Glycoblotting-assisted O-glycomics: ammonium carbamate allows for highly efficient o-glycan release from glycoproteins

Glycoblotting, high throughput method for N-glycan enrichment analysis based on the specific chemical ligation between aminooxy/hydrazide-polymers/solids and reducing N-glycans released from whole serum and cellular glycoproteins, was proved to be feasible for selective enrichment analysis of O-glycans of common (mucin) glycoproteins. We established a standard protocol of glycoblotting-based O-glycomics in combination with nonenzymatic chemical treatment to release reducing O-glycans predominantly from various glycoprotein samples. It was demonstrated that the nonreductive condition employing a simple ammonium salt, ammonium carbamate, made glycoblotting-based enrichment analysis of O-glycans possible without significant loss or unfavorable side reactions. A general workflow of glycoblotting using a hydrazide bead (BlotGlyco H), on-bead chemical manipulations, and subsequent mass spectrometry allowed for rapid O-glycomics of human milk osteopontin (OPN) and urinary MUC1 glycoproteins purified from healthy donors in a quantitative manner. It was revealed that structures of O-glycans in human milk OPN were varied with habitual fucosylation and N-acetyllactosamine units. It was also suggested that purified human urinary MUC1 was modified preferentially by sialylated O-glycans (94% of total) with 7:3 ratio of core 1 to core 2 type O-glycans. Versatility of the present strategy is evident because this method was proved to be suited for the enrichment analysis of general biological and clinical samples such as human serum and urine, cultured human cancer cells, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. It is our belief that the present protocols would greatly accelerate discovery of disease-relevant O-glycans as potential biomarkers.     

Complete chemical and enzymatic treatment of phosphorylated and glycosylated proteins on ProteinChip arrays

A simple and quick protocol for chemical treatment, enzymatic digestion, and subsequent identification of proteins on ProteinChip arrays is presented. Chicken ovalbumin, bovine fetuin and a heavily posttranslationally modified protein, human epidermal growth factor receptor extracellular domain, were employed as model proteins to evaluate the novel protocol. The chemical treatment includes denaturation, reduction, and alkylation, while enzymatic digestion encompasses deglycosylation, dephosphorylation, and digestion by various proteases. All reactions were carried out on-chip in a sequential fashion. Peptide mass fingerprinting identified several peptides derived from the three proteins. This protocol was also applied to the analysis of urinary proteins from a male rat with puromycin-induced proteinuria. alpha-2u-Globulin, the major urinary protein in the normal male rat and albumin, the most abundant in the treated animal, were readily identified. This procedure demonstrates that complete on-chip treatment can be used for rapid protein identification and structural characterization.     

Studies on identification of an efficient and accurate integration scheme for piecewise linear dynamic problems

Engineering structures often have nonlinear characteristics. Many of these nonlinear systems could be modelled as piecewise linear. The dynamic analysis of such systems can be carried out by the direct integration of the mathematical model of the system. In this article, solution schemes are identified and qualified studying a single degree-of-freedom system and evaluated studying real-life engineering structures. As an alternative, a modified Newmark method with iteration for nonlinear forces and half-step error monitoring is presented. The modified scheme has been found to be efficient and accurate.     

基于同伦摄动法三次型非线性系统跌落冲击响应分析

目的 以典型的三次型非线性系统为研究对象,研究非线性系统跌落冲击响应的近似解析.方法 研究包含复杂非线性项的保守缓冲包装系统,以三次型非线性系统为例,通过使用同伦摄动法求解运动方程,求得跌落冲击响应的一阶近似解,并使用能量法修正一阶近似解.基于最大加速度响应表达式,获取非线性系统破损边界曲面,进行系统损伤评价.结果 修正后的一阶近似解的最大位移响应、最大加速度响应与龙格库塔法的数值更接近.随着产品脆值的增大,破损边界曲线逐渐上移,系统就越安全.结论 同伦摄动法的应用可为后续的非线性跌落冲击分析提供简便性.     

Discrete element method for modelling solid and particulate materials

The collaborative structural analysis (CSA) system is capable of performing highly sophisticated structural analyses utilizing the beneficial features of existing individual structural analysis programmes. It requires a time consuming static condensation procedure if adopting an implicit integration scheme. The operator splitting (OS) method, which does not require the tangential stiffness, can be used to improve the system efficiency. Furthermore, the conventional OS method is not able to provide enough numerical stability, particularly for the analyses considering geometrical non‐linearity. Thus, improvement is needed. To this end, a modified OS method is proposed, which treats unbalanced forces in the current step as pseudo‐external forces in the immediate following step. In this paper, first, the conventional OS method is reformulated in an incremental form, and a CSA scheme based on it is proposed. Second, a modified OS method is developed to improve the numerical stability. Third, a fixed‐base steel column with a lumped mass assigned at its top is analysed using the CSA system as a numerical example. It is found that the OS methods are effective for CSA, and the modified OS method exhibits better numerical stability than the conventional one for the analysis considering geometrical non‐linearity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改良的扭摆法在橡胶增韧环氧树脂的动态力学性能测定中的应用

对扭摆法进行改进后,测试了聚丙烯酸丁酯橡胶增韧环氧树脂固化的动态力学行为。研究了橡胶加入量和官能度对动态力学性能的影响,并对影响橡胶玻璃化转变温度移动的因素进行了讨论。     

Vibration and optimum design of rotating laminated blades

The vibration and optimum design of a rotating laminated blade subject to constraints on the dynamic behavior are investigated. Restrictions on multiple natural frequencies as well as the maximum dynamic deflections of rotating laminated blades are considered as constraints on the dynamic behavior of the system. Aerodynamic forces acting on the blade are simulated as harmonic excitations. The optimality criterion method and the modified method of feasible directions have been successfully developed for optimizing the weight of the rotating laminated blade. Effects of radius of the disk, aspect ratio, and rotating speed on the system dynamic behaviors and/or the optimum design are also studied. The vibration analysis shows that most of the bending modes can be significantly affected by the rotating speed and the radius of the disk. Results also show that the optimum weight with constraints on the dynamic response is higher than that with frequency constraints. Moreover, results show that the weight of the rotating laminated blade can be greatly reduced at the optimum design stage.     

Sensitivity analysis techniques applied to a revised model of molybdenum biokinetics

A revised model of molybdenum biokinetics in humans was recently developed on the basis of experimental data gathered in specific investigations conducted with stable tracers. The model can be used for radiation protection purposes, and it is also a suitable working tool for designing new investigations aimed at further improvements to the model. For the latter goal, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to determine the most significant model parameters in relation to output measurements performed in studies of molybdenum metabolism. A typical sensitivity analysis approach was adopted, considering the effects in variation of model parameters on the time courses of model outputs such as urinary excretion and blood clearance. A recent new sensitivity technique was considered too, based on the calculation of the so-called generalised sensitivity functions. This combines the sensitivities of the model output with respect to model parameters (as in the typical sensitivity analysis method), with the sensitivities of parameter estimates with respect to changes in model outputs. The results obtained in this analysis suggests that data collected in the first 7 h are critical for the definition of the process of blood clearance and related parameters, whereas reliable information at later times is required for a proper characterisation of urinary excretion.     

Physicochemical characterisation and biological evaluation of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine engineered polyurethane (Tecoflex<Superscript>®</Superscript>)

Bacterial adhesion and encrustation are the known causes for obstruction or blockage of urethral catheters and ureteral stents, which often hinders their effective use within the urinary tract. In this in vitro study, polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-I) complex modified polyurethane (Tecoflex^®) systems were created by physically entrapping the modifying species during the reversible swelling of the polymer surface region. The presence of the PVP-I molecules on this surfaces were verified by ATR-FTIR, AFM and SEM-EDAX analysis, while wettability of the films was investigated by water contact angle measurements. The modified surfaces were investigated for its suitability as a urinary tract biomaterial by comparing its lubricity and ability to resist bacterial adherence and encrustation with that of base polyurethane. The PVP-I modified polyurethane showed a nanopatterned surface topography and was highly hydrophilic and more lubricious than control polyurethane. Adherence of both the gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (by 86%; **P < 0.01) and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (by 80%; *P < 0.05) was significantly reduced on the modified surfaces. The deposition of struvite and hydroxyapatite the major components of urinary tract encrustations were significantly less on PVP-I modified polyurethane as compared to base polyurethane, especially reduction in hydroxyapatite encrustation was particularly marked. These results demonstrated that the PVP-I entrapment process can be applied on polyurethane in order to reduce/lower complications associated with bacterial adhesion and deposition of encrustation on polyurethanes.     

双马来酰亚胺工艺改性及性能

采用脂肪族双马来酰亚胺(HMDA-BMI)对4,4’-二苯甲烷型双马来酰亚胺(BDM)进行工艺改性,得到了一种低黏度、流动性好的基体树脂。当HMDA-BMI与BDM的摩尔比为1: 1时,黏度-温度曲线表明改性体系黏度可降低至0.50 Pa·s左右,低黏度平台的温度区间为85~175℃之间;黏度-时间曲线表明改性体系合适的充模温度为130~145℃,获得的改性基体树脂适合RTM成型工艺;通过DSC曲线确定了改性基体树脂固化工艺为160℃×2 h＋180℃×2 h＋200℃×2 h＋230℃×4 h;FTIR表明改性体系按照此工艺可以固化完全;DMA曲线和TG曲线分析结果表明改性体系的耐热性基本保持不变;共聚改性体系的拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别为80.1 MPa和116 MPa。      

A Modified Region Approach for Multivariate Measurement System Capability Analysis

Measurement system capability analysis is to determine whether the measurement system is capable for use in quality control. The existing research has been extended from univariate to multivariate cases. Two approaches, the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the weighted principal components (WPC), were advocated in literature. The MANOVA method is constructed based on the volume ratio that treats the volume of constant‐density contours as the variability estimations. However, it ignores the fact that the relative position change of multivariate measurement errors could affect the measurement system capability. The WPC method uses dimension reduction to reduce the complexity but is unable to build the precision‐to‐tolerance ratio because it does not include tolerance. In this paper, we propose a modified‐region‐based method to compute the precision‐to‐tolerance ratio, the percent of repeatability and reproducibility, and the signal‐to‐noise ratio. This method also incorporates the variance–covariance structure of the measurement errors when dealing with the constant‐density contours of tolerances, total variation, and process variation. The performance of the modified‐region‐based method is evaluated based on a dataset from the literature and a set of relevant simulation. The proposed method proves to be effective compared with other methods.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three-Dimensional Solutions of Functionally Graded Piezo-Thermo-Elastic Shells and Plates Using a Modified Pagano Method

A modified Pagano method is developed for the three-dimensional (3D) coupled analysis of simply-supported, doubly curved functionally graded (FG) piezo-thermo-elastic shells under thermal loads. Four different loading conditions, applied on the lateral surfaces of the shells, are considered. The material properties of FG shells are regarded as heterogeneous through the thickness coordinate, and then specified to obey an exponent-law dependent on this. The Pagano method, conventionally used for the analysis of multilayered composite elastic plates/shells, is modified to be feasible for the present analysis of FG piezo-thermo-elastic plates/shells. The modifications include that a displacement-based formulation is replaced by a mixed formulation, a set of the complex-valued solutions of the system equations is transferred to the corresponding set of real-valued solutions, a successive approximation (SA) method is adopted and introduced in the present analysis, and the propagator matrix method is developed for the heat conduction analysis and the coupled piezo-thermo-elastic analysis of the FG shells. The influence of the material-property gradient index on the field variables, induced in the FG piezo-thermo-elastic shells and plates under the thermal load, is studied.     

Amperometric determination of hydrazine at manganese hexacyanoferrate modified graphite-wax composite electrode

Fabrication, characterization and application of a manganese hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF) modified graphite-wax composite electrode are described. The MnHCF mixed with graphite powder was dispersed into molten paraffin wax to yield a conductive composite, which was used as electrode material to construct a renewable three-dimensional MnHCF modified electrode. The characterization of the modified electrode has been studied by electrochemical techniques. The cyclic voltammogram of the MnHCF modified graphite-wax composite electrode prepared under optimum composition, showed a well-defined redox couple due to Fe(CN)(6)(4-)/Fe(CN)(6)(3-) system. The electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine by MnHCF modified graphite-wax composite electrode has been investigated in an attempt to develop a new sensor for its determination. It was found that the mediator catalyzed the oxidation of hydrazine. The electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine was also studied under hydrodynamic and chronoamperometric conditions. The anodic current increases linearly with increase in the concentration of hydrazine in the range of 3.33x10(-5)M to 8.18x10(-3)M. The detection limit was found to be 6.65x10(-6)M (S/N=3). The modified electrode can also be used for on-line detection of hydrazine. The proposed method has also been applied for the determination of hydrazine in photographic developer solution.     

多级递阶工程结构系统抗地震设计的全局优化

多级递阶工程结构系统是复杂工程项目的主要工程结构依照功能逻辑关系所构成的多层次分支结构系列,表征了常见建设项目的一般性分布。以结构设防烈度为决策变量、地震灾害的多级设防为工程背景,建立了该系统全局优化的数学模型;考虑到系统的结构特点和目标函数的离散性,提出二个层次的优化计算方法,其中递级凝聚法用于大系统建模分析,改进的离散型共轭梯度法和改进的离散型 Lagrange 直接法分别执行具体的最优或次优化计算;算例讨论了复杂项目在抗震设防标准、工程造价和总投资分配方面的优化决策。上述概念、原则与方法为复杂工程的系统化设计、土木工程问题的科学决策提供了理论分析的基础。     

Determination of aqueous fluoride with a helium microwave-induced plasma and flow injection analysis

The determination of aqueous fluoride by flow injection analysis (FIA) with a helium microwave-induced plasma (He-MIP) is described. This system operates at 500 W and utilizes a modified TM010 resonator cavity with a demountable plasma torch. Both direct nebulization and FIA in conjunction with ultrasonic nebulization (USN) were investigated. FIA was found to be the most reliable method because extended nebulization of aqueous fluoride was found to cause memory effects. Detection limits for aqueous fluoride of 35 and 4 ppm were observed for FIA and direct USN, respectively. The interference effects of pH and selected elements were also studied.     

Stability analysis of constraints in flexible multibody systems dynamics

Automated algorithms for the dynamic analysis and simulation of constrained multibody systems assume that the constraint equations are linearly independent. During the motion, when the system is at a singular configuration, the constraint Jacobian matrix possesses less than full rank and hence it results in singularities. This occurs when the direction of a constraint coincides with the direction of the lost degree of freedom. In this paper the constraint equations for deformable bodies are modified for use in the neighborhood of the singular configuration to yield the system inertia matrix which is nonsingular and also to take the actual generalized constraint forces into account. The procedures developed are applicable to both the augmented approach and the coordinate reduction methods. For the modeling of the constrained flexible multibody systems, a general recursive formulation is developed using Kane's equations, finite element method and modal analysis techniques. The system may contain revolute, prismatic, spherical or other types of joints, as well as geometrical nonlinearities; the rotary inertia is also automatically included. Simulation of a two-link flexible manipulator is presented at a singular configuration to demonstrate the utility of the method.     

组合式特种转子振动模态的实验研究与计算

本文对某燃气轮机组合式转子的振动特性进行了实验研究，得到了该转子系统的各阶模态参数。同时，用带刚度修正系数的传递矩阵法对转子进行了对比计算。试验及计算结果表明，该类转子具有较高的刚性及较丰富的模态成份，当用带刚度修正系数的传递矩阵法进行振动计算时，只要修正系数选取适当，亦可获得满意的结果。     

A computational study of the urinary excretion rates for 339Pu using new ICRP internal dosimetry models

A computational study of the urinary excretion rates for 239Pu has been carried out using a methodology which involved the solution of a complete compartmental model describing the biokinetic behaviour of inhaled plutonium aerosols in the human body. The methodology, after proper validation, was applied to investigate the dependence of urinary excretion rates for 239Pu on the transfer rates given in the complete compartmental model. For this purpose, the default values of the transfer/absorption rates were modified by factors of 2 and 4 and urinary excretion rates were computed on 1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 d post-intake. The percentage variations in the urinary excretion rates as a result of the modified transfer rates were computed for exposures to Type M and S aerosols of 239Pu. These results facilitated the identification of parameters significantly affecting the short-term and long-term urinary excretion rates. In addition, time variations of the predicted ratios of 239Pu activity in daily urine to that in blood (excretion ratios) were studied for the three biokinetic models of plutonium: the ICRP 67 model, the modified ICRP 67 model with the compartment STI to urinary bladder removed and Luciani and Polig's model. All the computational results are presented and discussed in this paper.     

双层网壳结构动力响应分析的修正反应谱法

为了使反应谱法分析大跨度空间双层网壳结构具有较高的精度,通过对该结构用反应谱法和时程分析法进行全面分析,找出反应谱法和时程分析法结果之间的差异,将回归理论引入其结果分析中,对如何得出修正系数以修正反应谱法得出的结果进行研究,从而提出一种修正反应谱的方法.通过实例分析可以看出,用这种方法得出的抗震分析结果具有较高的精度,说明此修正反应谱法适合于该结构形式的抗震分析,为该形式结构的工程抗震设计提供理论依据和指导.     

基于ADAMS的凸轮连杆系统中凸轮的CAD系统开发及机构仿真分析

目的基于ADAMS二次开发,为包装机械中一类常用凸轮连杆系统开发专用的凸轮轮廓CAD系统,使用ADAMS为凸轮外形轮廓对系统动态稳定性的影响提供一种直观的评估方法。方法依据凸轮连杆系统的结构特点,使用ADAMS命令语言完成CAD系统的开发。将凸轮连杆长摆臂系统作为研究对象,通过ADAMS刚柔耦合仿真分析,对比正弦和改进正弦2种不同加速度运动规律设计的凸轮在高速运行时执行构件的动态稳定性相关指标,从而验证刚柔耦合仿真分析应用于凸轮连杆系统的正确性。结果使用改进正弦加速度运动规律设计的凸轮,系统执行末端的实际最大速度、最大加速度、实际位移曲线最大波动量等动态稳定性评价指标更优异,符合理论分析。结论 ADAMS刚柔耦合仿真结果能正确反映凸轮轮廓对系统动态稳定性的影响,该分析方法有助于设计出更合理的凸轮轮廓。