Vibration-free position control for a two degrees of freedom flexible-beam sensor

This work presents a position control for a two degree of freedom flexible-beam made of a composite material, whose aim is to control the tip of the flexible-beam by decreasing the vibration when the beam moves. A mechatronic unit that uses a multi-axis force/torque sensor has been specially designed and we propose to control the system by using a reduced dynamic model. The control method makes use of an inner-loop to control the position of two servo-motors, by means of PID regulators, and an outer-loop that cancels the tip vibration. Moreover, the closed-loop motor dynamics has been reduced by using a series connection of filters that invert its dynamics. The motor controllers have proved to be fast and precise, and cancel the non-modelled components of the motor friction without the need for a previous estimation. The flexible-beam vibration has been controlled by implementing an input-state feedback linearisation which includes compensation terms for the nonlinear beam dynamics, a linear feedback control law and a full state estimator. The experimental validation of the complete control method showed a significant trajectory tracking of the tip, while vibrations were prevented.     

A Self-Mixing Laser Sensor Design With an Extended Kalman Filter for Optimal Online Structural Analysis and Damping Evaluation

We have developed a new algorithm based on the extended Kalman filter in order to improve the resolution of a self-mixing (SM) optical displacement sensor. This noncontact sensor, which provides vibration measurement with a very high accuracy, can be used for online quality control, for example, measuring the damping of excited mechanical structures. This SM sensor subject to weak feedback has been tested in comparison with a commercial vibrometer in order to measure the frequency response function (FRF) of a plate with a passive damping to be characterized, and to show the efficiency of a damping treatment.     

Fault-tolerant control system of flexible arm for sensor fault by using reaction force observer

In recent years, control system reliability has received much attention with increase of situations where computer-controlled systems such as robot control systems are used. In order to improve reliability, control systems need to have abilities to detect a fault (fault detection) and to maintain the stability and the control performance (fault tolerance). In this paper, we address the vibration suppression control of a one-link flexible arm robot. Vibration suppression is realized by an additional feedback of a strain gauge sensor attached to the arm besides motor position. However, a sensor fault (e.g., disconnection) may degrade the control performance and make the control system unstable at its worst. In this paper, we propose a fault-tolerant control system for strain gauge sensor fault. The proposed control system estimates a strain gauge sensor signal based on the reaction force observer and detects the fault by monitoring the estimation error. After fault detection, the proposed control system exchanges the faulty sensor signal for the estimated one and switches to a fault-mode controller so as to maintain the stability and the control performance. We apply the proposed control system to the vibration suppression control system of a one-link flexible arm robot and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control system by some experiments.     

Active high-frequency vibration rejection in hard disk drives

This paper presents an active vibration rejection (AVR) control technique to reject actuator arm resonance modes using a piezoelectric sensor attached to the actuator arm to detect high-frequency off-track actuator vibration. The voice coil motor (VCM) is used as an actuator, while the piezoelectric sensor is used as a sensor only. A multirate digital implementation is proposed for high-frequency AVR over the sector-induced sampling frequency. The vibration control signal can be synchronized with the slow-state feedback control input such that the two control signals are summed and applied to the VCM. Throughout an application example the proposed AVR scheme, using the VCM as an actuator while the piezoelectric sensor as a sensor, is shown to be very prospective for high-frequency vibration rejection, provided a good vibration sensing scheme is used.     

采用线性分区方法对三维传感器的标定

以光带法激光三维扫描系统为例,采用线性分区标定方法对三维传感器进行了标定。给出了标定方法的理论依据和求解过程,避免了对非线性方程的求解;采用细丝标定靶形成共面标定点对传感器进行分区标定,并与不采用分区方法时的结果进行对比。结果表明,利用线性分区法标定可以有效提高测量精度,测量平均相对误差为0．4％左右。     

激光双法-珀干涉纳米测量系统总体设计

设计了一套集光、机、电为一体的新型纳米测量系统:以激光为光源、双法珀干涉仪及轻拍式探针为纳米传感部件、以柔性铰链机构的微动工作台为纳米扫描测试系统,并采用计算机数字PID实时控制处理;提出了通过测量双法珀干涉仪透射光强基波幅值差或基波等幅值过零时间间隔的方法进行纳米测量的理论基础;理论分析了检测探针振动的方法;给出了基于柔性铰链机构的微动工作台的有限元设计新方法;设计了以电容传感器为精密位置反馈的PID闭环控制系统,解决了压电陶瓷等元件对系统造成的非线性影响;对系统误差进行了分析。     

Performance Improvement of Industrial Drives With Mechanical Elasticity Using Nonlinear Adaptive Kalman Filter

This paper deals with the application of the adaptive control structure for torsional vibration suppression in the drive system with an elastic coupling. The proportional-integral speed controller and gain factors of two additional feedback loops, from the shaft torque and load side speed, are tuned on-line according to the changeable load side inertia. This parameter, as well as other mechanical variables of the drive system (load side speed, torsional and load torques), are estimated with the use of the developed nonlinear extended Kalman filter (NEKF). The initial values of the Kalman filter covariance matrices are set using the genetic algorithm. Then, to ensure the smallest state and parameter estimation errors, the on-line adaptation law for the chosen element of the state covariance matrix of the NEKF is proposed. The described control strategy is tested in an open and a closed-loop control structure. The simulation results are confirmed by laboratory experiments.     

利用普通摄像头实现振动的实时测量

为实现对低频小振幅振动的实时测量,以USB摄像头为图像传感器,以常规计算机为上位机,设计了一套性价比较高的基于数字图像的检测装置。介绍了检测系统的原理和结构,以及主要的图像处理方法。根据系统的特点,本系统应用基于颜色的图像分割方法,大大提升了系统的适应性和可靠性,并利用捕捉振动物体部分区域的方法提高系统的测量精度,同时将卡尔曼滤波方法用于预测振动物体的位置,大大降低了系统处理的图像数据量,提高了系统的实时性,进而提高了系统的测量范围。二维低频振动测量实验证明了本系统性能可靠。     

一种直流电机位置控制系统的设计与实现

直流电机位置反馈控制在科研生产中有着广泛的应用。文章采用RVDT传感器作为位置传感器,设计了位置反馈电路和H桥的电机驱动电路,并通过数字PID控制策略,实现基于直流有刷电机的位置控制。实验结果表明该系统运行可靠,动态性能良好。     

Force control of a very lightweight single-link flexible arm based on coupling torque feedback

In this paper, a feedback control law is proposed for regulating the contact force exerted by a very lightweight single-link flexible manipulator when it comes into contact with a motionless object. This control law is based on a lumped-parameter model. The tracking of the desired contact force is obtained by using a feedback loop control of the coupling torque between the motor and the flexible arm. To achieve a good performance on the force control it is only necessary to measure the coupling torque at the root of the arm. Neither the contact force sensor nor the angular position sensor of the motor are used in the control method. A modified PID controller is proposed for this control law. In this work the force control problem is studied for both free and constrained motions of the flexible manipulator, and a collision detection algorithm is also described.     

Study and implementation of a simplified and robust positiondigital controller for a PM synchronous actuator

This paper presents a fully digital position control system for small power surface mounted PM synchronous actuators. The control algorithm relies on a simplified decoupling state feedback in order to obtain field orientation. There is no current measurement, and the current values needed to compute the control algorithm are predicted from a model. This makes it possible to use a fully digital position controller by using low cost 8 bit microprocessors with only a position sensor. Moreover, it is shown in this paper that it is preferable to use, in the decoupling state feedback, an estimated, instead of a measured, value of the current to ensure stability and to improve the robustness of the system regarding parameter uncertainties. Furthermore, as the actuator model is linearized by a decoupling state feedback, the robustness of the system has been further improved by using appropriate techniques evolved for linear systems to synthesize the position controller. The performance of the proposed control system is analyzed by a theoretical study and digital simulations. It has been implemented around two 8 bit MCS 8051 microcontrollers and tested on a 2 kW machine     

Sensor Referenced Real-Time Videolization of Atomic Force Microscopy for Nanomanipulations

The main problem of atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanomanipulation is the lack of real-time visual feedback. Although this problem has been partially solved by virtual reality technology, the faulty display caused by random drift and modeling errors in the virtual reality interface are still limiting the efficiency of the AFM-based nanomanipulation. Random drift aroused from an uncontrolled manipulation environment generates a position error between the manipulation coordinate and the true environment. Modeling errors due to the uncertainties of the nanoenvironment often result in displaying a wrong position of the object. Since there is no feedback to check the validity of the display, the faulty display cannot be detected in real time and leads to a failed manipulation. In this paper, a real-time fault detection and correction (RFDC) method is proposed to solve these problems by using the AFM tip as an end effector as well as a force sensor during manipulation. Based on the interaction force measured from the AFM tip, the validity of the visual feedback is monitored in real time by the developed Kalman filter. Once the faulty display is detected, it can be corrected online through a quick local scan without interrupting manipulation. In this way, the visual feedback keeps consistent with the true environment changes during manipulation, which makes it possible for several operations to finish without an image scan in between. The theoretical study and the implementation of the RFDC method are elaborated. Experiments of manipulating nanomaterials including nanoparticles and nanorods have been carried out to demonstrate its effectiveness and efficiency.     

A new fast inchworm type actuator with the robust I/Q heterodyne interferometer feedback

The precision stage is an essential device for micromachine assembly systems, and semiconductor equipments. A new fast piezoelectric inchworm type actuator is proposed to implement an actuator-integrated long stroke linear servo stage. An in-and-quadrature phase (I/Q) heterodyne interferometer is devised as a feedback sensor in the servo system, and a synchronized counting method is proposed to measure the position of the stage accurately. Proposed measurement system can measure the precise position of fast moving object with robustness to the vibration of inchworm actuator.     

Vertical-vibration control of elevator using estimated caracceleration feedback compensation

In this paper, a vibration suppression strategy is proposed for improving the riding comfort of an elevator, using car acceleration feedback compensation. The vertical vibration of a lift car is mainly caused by the resonance of elastic ropes between the car and the sheave, and the resonant frequency of the system is dependent upon both passenger load and lift position. To suppress the vibration of a lift car, the car velocity or acceleration is needed, but only a sheave velocity is measurable in a practical situation. The proposed method applies an extended full-order observer for the simultaneous estimation of car acceleration and the identification of mechanical parameters. Acceleration feedback compensation is used for the vibration suppression control. Experimental evaluation has been performed with a 30 kVA insulated gate bipolar transistor inverter and a medium-speed elevator system in an elevator test tower. Computer simulated and experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed vertical-vibration controller     

Vibration Absorption Control of Industrial Robots by Acceleration Feedback

This paper describes an electrical control method of absorbing arm vibrations of industrial robots. Arm vibration problems are divided into two categories: resonance vibration phenomenon depending on actuator velocity and transient oscillations caused by acceleration change of actuators. Because resonance frequency of an industrial robot changes more than double due to the arm posture, mechanical vibration absorbing methods may not be easily utilized. The method applied in this paper is to compose dampers as electric manners by utilizing arm acceleration feedback to actuators of an industrial robot. Acceleration sensors are attached on three axes which construct a robot arm. Acceleration signals are fed back to the corresponding actuators passed through phase compensation circuits. By experiments applied to an industrial robot, this method has been proved to be effective in eliminating both resonance and transient vibrations. According to this control, a smart motion industrial robot which does not have resonance characteristics and operates speedily and smoothly has been realized.     

基于激光位移传感器的3维位置测量算法研究

为了实现空间高微重力主动隔振系统反馈控制回路设计,采用6个激光位移传感器对隔振平台上3个正交的定位面的位移进行测量,实现对其3维位置和姿态的解算,并给出了推导过程,通过数值仿真,实验验证了有效性,同时对于解算过程中的误差来源与其对解算结果的影响进行了分析,给出了误差影响因素与解算误差之间的关系。结果表明,此3维位置和姿态的解算算法能够准确地解算出隔振平台的3维位置和姿态,且理论解算误差在30μm以内。此研究对基于位移测量的反馈控制回路设计有一定的实用价值和发展前景。     

Accurate Sliding-Mode Control of Pneumatic Systems Using Low-Cost Solenoid Valves

A control law is developed for an inexpensive pneumatic motion control system using four solenoid on/off valves and a position feedback sensor. A sliding-mode approach is used, which is well known for its tolerance for system uncertainties. In contrast to previous control laws, our approach does not use pulsewidth modulation. The control law has an energy-saving mode that saves electrical power, reduces chattering, and prolongs the valve's life. Our simulation and experimental results show that the proposed tracking control law performs very well with good tracking and relatively low steady-state position errors     

Optical Feedback Height Control System Using Laser Diode Sensor for Near-Field Data Storage Applications

We demonstrated a laser diode position sensor for a near-field height control system. The feedback signal of the laser diode sensor that resulted from self-mixing interferometry was characterized and modeled by a simplified method. Due to the fine spatial resolution of the laser sensor, an active height control system with nanoscale position precision was designed and realized under a spinning disk for near-field applications.     

非线性速度估计器在光电跟踪系统中的应用

高质量的速度反馈信息对光电跟踪系统的跟踪精度有着非常重要的影响。由于受传感器物理限制以及从价格上考虑,通常采用光学编码器并同时为系统提供位置信息和速度信息,因此如何从光学编码器的位置信息中获取高质量的速度信息就显得尤为关键。首先从传统的编码器位置信号差分求速出发,介绍了非线性跟踪-微分器的原理,在此基础上提出了一种非线性速度估计器,同时讨论了如何选择该控制器的设计参数。基于某光电跟踪系统伺服控制结构,并采用抗积分饱和PI控制器作为三环回路控制器,分别对采用非线性速度估计器和向后差分方法的伺服系统进行仿真分析,并进一步在实验平台上进行实验。仿真和实验验证,采用非线性速度估计器的系统比采用向后差分的系统,在稳态性能和跟踪精度上都有明显的提高。     

时变质量梁系统的振动主动控制研究

为了保证机械臂运动的高精度、准定位,采用主动控制技术降低结构的干扰振动是一项迫切而紧急的任务。该文以含变质量构件的弹性梁系统为对象,开展变质量弹性结构的振动特性研究和振动主动控制研究。使用模态叠加法推导了粘贴有压电片的变质量-柔性梁组合结构的控制方程,通过仿真获得变质量弹性梁系统的振动特性和运动规律。然后设计反馈控制器对质量增大系统和质量减小系统进行了振动主动控制,并采用时频分析技术分析了控制效果。仿真结果表明,变化的质量在引起系统振动频率改变的同时,还引起了一个附加的阻尼。在变质量时变系统的共振频率区间,通过反馈控制可有效抑制结构的振动。