Effect of Drip Irrigation with Saline Water on Water Use Efficiency and Quality of Watermelons

High ground water salinity, high water table and secondary soil salinization are dominant in the Hetao Region, China. For the purposes of eliminating secondary salinity and enhancing water use efficiency, drip irrigation of watermelons with saline water was conducted in order to reduce ground water level and soil salinization. Saline groundwater, ranging in salinity from 3.3 dS m^-1 in the early season to 6.3 dS m^-1 at the harvest time was used. Four irrigation treatments (control, 30, 60, and 90% of evaporation from Chinese Evaporation Pan) were used in the experiments.The control treatment was not irrigated through out the season, as is the local practice. The yield of watermelons was increased and the quality improved under drip irrigation, as compared with control, with the highest increases in both yield and quality in the 60% treatment. The water use efficiency as determined by lysimeter measurements for different treatments had the same trend. The water-product efficiency in the four treatments were 39.2, 30.7, 21.45, and 14.3 kg m^-3, respectively. Salts accumulated in the topsoil layer close to the emitter in the 30% treatment. Most salts were leached out of the root zone in the 60 and 90% treatments. The results suggested thatdrip irrigation of watermelon with saline water was feasible.     

Indicators of the Seasonal Cycle of Total Dissolved and Adsorbed Salts under Irrigation

This article describes the evaluation of indicators computed with a numerical simulation model of soil water and solute flow against field measurements of the amount of adsorbed and dissolved salts. In the Mediterranean environment,characterised by hot, dry summers, a field experiment on irrigation of vegetable crops with saline and tubewell water was carried out between 1988 and 1996 at a site near Naples, Italy. The investigation was carried out on a clay-loam soil classified as Argiustolls. Irrigation treatments were: tubewell water (no addition of NaCl), addition of 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 g_NaCl L^-1. Three irrigation intervals were applied until 1995: 2, 5 and 10 days. In 1995 all plots were irrigated on pre-selected days of the year, but the amount of water was equal to 100%, respectively 75 and 50% for the three irrigation treatments. Except 1996, all plots received consistently the same irrigation and salinity treatment, although different crops were grown on the same plot during the 8 yr experiment. In 1996, the indicator of soil salinity was used to evaluate the salt accumulation in the soil after a long time of saline irrigation. The indicator applied was the total amount of dissolved and adsorbed salts measured and simulated, in this way observation and model calculations are truly comparable. The aims were to evaluate the accuracy and relevance of salinity indicator computed by means of a numerical deterministic model describing water and solute transport SWAP. Total amount of salts were determined on soil samples, collected through the irrigation season on the treatments 0 and 5 g_NaCl L^-1. The samples were taken at three depths. The CEC and soluble salt were measured, beside the initial (prior to saturation in the laboratory) composition of the soil samples. Total dissolved and adsorbed salts were calculated throughout the irrigation season with the model SWAP. Calculated salt concentration was compared with observed soil composition to assess the accuracy of model calculations.     

暗管排水与节水灌溉条件下盐渍化农田水盐分布特征

灌溉淋洗压盐系盐碱地改良的主要措施,但同时也会造成地下水上升,带来随作物生育期逐渐出现的土壤耕层的返盐现象,其与暗管排水结合则可提高脱盐效果。为了研究暗管排水条件下的油葵在拔节期增加不同的灌水量对盐碱地(施加30 t/hm~2脱硫石膏,土壤耕作层掺入85.05 m~3/hm~2细沙)土壤水盐及土壤酸碱性分布的影响,设计了暗管排水结合传统灌溉处理、暗管排水结合节水灌溉处理、暗管排水结合无灌水对照处理3种处理,通过监测土壤EC值、pH、含水率,分析暗管排水结合传统灌溉与节水灌溉对重度盐碱地土壤的水分、盐分及酸碱程度的时空变化特征。结果表明:与对照处理对比,传统畦灌方式下灌水处理降低了土壤含水率,对0～20 cm土层的脱盐效果明显;在暗管排水的基础上,对照处理的油葵地0～60 cm土层的EC值为3.49～0.67 d S/cm,节水灌溉处理的EC值为1.71～0.33 d S/cm,传统灌溉处理的EC值为3.75～0.27 d S/cm;虽然传统灌溉在灌水后10 d左右降低了0～100 cm土壤盐分,提高了土壤的含水率,但传统灌溉处理下油葵在开花期0～40 cm土层的含水率比对照处理低,且40～100 cm土层的返盐程度是节水灌溉的2～3倍;对照处理下0～60 cm土层的pH为7.54～8.65,节水灌溉处理下pH为7.51～8.89,对照处理下40～100 cm土层的pH为8.29,传统灌溉处理下pH为8.1～10.85,节水灌溉处理的土壤在0～100 cm的土层呈现脱碱的状态,高的灌水量使土壤有碱化的可能,尤其是在20～40 cm土层。暗管排水条件下在油葵拔节期进行节水灌溉有利于土壤脱盐、脱碱。     

滴灌条件下脱毒马铃薯灌溉制度试验研究

马铃薯是干旱内陆河石羊河流域主要农作物之一。为了推广应用滴灌技术,对脱毒马铃薯夏波蒂进行了滴灌条件下灌溉制度试验研究,试验按土壤含水率(占田间持水量的百分数)不同设6个处理,处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ的土壤含水率下限为田间持水量的45%,上限分别为田间持水量75%、80%,灌水次数设定为4次;处理Ⅱ、Ⅴ的土壤含水率下限为田间持水量的55%,上限分别为75%、80%,灌水次数设定为5次;处理Ⅲ、Ⅵ的土壤含水率下限为田间持水量的65%,上限分别为田间持水量的75%、80%,灌水次数设定为6次。研究结果表明:适宜马铃薯生长发育的土壤含水率下限不应低于田间持水量的55%,上限在田间持水量的75%~80%为宜,灌水次数5~6次为宜,脱毒马铃薯夏波蒂生育期120 d,生育期灌溉定额控制在3 000 m~3/hm~2左右。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus changes and optimal drainage time of flooded paddy field based on environmental factors

While many controlled irrigation and drainage techniques have been adopted in China, the environmental effects of these techniques require further investigation. This study was conducted to examine the changes of nitrogen and phosphorus of a flooded paddy water system after fertilizer application and at each growth stage so as to obtain the optimal drainage time at each growth stage. Four treatments with different water level management methods at each growth stage were conducted under the condition of ten-day continuous flooding. Results show that the ammonia nitrogen (NH⁺₄-N ) concentration reached the peak value once the fertilizer was applied, and then decreased to a relatively low level seven to ten days later, and that the nitrate nitrogen (NO^-₃-N) concentration gradually rose to its peak value, which appeared later in subsurface water than in surface water. Continuous flooding could effectively reduce the concentrations of NH⁺₄-N, NO^-₃-N , and total phosphorus (TP) in surface water. However, the paddy water disturbance, in the process of soil surface adsorption and nitrification, caused NH⁺₄-N to be released and increased the concentrations of NH⁺₄-N and NO^-₃-N in surface water. A multi-objective controlled drainage model based on environmental factors was established in order to obtain the optimal drainage time at each growth stage and better guide the drainage practices of farmers. The optimal times for surface drainage are the fourth, sixth, fifth, and sixth days after flooding at the tillering, jointing-booting, heading-flowering, and milking stages, respectively.     

Simulation of Soil Water Dynamics Under Surface Drip Irrigation from Equidistant Line Sources

One of the most important aspects of planning and management of a drip irrigation system is the determination of the soil moisture patterns formed under the emitter. In the present study soil water dynamics under surface drip irrigation from equidistant line sources are investigated using a simulation model, which combines hysteresis in the soil water characteristic curve, evaporation from the soil surface, and water extraction by roots. In this model a two-dimensional distribution of roots as well as a more rational way for the temporal distribution of the daily potential evapotranspiration are also incorporated. Soil water distribution patterns for two soil types (loamy sand, silt loam), two discharge rates (2 and 4 l m^?1 h^?1), two irrigation depths (30 and 40 mm), and two drip line sources spacing patterns (60 and 80 cm) are investigated. The numerical results showed that the soil water dynamics mainly depend on the soil hydraulic properties, the irrigation depth, and the drip line sources spacing. The results also showed that the irrigation efficiency and the actual evaporation decrease when the irrigation dose or the distance between the line sources increases. By contrast, the deep percolation increases when the irrigation dose or the distance between the line sources increases.     

淮北平原基于水文气象多因子的土壤水分动态预测

为研究土壤水分动态变化,利用五道沟水文实验站1989-2015年水文气象和大田土壤水实测资料,采用灰色关联度和线性回归分析,建立了冬小麦各生长阶段不同土层土壤水分预测模型。结果表明:不同土层土壤水分与气象因子的关联度一致;不同生长阶段土壤水分与气温和地下水埋深关联度最强,分别达0. 92和0. 95;分蘖-越冬期,土壤水分与地下水埋深和日照时数关联度最强,其他生长阶段,土壤水分与气温和地下水埋深关联度最强。通过水文气象因子模拟土壤水分拟合度较高,R~2达0. 94。不同生长阶段不同土层,土壤水分计算模型均具有良好的预测能力,R~2达0. 80。成果为实施作物不同生长阶段的灌溉计划提供科学依据。     

Assessment of the Impact of Municipal Solid Waste on Groundwater Quality near the Sangamner City using GIS Approach

The present work aims at assessing the impact of MSW on the groundwater quality around dumping yard site, located near the Sangamner city by water quality index (WQI) and its integration in geographical information system (GIS). Groundwater samples (n?=?15) around the dumping yard were collected using Garmin GPS device in October 2013 and October 2014. Physico-chemical analysis of same samples was carried out for pH, EC, TDS, Na⁺, K⁺,Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, TH, Cl^?, HCO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? along with the heavy metals like Fe, Zn, Cd and Cr by using standard methods. Similarly, SAR, KRs, RSC and SSP were also calculated to know the groundwater quality into irrigation perspective. WQI for 15 samples were calculated using physico-chemical results/data of 12 parameters and its desirable limit of BIS standard. Generated WQI (z) for October 2013 and October 2014 were integrated with latitude (y) and longitude (x) values, collected using GPS during the field work. Integrated xyz data were then interpolated in Surfer-10 GIS software using inverse distance weight (IDW) method to estimate the groundwater quality of the study area. Study revealed that the groundwater quality around the dumping yard area does not confirm to drinking and domestic purposes as per the WQI and BIS standard. However, the groundwater quality is marginally suitable for irrigation as per SAR, KRs, RSC and SSP. The influence of leachate from MSW dumping site to surrounding groundwater is creating a serious concern and susceptible to potential health hazards. Thus, continuous monitoring of groundwater is desperately required in order to minimize the groundwater pollution for control the pollution-caused MSW.     

石羊河流域咸水灌溉下土壤水盐动态及春玉米产量模拟

为了探究石羊河流域地下咸水资源的利用方式,利用春玉米咸水灌溉田间试验观测资料对SWAP(SoilWater-Atmosphere-Plant)模型参数进行了率定和检验,并利用率定参数后的SWAP模型模拟了较长时期咸水灌溉对土壤盐分动态及春玉米产量的影响。研究结果表明:土壤含水量、土壤含盐量和春玉米产量的实测值与模拟值吻合较好,均方误差(RMSE)和平均相对误差(MRE)均在允许的误差范围之内,经过率定和检验后的SWAP模型可以用于研究区春玉米咸水灌溉的模拟;较长时期咸水灌溉模拟结果表明,在模拟期内,矿化度在3. 0 mg/cm~3以下的微咸水灌溉土壤盐分累积量在2. 8 mg/cm~3以下,春玉米减产幅度在20%以内,矿化度在6. 0 mg/cm3以上的咸水灌溉土壤盐分累积量在4. 0 mg/cm~3以上,春玉米减产幅度在38%以上。在研究区可以较长时期利用灌水矿化度低于3. 0 mg/cm~3的微咸水进行灌溉,土壤积盐量较少,对春玉米产量影响较小,可以达到合理利用地下咸水资源的目的。     

宁夏半干旱区玉米滴灌灌溉制度试验研究

为了促进宁夏半干旱区节水灌溉技术的推广应用,本文针对宁夏扬黄灌区规模推广玉米大田滴灌缺乏相关滴灌灌溉制度的突出问题,采用大田小区对比试验与示范区技术应用监测相结合的方法,开展了玉米裸地滴灌灌溉制度试验研究。在综合分析玉米生育期灌溉定额、土壤含水率变化、耗水量、作物产量、水分生产效率的基础上,研究提出了玉米生育期滴灌11~12次、灌水定额300~450 m3/hm~2,灌溉定额4 200~4 425 m3/hm~2的滴灌灌溉制度。研究结果表明:玉米大田滴灌目标产量15 000 kg/hm~2,水分生产效率达到3.0 kg/m3,玉米滴灌较大田畦灌可提高经济效益3 735元/hm~2,同时节水1 800 m3/hm~2、节水30%以上。     

砾石土质条件下葡萄滴灌生育期土壤含水率变化规律研究

为探究酿酒葡萄在砾石土质条件下的土壤含水率变化规律及合理灌溉制度,选取贺兰山东麓砾石土典型试验区,以五年生赤霞珠品种为研究对象,设计2 550、2 850、3 225、3 600 m3/hm24个不同定额的灌水处理,应用TDR土壤水分剖面仪和土壤水势仪,监测生育期滴灌前后不同土层含水率与水势变化,针对监测数据从灌水处理整体与单个生育期不同角度进行分析,研究酿酒葡萄在砾石土条件下不同滴灌定额土壤含水率变化规律,最终提出生育期适宜灌溉制度。研究结果表明:随着灌溉定额的增加,土壤含水率在0~40cm土层范围内变化较明显;不同深度土层土壤水势变化规律与灌溉定额的大小有关;1m深土壤水分蓄存比并不是随着灌水量的增加而增大,而是当灌水量达到某一定额时,随着灌水量的增加,土壤水分蓄存比减小,砾石土单次灌水量高于300 m3/hm2时,土壤水分蓄存比较低,易产生深层渗漏。     

不同水肥耦合对宁夏枸杞生长、产量及品质的影响研究

为了探讨不同树龄枸杞的生长量、产量及品质对水肥供给差异的响应特征并提出合理的水肥制度,2017—2020年连续开展大田试验,以宁夏中部干旱区宁杞七号枸杞为研究对象,设置灌水量和施肥量2因素3水平试验处理,定位监测各处理枸杞的基径、株高、新梢茎粗与条长等生长指标,以及干果产量、百粒重、粒度等产量指标和营养成分含量的品质指标,分析不同水肥供给对枸杞长势、产量及品质的影响,并提出合理的水肥耦合制度,为干旱区枸杞的田间水肥管理提供科学依据。结果表明：2017—2020年,各处理枸杞基径年均增长量为3.5~5.8 mm/a,BF2处理（中水中肥）基径的4 a累计增量最大,为19.9 mm,较对照组（CK）大31%;株高年均增长量为13.4~26.2 cm/a,CF2处理（高水中肥）的株高年均增幅最大,为30.9 cm/a;新发枝条茎粗增长量平均为2.3 mm/a,BF2处理的新梢条长4 a累积增长量最大,为148.8 cm;枸杞鲜干比为3.89~4.55,平均百粒重为20.77 g,2017—2019年粒度为305~330粒,果品均达到特级;BF2处理枸杞甜菜碱含量最高,为9.0%,CF3处理（高水高肥）枸杞多糖含量最大,为7.4%;蛋白质平均含量为11.09%~12.08%,氨基酸含量平均为7.35%。通过综合分析提出宁夏中部干旱带4~7年龄宁杞七号枸杞最优水肥制度：灌溉定额为3 750 m³/hm²（其中春灌为450 m³/hm²,生育期灌水为2 700 m³/hm²,冬灌为600 m³/hm²）,施肥量为720 kg/hm²（施肥8次,单次施肥量为90 kg/hm²）。     

节水灌溉条件下作物系数和土壤水分修正系数试验研究

考虑土壤水分调控所产生的作物生长滞后效应与补偿生长效应,对节水灌溉条件下作物蒸发蒸腾量ETc的理论计算模型进行了研究。根据灌溉试验资料,确定了冬小麦、夏玉米、棉花及水稻作物的作物系数Kc,得出节水灌溉条件下主要农作物土壤水分修正系数Ks的计算公式。覆膜旱作节水灌溉模式的水稻需水量计算实例结果显示,计算值与实测值较为吻合,模型具有较高的精度。     

碎麦秸垫膜覆盖对民勤绿洲食葵产量及土壤酶活性的影响

为解决民勤绿洲灌区水资源短缺、土壤耕层状况恶化、食葵产量不佳等问题,在民勤灌区设置无覆盖(CK)、秸秆覆盖(S)(秸秆量为4 500 kg/hm²)、地膜覆盖(F)、碎麦秸垫膜覆盖(SF₁)(秸秆量为4 000 kg/hm²)、碎麦秸垫膜覆盖(SF₂)(秸秆量为4 500 kg/hm²)5个处理,采用当地农户普遍的灌溉水平(750 m³/hm²),研究了食葵生长状况及土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明：碎麦秸垫膜覆盖(SF₁)处理下土壤温度显著高于其他处理,并且有着更高的保水效果,保证了食葵的正常生长发育;碎麦秸垫膜覆盖(SF₁)条件下平均出苗率较CK处理提高了12.1%(P<0.05),较S处理的出苗率提高了9.7%(P<0.05);碎麦秸垫膜覆盖(SF₁)条件下食葵产量达到4 780.95 kg/hm²,较SF₂、F、...     

控灌中蓄及减量施肥对稻田氮素动态的影响

为寻求高效生态的水-肥管理模式以减轻稻田施肥所引起的面源污染,在浙江省余姚试验区采用对比试验观测田面水与各土层土壤水中氮素形态及其质量浓度,对不同水肥管理模式下稻田氮素的变化规律进行分析。结果表明:施基肥7 d后减量施肥,田面水的NH+4-N质量浓度均值为常规施肥的46.14%,NO-3-N质量浓度均值为常规施肥的83.62%;控灌中蓄节水灌溉模式与减量施肥耦合能延长田间水的滞蓄时间,使稻田氮素肥料快速入渗并较多地保留在作物耕层,提高氮肥的有效利用率,降低田面排水的氮素浓度,减少氮素的深层渗漏;施肥后4 d内田面水的氮素浓度较高,应控制排水以避免氮肥流失,减轻稻田氮肥施用所引起的农业面源污染。     

非生育期春灌灌水量对土壤盐分变化的影响

通过田间小区试验,分析3个不同滴灌棉田春灌灌水量1350、1800和2250 m3/hm2对盐分变化的影响。试验表明:在相同灌水量下,宽行、窄行和膜间3个不同行距的脱盐效果,宽行最好;3个灌水量下,1800 m3/hm2的灌水量对盐分淋洗效果较好。此结果可为当地春灌提供指导,对制定灌溉制度有一定的借鉴作用。     

咸水在黏性土中迁移转化的试验研究

采用衡水地下水科学试验场浅层钻孔土样进行室内一维土柱渗流试验,并用地球化学模拟方法探讨黏性土对咸水迁移转化的控制机理。结果表明:黏性土对咸水迁移有一定的阻隔作用,1号土柱对Na+的阻滞作用以吸附为主,2号土柱对Na+的阻滞作用由吸附和阳离子交换共同影响;1号和2号土柱的阻盐率分别为49.8%和54.5%;1号和2号土柱中黏性土的阻滞因子R1和R2分别为1.54和3.78;咸水迁移过程中,控制水岩相互作用的主要因素是岩盐的沉淀,石膏、方解石的溶解,Mg2+、Ca2+与Na+之间的离子交换。     

干旱区膜下滴灌农田土壤盐分非生育期淋洗和多年动态

膜下滴灌土壤盐分在生育期和非生育期的累积与淋洗,共同决定了土壤的盐碱化趋势,影响着当地农业的可持续发展。为分析长期膜下滴灌土壤盐分多年动态,于2008—2013年在中国西北干旱区的清华大学-库尔勒生态水文实验基地开展了棉田实验,采集和化验了15 000余个土壤样本,结合SHAW模型模拟,探讨了非生育期冬春灌方式的盐分淋洗效果;基于长期连续观测及理论分析,评估了区域盐碱化趋势。结果表明:冬灌和春灌的盐分淋洗作用明显,冬灌盐分淋洗深度大致为60 cm,效果优于春灌。若膜下滴灌条件下综合采用非生育期冬灌或春灌洗盐,在多年尺度上土壤根区盐分不会出现明显累积,土壤盐碱化趋势可以得到控制。     

Batch and column tests for the development of an immobilization technology for toxic heavy metals in contaminated soils of closed mines

Laboratory tests of various chemical treatments for the immobilization of copper, nickel, and lead in soils typically found at mine facilities were evaluated. A series of balch, adsorption tests, and lab-scale continuous column tests were conducted to optimize the design parameters for the full-scale immobilization processes. The laboratory test program consisted of batch and column experiments to measure the leachability and subsequent immobilization of the single heavy metal, Cu²⁺+, Pb²⁺+, and Ni²⁺+ in an artificial soil which was composed of bentonite and quartz fine sand. Batch equilibrium methods were used to test the ability of a large number of chemical additives to react with heavy metals in contaminated soil. The two best treatment chemicals (CaO and Na₂S) for each soil-metal combination were selected for more detailed columns studies. The column tests were carried out in the acidic pH range. According to the results of the column leaching test, it was found that the degree of heavy metal leaching is highly dependent on pH. An adsorption test was performed under acidic conditions (pH 4) to evaluate bentonite as an additive to treat acid mine drainage (AMD).     

生物有机肥与水分联合调控下稻田土壤氮素变化规律

为了探究生物有机肥和控制灌溉联合调控下稻田土壤氮素变化的特征和规律,开展了水稻小区种植试验。试验设置2种灌溉模式（常规淹灌（F）、控制灌溉（C））和3种施肥模式（全施化肥（A）、生物有机肥等氮替代15%化学氮肥（B）、生物有机肥等氮替代30%化学氮肥（C））,分析水稻生育期内土壤铵态氮与硝态氮含量的变化特征。试验表明：至水稻分蘖期时,相同灌溉模式下,配施生物有机肥处理的稻田土壤铵态氮含量均值均低于全施化肥处理,降幅为19.85%~48.78%,土壤硝态氮含量均值是生物有机肥等氮替代30%化学氮肥的处理低于全施化肥处理,降幅为15.35%~33.08%;而从水稻拔节期起,相同灌溉模式下配施生物有机肥处理的稻田土壤铵态氮平均含量比全施化肥处理增加了12.71%~56.26%,除FB处理硝态氮含量降低外其余配施生物有机肥处理的土壤硝态氮平均含量比全施化肥处理增加了19.21%~105.80%。控制灌溉的水稻全生育期土壤硝态氮含量显著高于常规淹灌（P＜0.05）,而土壤铵态氮含量则是常规淹灌高于控制灌溉。结果表明：生物有机肥配施化肥有利于水稻分蘖期后土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量的积累,提升了稻田土壤氮素的养分累积,其中生物有机肥等氮替代15%化肥的效果较好。控制灌溉使得土壤硝态氮含量增加,同时也减少了土壤铵态氮的含量。综合考虑环境与经济效益,控制灌溉与生物有机肥等氮替代15%化肥的稻田水肥管理模式较好。