煤粉加压气化炉操作参数对气化特性的影响

采用基于平衡态模型的气流床气化炉煤气组分预测程序,分析研究了气化压力、氧煤比以及蒸汽煤比等操作参数对气化温度、煤气组分、碳转化率和气化效率的影响规律。研究结果表明:气化压力对气化特性指标影响甚微,而氧煤比和蒸汽煤比的影响较为显著。随氧煤比的增加,气化温度升高,碳转化率升高,气化效率先升高再降低,CO浓度先增加后降低。CH_4的体积浓度可用于预测气化温度。在蒸汽煤比较低时,提高蒸汽煤比可增加H_2的浓度,提高碳转换率和气化效率,但进一步提高蒸汽煤比仅会降低气化炉内的气化温度,提高H_2O和CO_2浓度。对于所研究的煤种,合理的氧煤比应在0.7左右,合理的蒸汽煤比在0.1左右。     

大容量高参数角管式锅炉的水动力特性分析

针对角管式锅炉水循环系统的特点提出了其水动力计算方法,并对锅炉预分离系统的汽水分离特性进行数值模拟。利用水动力计算与数值模拟相结合的方法,分析循环回路高度、锅筒压力以及再循环管布置与否对角管式锅炉水动力特性的影响。锅炉预分离系统数值模拟结果表明,随着压力的升高,蒸汽向上携带液滴的能力降低,再循环管带汽逐渐减少,预分离系统内汽水分离效果改善。根据模拟结果,对锅炉进行水动力计算,结果表明:若炉膛吸热量不变,循环高度一定,随着压力的升高,循环倍率先增大后减小;若炉膛吸热量相同,运行压力也相同,随着循环回路高度提高,循环倍率增大;若锅炉不设再循环管,随着压力的升高,其循环倍率不断减小;相较于带有再循环管的情况,当压力较低时,其循环倍率较高,当压力大于5.8 MPa,其循环倍率小于带有再循环管时的循环倍率。     

微型燃气轮机CW原表面回热器芯体内传热及阻力特性分析

建立微型燃气轮机CW(交叉波浪型,Cross Wavy)原表面回热器三维周期性充分发展数值计算模型,对芯体内传热和阻力特性进行了分析,确定了质量流量和温度水平对换热量及压降的影响,给出了CW原表面芯体板内阻力、传热因子以及努塞尔数与雷诺数之间的经验关联式。传热及阻力性能分析结果表明:随着雷诺数的增大,回热器芯体单元传热系数增大,传热量逐渐增加,并且随着低压高温烟气侧的进口温度升高,传热量增加幅度增大;回热器芯体单元回热度随雷诺数的增大而减小,随燃气进口温度升高而减小。     

生物质快速裂解液体产物制氢研究

为了充分利用生物质能,将生物质快速裂解过程生成的水相与油相产物在流化床中,在白云石为载体的Ni基催化剂上,进行共催化重整制取氢气。考察了催化剂、水碳比、温度和反应时间等对水相油相共催化重整的影响。结果表明:水相油相共催化重整确实可行,而且当水相水含量较高时,水相油相共催化重整有助于提高生物质能的利用率和节约资源。     

斯特林循环内等容回热过程中换热器换热能力分析

为进一步研究斯特林循环内回热器换热过程对系统性能的影响,建立气缸的等温换热过程模型,以容积为1 L、初始压力为500 kPa的理想气体为工质,计算分析了循环内工质经等容回热过程对系统内参数和各部件的影响。结果表明,在工质从303 K等容吸热升温至973 K的过程中,系统压力升高,压缩腔内工质密度从5.75 g/m³增加至18.5 g/m³,膨胀腔内工质密度从1.75 g/m³增加至5.75 g/m³,压缩腔与膨胀腔需对外释放的热量分别为364和824 J;回热器在工质等容吸热前后的换热量为工质的焓差,而不是工质的内能差。     

热回收式CO2制冷系统性能研究

对热回收式CO2制冷系统性能COP进行了计算和分析,结果表明:蒸发温度、气体冷却器出口CO2温度、热水加热器入口水温是影响其COP的主要因素;回热器出口过热度对COP的影响较小,对压缩机的排气温度影响较大;随着排气压力的升高,COP是否出现峰值,取决于气体冷却器入口制冷剂的特征温度;在相同工况下,蒸发温度、气体冷却器出口CO2温度、回热器出口过热度对最佳排气压力的影响较小,热水加热器入口水温是影响最佳排气压力的主要因素。     

电动汽车CO2热泵空调系统优化及制冷性能分析

为提升电动汽车CO₂热泵空调系统的制冷性能,文章构建了中间补气+回热器的跨临界CO₂系统,通过仿真研究了气体冷却器出口温度(Tgo)、气体冷却器压力(Pg)、中间补气压力(Pm)、相对补气量(β)、回热器过热度(ΔT)对系统制冷系数(EER)、制冷量(Qe)和压缩机排气温度(Tco)的影响及中间补气对回热器优化能力的提升。研究表明：存在最佳气体冷却器压力和最佳中间补气压力使得EER达到最大值,并得到两者与气体冷却器出口温度的关系式;气体冷却器出口温度上升会使系统性能下降,中间补气量和回热器过热度的增加能提升系统性能,EER提升了15.64%和6.07%,制冷量提升了27.88%和4.78%;回热器过热度的增加会导致压缩机排气温度上升,中间补气可降低压缩机排气温度,当限定压缩机排气温度时,中间补气可使回热器对EER和制冷量的优化能力分别提升了203%和173.87%;相对于基础跨临界CO₂系统,文章构建的优化系统在所研究工况内可使系统EER和制冷量分别提升18.38%和35.03%。     

缸内喷射CO2对柴油机均质压燃影响的初步研究

采用气体喷射系统向气缸内喷射CO2,研究了CO2喷射始点和循环喷射量对均质压燃(HCCI)柴油机燃烧特性和排放特性的影响。试验结果表明:CO2缸内喷射可以有效控制燃烧始点和降低NOx排放。随着CO2喷射始点提前和循环喷射量增大,爆发压力和缸内温度降低,低温和高温放热始点推迟,压力升高率降低;NOx排放降低,碳烟、HC和CO排放升高。另外,燃烧相位的改善,减小了压缩负功,使指示热效率也比未喷射CO2时增大。     

秸秆热解催化重整制备合成气实验研究及模型预测

利用自制的闭式循环装置对秸秆类生物质进行热解催化重整实验,探究了水蒸气量、热解温度、催化重整温度对合成气组分的影响。在此基础上,通过元素守恒和热力学平衡计算,建立了生物质催化重整模型,并使用一组实验数据对模型进行修正。利用修正后的模型对玉米秸秆热解气催化重整实验进行了模拟,预测温度、水蒸气添加量和生物质种类对合成气成分的影响。结果表明:当热解温度和催化重整温度均为850℃,S/B为1时,合成气的品质最佳;热解炉温度(750～900℃)升高有利于氢气的合成,催化重整炉温度(750～900℃)升高有利于温室气体(CO_2和CH_4)含量的减少。     

金属管式承压空气吸热器实验研究

对内径为6 mm,壁厚为2 mm的太阳能热发电用金属管式承压空气吸热器的热性能进行了实验研究,分析了太阳法向直接辐照度(DNI),金属管式承压空气吸热器内空气质量流量对该吸热器出口空气温度的影响。实验结果表明:在空气质量流量相同的条件下,DNI越高,金属管式承压空气吸热器出口空气温度越高,该吸热器获得的热功率越大,吸热器内空气粘性越高,吸热器内空气压力损失也越大;随着金属管式承压空气吸热器内空气质量流量逐渐减小,该吸热器出口空气温度逐渐升高;随着金属管式承压空气吸热器内空气质量流量逐渐增大,该吸热器内空气压力损失逐渐增大;金属管式承压空气吸热器热效率受DNI和空气质量流量的综合作用,且该吸热器热效率的最大值出现在DNI较低处;当金属管式承压空气吸热器内空气压力损失较大时,应增大吸热管的管径或缩小吸热管单管的管长。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.