洪水风险快速分析技术方法研究进展

在防汛应急管理中,由于水情的复杂性和多变性,洪水风险分析方案存在不确定性和时变性,针对变化的水雨情数据对洪水风险要素进行快速分析是降低洪灾损失的有效手段。总结可用于洪水风险快速分析的各类技术与方法,通过梳理不同建模方式和风险要素识别模式,对洪水风险快速分析技术方法的原理展开了研究。在此基础上,对比分析了各类方法的优势和局限性,并对其技术特点和适用条件进行了深入探讨。最后,对洪水风险快速分析方法的应用前景进行了展望。分析认为:常用的水面高程推算法和水动力模型法仍有重要利用价值;基于元胞自动机思想的建模方法值得进一步研究和推广应用;基于遥感与GIS技术的淹没分析为大范围洪水灾情的快速评估提供了高效的技术手段。     

基于随机模拟和并行计算的水库防洪调度风险分析

由于洪水预报、洪水类型、工程状态、管理决策等诸方面不确定性因素,水库实际防洪调度不可避免地存在各种风险,水库防洪调度风险分析研究显得尤为重要。为确保防洪安全,降低大坝及下游综合洪灾损失,对水库防洪调度风险分析进行了全面梳理,分析和识别了水库防洪调度风险的关键影响因素,探明了洪水预报误差、不同典型洪水、初始起调水位和防洪调度滞时等不确定性因素。研究了基于蒙特卡罗随机模拟的不确定性因素模拟手段,建立了并行计算模式下水库防洪调度风险分析模型及其计算流程,并定量分析了不确定条件下的水库防洪调度风险。相关成果可为快速方便、科学合理的水库防洪调度运行方式和安全管理提供技术支持。     

Uncertainty in predicting riverbed erosion caused by urban stormwater discharge.

Ecologically based criteria require an integrated modeling approach. Due to the complexity of the system, the stochastic nature of loads, and the model abstractions, many uncertainties are involved. In this study, a simple integrated model is applied, which Swiss engineers employ to assess the impact of urban stormwater discharges on riverbed stability. In the course of a case study, an uncertainty analysis is carried out focusing on parameter uncertainties. The underlying context of the uncertainties is evaluated, and a variance-based sensitivity analysis is presented estimating the local uncertainty contribution of each parameter. The results reveal that the largest contributions stem from the model components describing the natural system. An experimental design is proposed that manages to reduce the output uncertainty significantly. Finally, we discuss the benefits of following the proposed procedure.     

A Decentralized Bi-Level Fuzzy Two-Stage Decision Model for Flood Management

Flood, as a serious worldwide environment problem, can lead to detrimental economic losses and fatalities. Effective flood control is desired to mitigate the adverse impacts of flooding and the associated flood risk through development of cost-effective and efficient flood management decisions and policies. A bi-level fuzzy two-stage stochastic programming model, named BIFS model is developed in this study to provide decision support for economic analysis of flood management. The BIFS model is capable of not only addressing the sequential decision making issue involving the two-level decision makers, but also correcting the pre-regulated flood management decisions before the occurrence of a flood event in the two-stage environment. The probabilistic and non-probabilistic uncertainties expressed as probability density functions and fuzzy sets are quantitatively analyzed. The overall satisfaction solution is obtained for meeting the goals of the two-level decision makers by compromising, reflecting the tradeoffs among various decision makers in the two decision-making levels. The results of application of the BIFS model to a representative case study indicate informed decision strategies for flood management. Tradeoffs between economic objectives and uncertainty-averse attitudes of decision makers are quantified.     

防洪预报调度方式综合特性风险率计算方法研究

水库防洪预报调度中的多种不确定性因素是风险产生的根本原因。分析水库防洪预报调度中不确定性因素的随机性、模糊性及灰色性,并在已有的防洪预报调度方式随机风险率计算方法的基础上,提出了随机-模糊、随机-灰色及综合特性风险率的计算方法,研究了水库实施防洪预报调度方式相对于常规调度方式水库风险率的变化。桓仁水库的应用研究表明,防洪预报调度方式综合特性风险率计算方法是可行的,相对于常规调度方式并未增加水库的防洪风险。     

流域洪水调控计算的组态耦合技术与应用

为快速应对流域洪水调控的不确定性计算需求,对流域防洪体系进行数字化建模,将复杂的洪水调控任务分解为相互独立的模型算法组件,研究不同洪水调控场景下防洪对象与模型组件的动态适配技术,提出多类型洪水调控计算的组态耦合方法。结合长江上游防洪体系的水库调蓄与水流传播综合分析情景,对水库群的洪水调度、回水模拟及河道洪水演进动态耦合计算进行实例应用,可大幅提升作业响应速度,任务配置灵活,适应性强,复用度高,对流域洪水的智能调控分析和会商研判决策具有重要支撑作用。     

大坝防洪时变风险率研究

在时变效应基础上,分析了影响大坝防洪安全各种随机量的时变特性,进行了时变随机量定量评估方法的研究。将Bayes统计推断方法引入防洪时变随机量的评估中,有利于克服经典统计学方法的局限性,具有一定的实用性和可操作性。以大坝漫顶时变风险率分析为例,讨论了泥沙淤积、泄洪闸门事故等的时变作用,采用概率统计方法和Bayes推断的方法,进行了时变随机量的定量评估,分析了时变效应对大坝防洪安全的影响。     

条件期望在两变量洪水频率分析中的应用

针对现行单变量洪水频率分析计算方法无法考虑洪水要素之间的相关性这一不足,采用Copula函数构建洪水峰、量之间的二维联合分布,根据条件期望的原理,提出了一种推求两变量设计洪水的新方法。以清江隔河岩水库为例,计算了1 000 a一遇的两变量设计洪水,推求了对应的设计洪水过程线,并与单变量设计值进行了比较。结果表明,两变量设计值大于单变量设计值,两变量设计值对应的水库调洪最高水位略高于单变量设计值。由于两变量频率分析考虑了洪水峰、量之间的内在相关性,更符合水文现象的内在规律,所推求的两变量条件期望设计值组合相对于单变量设计值而言也是偏安全的。所提方法为洪水频率分析提供了一条新途径。     

Application of first-order and Monte Carlo analysis in watershed water quality models

To achieve effective environmental control, it is important to develop methodologies for dealing with uncertainties in model simulation of pollution behaviour and effects. Several procedures have been proposed to quantify uncertainties in modelling studies. This paper utilizes the two methods that are widely applied, i.e. functional analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation.The first-order part of the functional analysis method provides a measure of uncertainties in dependent variables in terms of uncertainties in independent variables. The procedure is based on first-order terms in the Taylor series expansion of the dependent variable about its mean value with respect to one or more independent variables. The major assumption in this procedure is that all independent and dependent variables are the second moment variables (SMV), which means that the behaviour of any SMV is completely described by its mean and standard deviation. The mathematical simplicity of the procedure allows application by simple input-output models. Consequently, it has been applied to many environmental simulators, e.g. hydrological models, stream water quality models, lake water quality models and ground water pollution models.The Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method uses a large number of repeated trials or simulations with the values for stochastic inputs or uncertain variables selected at random from their assumed parent probability distributions to establish an expected range of model uncertainty.     

A Modified Constrained State Formulation of Stochastic Soil Moisture for Crop Water Allocation

In response to uncertainty in crop water allocation, several methodologies have been proposed in the literature, most of them considering rainfall as a stochastic variable affecting soil moisture. A methodology considering uncertainties both in irrigation depth and soil moisture is more realistic for irrigated crops as developed here using an explicit stochastic optimization model. This new work is based on an earlier constrained state formulation which did not consider the irrigation depth as stochastic. In constrained state formulation methods, the first and second moments of state variables are developed considering the uncertainties which are then used as constraints in an optimization model. In contrast to alternative methods that are dynamic programming-based, the proposed optimization method can be solved using standard nonlinear optimization tools. Performance of the proposed model is evaluated for the case of two different crops, winter wheat and barley. Model verification is performed by comparing the results with simulation results. The model is quite acceptable and shows considerable improvement over analogous models.     

An Integrated Approach to Flood Risk Management: A Case Study of Navaluenga (Central Spain)

Flood risk management decisions require the rational assessment of mitigation strategies. This is a complex decision-making process involving many uncertainties. This paper presents a case study where a cost-benefit based methodology is used to define the best intervention measures for flood-risk mitigation in central Spain. Based on different flood hazard scenarios, several structural measures considered by the local Basin Water Authority and others defined by engineering criteria were checked for operability. Non-systematic data derived from dendrogeomorphological analysis of riparian trees were included in the flood frequency analysis. Flood damage was assessed by means of depth-damage functions, and flooded urban areas were obtained by applying a hydraulic model. The best defense strategies were obtained by a cost-benefit procedure, where uncertainties derived from each analytical process were incorporated based on a stochastic approach to estimate expected economic losses. The results showed that large structural solutions are not economically viable when compared with other smaller structural measures, presumably because of the pre-established location of dams in the upper part of the basin which do not laminate the flow generated by the surrounding catchment to Navaluenga.     

赣抚大堤防洪保护区洪水风险图编制洪水分析方案设置研究

编制洪水风险图是落实防汛工作从"控制洪水"向"洪水管理"转变和开展洪水风险管理的重要基础支撑,也是国内防洪减灾工作中重要的非工程类措施之一.洪水风险图编制是一个复杂的过程,涉及的基础资料较多,所需考虑的要素复杂,而洪水分析方案的设置是洪水风险图编制中至关重要的部分,关系到洪水风险图编制结果的实用性.本文以赣抚大堤防洪保护区为例,从洪水来源、洪水分析频率、洪水组合方式、可能溃口位置、溃口宽度、溃决时机等方面,并权衡实用性和易用性对设计方案优化组合,简述赣抚大堤洪水风险图编制过程中洪水分析方案的设置规则,为江西省及其他地区全面开展洪水风险图编制提供参考.     

防汛抢险训练场渗透破坏段设计方案试验分析

建设仿真性的防汛抢险训练场,提供有实战氛围的防汛抢险演练环境,在国内外尚属首次。为支撑江苏省防汛抢险训练场渗透破坏段方案设计,基于土体渗透破坏的基本理论并考虑到防汛演练的实际需求,首先确定用于堤坝填筑土料的料源,并对此进行了物理力学特性试验研究,根据粒径分布曲线推求非饱和渗流分析参数。然后开展两种不同比尺的水工模型渗透破坏试验,并与数值计算结果进行对比,验证数值分析的可靠性和合理性。最后对演练模型进行数值分析,根据上述试验和数值分析结果对设计方案提出相应的建议。上述设计方案基于均质土,实际填筑过程中土料的不均匀性较大,其合理性尚有待于实际工程的进一步验证。     

江河堤防防洪能力的风险分析

江河堤防防洪能力可靠度,反映了堤防最高防洪水位与来流洪水位之间的数量关系。采 用随机变量的分析方法,对河道堤防的防洪能力进行风险分析,给出了河道防洪能力的可 靠度和风险度的定义、风险计算模式和计算方法。并以实例计算了某河段防洪能力的风险度 。     

基于Copula函数的桃林口水库防洪风险分析

为了对桃林口水库进行防洪风险分析,采用阿基米德Gumbel-Hougaard Copula连接函数,构建了入库洪峰与洪量的两变量联合分布模型,由随机抽样模拟洪峰和洪量系列,然后基于洪水类别生成洪水过程线。同时综合考虑了水库泄洪能力与水位库容关系水力不确定性因素,采用Monte Carlo法计算桃林口水库在现行常规调度条件下不同风险因子组合对应的水库调度风险定量关系。结果表明,桃林口水库防洪风险系统最主要的控制因素是水文风险,水力风险影响次之。降低汛限水位及采取合理的控泄方式可极大地减轻下游的防洪压力,而该调度方式下水库本身的风险率很小。研究成果为当地水库管理与防汛部门制定科学、合理的防洪规划,为未来合理利用洪水资源探索汛限水位动态化管理提供一定的参考。     

漫坝风险分析在水库运行管理中的应用

本文运用漫坝风险分析理论，综合考虑影响漫坝的洪水、风浪、库容、泄水能力四方面的不确定性，建立了东武仕水库大坝对抗洪水系列与风浪系列联合作用的漫坝风险模型，计算了水库在现行的防洪标准及调度方案下的大坝漫坝风险及安全可靠度，从而对水库漫坝安全做出评价。此外，在保证东武仕水库大坝漫坝安全可靠度高达99．999％以上的基础上，结合下游河道的泄洪能力、淹没范围等具体情况，通过计算分析，建议将水库的汛限水位提高1．5m，可使水库多蓄水1470万m^3，取得直接经济效益400万元。     

防洪工程项目的风险评估

本文应用蒙特卡洛法模拟产生洪水系列，以防洪工程使用期为一个时间单位，考虑资金的时间价值，对工程的减灾损失进行了计算，得到了防洪效益的概率分布模式。建立了包括经济评价、风险分析和防洪效益模拟的综合系统分析模式，提出了采用重点抽样法进行风险率的计算，同时考虑了随机变量之间相关性大小对风险率的影响，并对有关参数作出灵敏度分析，使得决策指标更加切合实际。     

三角模糊数随机模拟的防洪工程联系数风险评价模型

针对受多种不确定性因素综合作用的流域防洪工程体系风险评价问题，提出用防洪工程体系风险评价指标样本与评价标准等级之间的多元联系数定量描述样本与标准等级之间隶属关系的层次性和模糊性，用三角模糊数和多元联系数理论相结合的方法处理风险评价中以区间数形式表示的评价等级标准的模糊性，用三角模糊数定量表示联系数的差异度系数的连续变化过程和各指标权重的不确定性，再通过随机模拟三角模糊数的方法建立了三角模糊数随机模拟的防洪工程联系数风险评价模型（CN-SSTFN）。研究结果表明：CN-SSTFN综合利用了流域防洪工程体系风险评价过程的各种主客观不确定性评价信息，以置信区间形式表示的评价结果比现有方法提供了评价结果可靠性方面的更多重要信息，能反映受多种不确定性因素综合影响的流域防洪工程体系风险评价的客观实际情况；CN-SSTFN的计算方法简便、通用，在各种系统风险等级评价问题中具有推广应用价值，有利于促进集对分析和可变模糊集理论的进一步发展。     

考虑预见期降水的三峡水库区间洪水预报模型研究

 选用长江三峡水库区间流域的历史雨洪资料与短期定量降水预报资料,编制三峡水库区间流域洪水预报模型,并将区间定量降水预报与区间洪水预报模型相耦合,研究了预见期降水对洪水预报的影响。提出了一个随机降水模型,随机生成 500组序列作为降水预报值输入到区间洪水预报模型,并以均值作为预报结果发布。方案比较结果表明,考虑预见期内的降水预报可提高三峡水库的洪水预报精度。     

三峡水库防洪安全风险研究

水库防洪特征水位的选择是水利工程设计中极为重要的一个环节，通过对特征水位推求方法的现状分析，指出了假定防洪安全标准等于洪水设计标准缺乏必要的依据这一基本论点，给出了防洪安全风险计算的原则、方法及其适用性条件，认为受人类活动影响的序列不能满足一般的理论分布函数，而随机模拟方法是解决此类问题的最有效的途径．针对三峡水库的防洪安全风险计算，证明了三峡工程采用1981，1982，1954年典型设计洪水过程线推术防洪特征水位是偏于安全的，同时亦存在相应的风险．