雪融水为重要补给源的山区流域,温度通过影响土壤冻融循环而间接对径流产生影响。为了更好地模拟以积雪融水为重要补给水源的高寒山区的径流过程,判断不同温度指标以及冻土对径流的影响,本研究以开都河流域为例,通过改进基于系统动力学原理构建的水文模型,分析了用正积温和平均温度估算融雪速率,以及是否考虑冻土影响条件下模型对径流的模拟能力,用相关系数、Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数、均方根误差和观测标准差等评价指标对不同方案下模型的模拟能力进行了评价。结果表明用正积温估算融雪速率同时考虑季节性冻土影响情况下模型的模拟能力最高,从而证实了正积温能够更好地计算积雪融水、模拟融雪径流,且在高寒山区季节性冻土广泛发育的地区,考虑冻土的影响十分必要。     

基于GIS的干旱区分布式产汇流过程模拟系统的研建

为了研究分布式水文模型与GIS耦合以及干旱区产汇流过程模拟,采用GDAL(Geospatial Data Abstraction Library,地理空间数据抽象库)对GeoTIFF文件进行操作,结合栅格叠合的空间分析方法及分布式融雪洪水模型,并应用面向对象的思想建立了分布式产汇流过程模拟系统.最后通过在新疆军塘湖流域的模拟应用,结果表明该系统模拟的可靠性和准确性,可以为研究区的水资源综合利用和管理提供重要参考依据.     

Application of spatially varying storage capacity model for runoff parameterization in semi-arid catchment

This paper introduces the method of designation of water storage capacity for each grid cell within a catchment, which considers topography, vegetation and soil synthetically. For the purpose of hydrological process simulation in semi-arid regions, a spatially varying storage capacity (VSC) model was developed based on the spatial distribution of water storage capacity and the vertical hybrid runoff mechanism. To verify the applicability of the VSC model, both the VSC model and a hybrid runoff model were used to simulate daily runoff processes in the catchment upstream of the Dianzi hydrological station from 1973 to 1979. The results showed that the annual average Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.80 for the VSC model, and only 0.67 for the hybrid runoff model. The higher annual average Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of the VSC model means that this hydrological model can better simulate daily runoff processes in semi-arid regions. Furthermore, as a distributed hydrological model, the VSC model can be applied in regional water resource management.     

泾河流域土地利用/覆被变化对径流情势的影响

通过建立泾河流域SWAT分布式水文模型,重点模拟分析了河流径流情势对土地利用/覆被变化的响应,对比了不同气候条件及人类活动综合影响下研究区水文过程的变化。结果表明:1996年以前土地利用/覆被变化是影响水文过程的主要人类活动影响源,径流量年际变化平稳,属有小幅增加的正偏;年内影响以枯水季节为主,年内分配更趋均匀,径流集中度降低,集中期略有滞后,且趋于平稳;土地利用/覆被变化导致流域蒸散发量、冠层和落叶层截留量减小,入渗量增加,河川基流量和地表径流量相应增大,并在时域上耦合形成了水文过程的新变化;1996年以后,气候条件驱动下泾河年径流量呈现明显的增大趋势,人类活动亦从以土地利用/覆被变化为主转变为以人类水事活动为主的综合影响模式,且人类水事活动超过气候变化和土地利用/覆被变化成为影响水文过程变化的主因。     

运用MIKE SHE对鲅鱼圈地区地下水资源量进行评价

MIKE SHE作为一种分布式水文模型被越来越多地运用到流域规划、水资源管理、水资源评价等方面。利用MIKE SHE对营口鲅鱼圈地区地下水资源进行了评价,并与辽宁省第二次水资源评价成果做了对比,结果是比较理想的。     

Effects of Different Retention Parameter Estimation Methods on the Prediction of Surface Runoff Using the SCS Curve Number Method

Quantifying different hydrological components is an initial step for sustainable water resources planning and management. One rising concern is the conflict between the environment, hydropower and agriculture mainly in lowland areas where a large share of the base flows need to be abstracted. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to understand the hydrological processes of the Upper Awash River Basin with the emphasis on analyzing the different options for surface runoff generation using the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Curve Number (CN) method. In this study, SWAT was applied incorporating two methods for estimating the retention parameter (S) for the SCS-CN method. The first allowed S to vary with soil profile moisture content (SM method) and the second allowed S to vary with accumulated plant evapotranspiration (PT method). Hydrograph comparison indicated that the PT method was better in simulating peak flows while the SM method was better in simulating the low flows. While the predicted stream flow hydrographs showed an agreement between the two methods, the simulated annual water balance indicated a disagreement in quantifying the different hydrological components. After evapotranspiration, base flow was the dominant component simulated in the SM method whereas surface runoff was the foremost in the PT method simulation. The analysis indicated that care must be taken when selecting an appropriate tool for quantifying hydrologic system to be used for decision making especially for un-gauged catchments where validation of model results is not possible.     

基于改进降水输入模块的融雪径流模拟:以拉萨河为例

降水是自然界物质循环和水循环的重要组成部分,是高寒地区径流的重要来源,水文模型中降水数据的输入精度对提高高寒地区融雪径流模拟效果具有十分重要的作用。青藏高原地区气象站点较少,站点数据无法全面反映流域内降水时空分布的真实情况,传统的融雪径流模型在地形、风向和水汽等要素对降水垂直分布的影响考虑不够全面,制约了模型在山区融雪模拟以及预测中的应用,因此有必要对模型的降水输入项进行改进,以期提高半干旱高寒地区融雪径流模拟效果。本文基于改进的遥感卫星数据校正理论,开发了适用于半干旱高寒地区的降水输入模块,将其与度日因子模型进行耦合,利用高程分带将降水组合成半网格半站点的降水输入数据驱动模型,并在拉萨河流域进行试验研究。结果表明:降水输入模块能够显著提高降水卫星反演地面降水精度,改进后的融雪模型在率定期和验证期的NSE(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient)分别为0.741和0.770,高于原融雪模型的模拟效果,表明改进后的模型能够在流域各个分区获得较为精确的降水数值,融雪径流模拟精度比原模型精度得到提高。总之,耦合降水输入模块的融雪模型可以有效提高降水输入精度,对缺资料半干旱高寒地区融雪模拟具有重要的参考价值。     

A MACRO-SCALE SEMI-DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGICAL MODEL AND APPLICATION TO THE DATONG RIVER VALLEY

1.INTRODUCTION TheYellowRiverisimportantwatersourcein north westChinaandtheHuabeiPlain.Therela tivearidclimateandunreasonablehumanactivities havemadewaterproblemsveryseveresuchas floodthreat,dryriverbedandenvironmentsdeg radation.Theproblemshinderthebasinfromsus tainabledevelopment.Soitisofsignificancetoresearchtheproblemsandmastertherulesofrunoff change.Hydrologicalmodelhasbeenplayinga veryimportantroleasatooltomodelrunoff.A numberofresearchershavedonemuchworkabout runoffsimulationand…     

基于SWAT模型的秦淮河流域气候变化水文响应研究

为了解气候变化对水文水资源的影响机理,以秦淮河流域为研究区构建SWAT模型,使用SWAT-CUP对模型进行参数敏感性分析、率定及验证,并采用任意假设法设计未来气候情景,分析温度及降雨变化对流域径流及实际蒸散发量的影响。结果表明:模型在月径流模拟中具有较高的精度,适用于秦淮河流域气候变化下的水文响应研究;气温降低或降雨量上升都会引起流域径流量增加,反之则减少;实际蒸散发量与降雨量正相关,而实际蒸散发量对气温变化的响应不明显;平水年径流量对降雨量变化的响应较强,枯水年径流量对温度变化的响应较强;枯水年实际蒸散发量对降雨量变化的响应较强。     

Annual and Seasonal Variations of Hydrological Processes Under Climate Change Scenarios in Two Sub-Catchments of a Complex Watershed

The Elbow River watershed, located in the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountains in western Canada, is characterized by a complex hydrological regime due to significant differences in climate and geomorphological settings between the west and east sub-catchments. This watershed has experienced several extreme droughts and floods in the recent decades, which might be accentuated with climate change. This study was undertaken to investigate the average annual and seasonal variations of surface and sub-surface hydrological processes in the west and east sub-catchments along with and the entire watershed under five plausible GCM-scenarios up to 2070 using the physically-based, distributed MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 model. Most of the scenarios indicate a reduction in the average annual overland flow, groundwater recharge and baseflow in the east sub-catchment. The pattern of seasonal change generally exhibits a rise in overland flow, baseflow, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, and streamflow in winter-spring and a decline in summer-fall. The induced changes in hydrological processes are proportionally more perceptible in the east sub-catchment compared to the west sub-catchment. However, the west sub-catchment governs the watershed behaviour and determines the future changes, over-riding the stronger climate change signal in the east. This investigation indicates that a greater understanding of climate change impacts on the water balance of a watershed with significant differences in sub-regional settings is achieved when capturing the surface and subsurface hydrological process responses of each sub-catchment individually along with the entire watershed. Such information can guide water resources management by providing a more rigorous assessment of the processes involved in the watershed.