焊后热处理对P92钢焊接接头组织及力学性能的影响

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜对热处理前后P92钢焊接接头的组织、断口形貌进行分析;利用洛氏硬度计、电子万能试验机对热处理前后P92钢焊接接头的力学性能进行测定及分析。结果表明,焊态下P92钢焊缝区、热影响区的显微组织均为马氏体和残留奥氏体,且硬度较高,约为42.69 HRC;母材区为回火托氏体;经焊后热处理,3个区域组织均为回火托氏体组织,其硬度值均与母材区相近,约为37.55 HRC;焊后热处理前后P92钢焊接接头断口形貌均为韧窝+撕裂棱,属于韧性断裂,经热处理后P92钢焊接接头屈服强度和断面收缩率明显高于焊态下试样,分别为842.21 MPa、46.20%。     

厚壁P92钢管道焊接接头中频感应热处理的应用实践

火力发电厂1000 MW机组主蒸汽厚壁P92钢管道焊接接头焊后热处理在火电建设工程中技术要求较高,尤其是壁厚大于100 mm的P92钢管道焊接接头。通过中频感应加热对1000 MW二次再热机组的壁厚为118 mm的主蒸汽P92钢管焊接接头进行了管道试样的焊后热处理。结果表明,热处理后焊缝及母材组织正常,焊缝硬度符合标准要求;同时依据试样管焊后热处理发现的问题提出了优化措施,在施工过程中降低升温速度和恒温温度、增加保温宽度,实现了121个同类型焊接接头焊后热处理一次合格。厚壁P92钢管道焊接接头中频感应热处理方案的成功应用,可为后续同类型部件的焊后热处理提供借鉴。     

焊后热处理对P92钢焊缝冲击性能的影响

对P92钢焊后热处理试样的焊缝冲击性能进行研究。P92钢焊接接头断面硬度分析结果表明,厚壁P92钢管道现场焊后热处理时,形成了外层温度高、内层温度低的温度梯度,导致试件焊缝外层冲击吸收能量平均值比内层的高。焊缝冲击试样经过二次高温回火（770℃×2 h）后,内外层冲击吸收能量差别基本消失,同时平均值有所提高。结果表明,P92钢焊接接头壁厚上的温度梯度对P92钢焊缝冲击性能有重要影响。     

超超临界机组用P92钢焊接接头高温服役8kh后力学性能研究

采用拉伸试验、弯曲试验、冲击试验和硬度试验方法,并结合金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察,研究了P92钢焊接接头高温服役8 kh后的力学性能。结果表明:运行8 kh后P92钢焊接接头性能劣化现象明显,其强度、硬度升高,塑、韧性显著下降,组织状态对时效脆化有明显作用,此时焊缝金属已呈现出严重的脆化状态。     

P91钢的焊接性及其焊接工艺

通过分析P91钢的焊接性,明确预防焊接冷裂纹是保证焊接质量的首要措施,焊前预热和焊后热处理直接决定焊接接头的硬度,硬度偏高则无法充分消除焊接接头内应力,硬度过低则会降低材料的高温持久强度.结合钢管规格与材质,拟定焊接工艺参数,进行焊接试验、热处理试验和力学性能检验,形成P91钢焊接工艺.采取焊前准备、控制坡口加工、实时...     

厚壁P92钢管道焊接热处理工艺试验研究

1 000 MW超超临界火力发电机组主蒸汽厚壁P92钢管道焊接热处理是火电建设工程中技术难度较高的一类问题，尤其是壁厚>100 mm的P92钢管道焊接热处理。文中结合某1 000 MW超超临界二次再热火电机组118 mm壁厚的主蒸汽P92钢管道的焊接热处理，焊接热处理过程中严格执行焊接工艺，并采用中频感应加热的方法对试样管进行了焊后热处理，热处理后焊接接头的硬度值、金相组织、力学性能数据完全满足P92钢的性能要求。该厚壁P92钢管道焊接热处理工艺方案可为后续同类型部件的焊接热处理提供借鉴。     

F92钢Y型异径锻造三通焊接接头焊后热处理研究及实践

火力发电厂四大管道F92钢Y型异径锻造三通焊接接头焊后热处理是火电建设工程中技术要求较高的一类问题，尤其是锻造三通接管长度<100 mm的焊接接头。文中结合某1 000 MW二次再热机组一次高温再热蒸汽管道F92钢Y型异径锻造三通焊接接头焊后热处理，锻造三通接管长度为80 mm,通过采用Y型异径锻造三通的3个焊接接头同时焊后热处理的技术方案，热处理后焊缝及母材组织正常，焊缝、热影响区、管道和三通母材硬度符合标准要求；同时根据一次高温再热蒸汽管道F92钢Y型异径锻造三通焊接接头焊后热处理的成功实施，实现了主蒸汽、二次高温再热蒸汽管道F92钢Y型异径锻造三通焊接接头焊后热处理一次合格。Y型异径锻造三通3个焊接接头同时焊后热处理方案的成功应用，可为后续同类型部件的焊后热处理提供借鉴。     

P91与10GrMo910异种钢焊接接头特性分析

通过冲击韧度和显微硬度测试及金相组织观察,研究了采用2.25Cr-1Mo型和5Cr-0.5Mo型两类国产焊接材料,按实际焊接要求制备的P91钢与10CrMo910钢异质焊接接头,在二次回火前后的特性.结果发现,焊接接头的韧性受所用焊接材料和焊后热处理条件影响,用2.25Cr-1Mo型焊接材料所焊接头韧性较高,而用5Cr-0.5Mo型焊接材料所焊接头韧性较差,焊后二次回火处理在一定程度上能改善接头组织,提高接头韧性.由于组织变化和碳迁移的原因,在接头异质界面熔合线两侧产生了较大的硬度差,二次回火使接头硬度整体下降,但几乎不影响其分布规律.在靠近P91钢侧的焊缝中存在未混合区.     

SP2215/T92异种钢焊接接头微观组织与力学性能研究

采用手工钨极氩弧焊和ERNiCr-3焊丝制备了SP2215/T92异种钢钢管焊接接头,研究了热处理前后接头的微观组织,力学性能及拉伸断裂机理。结果表明:焊缝金属以完全奥氏体组织凝固成柱状枝晶,Nb元素在枝晶间偏析并形成富Nb第二相粒子,焊后热处理对焊缝组织无显著影响;T92与焊缝金属界面以及SP2215与焊缝金属界面均形成岛状或半岛状宏观偏析,跨T92与焊缝金属界面存在一定程度的碳迁移,而跨SP2215与焊缝金属界面碳迁移现象不明显,焊后热处理对宏观偏析和碳迁移无显著影响;T92侧粗晶热影响区硬度最高,细晶热影响区硬度次之,临界热影响区硬度最低,焊后热处理显著降低了粗晶热影响区和细晶热影响区的硬度,改善了T92 热影响区的微观组织和力学性能;T92侧熔合线附近形成了δ铁素体,是整个接头硬度最低区域,焊后热处理对δ铁素体的硬度无明显影响;焊态和热处理态接头室温拉伸均在焊缝处以韧性方式断裂,而650℃高温拉伸时均在T92侧以韧性方式断裂。     

A508-3钢回火焊道接头组织和性能

文中针对A508-3钢,采用镍基合金焊条Ni690在其表面实施了异种材料的回火焊道焊接技术,分析了异种材料回火焊道焊接接头组织和性能,并与常规焊接工艺+590 ℃×2 h焊后热处理的焊接接头进行了对比。试验结果表明,常规焊接工艺+焊后热处理的接头硬度虽然粗晶区硬度明显降低,但是马氏体带的硬度降低不明显,而采用回火焊道焊接技术的焊接接头粗晶区和马氏体带的硬度均明显降低;回火焊道技术可以同时软化粗晶区和熔合区,其中粗晶区硬度约为热处理效果的73%～89%,但是获得的接头硬度均匀性更佳。从试验结果来看,能够免除焊后热处理的回火焊道焊接技术是大型结构部件焊接修复或制造时理想的焊接方法。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。