基于三种多糖与酪蛋白复配制备W/O/W型乳液及其包封红景天苷效果的研究

为提高红景天苷稳定性及口服吸收效果,本研究以红景天苷为内水相,含聚甘油蓖麻醇酯的菜籽油为油相,分别采用葡聚糖、壳聚糖和大豆多糖混合酪蛋白作为外水相,制备W/O/W型多重乳液。研究了不同浓度的三种多糖对多重乳液的微观结构、粒径、电位、贮藏稳定性、乳化性、包埋率、载药量和体外消化过程的影响。结果显示,相比于酪蛋白对照组、壳聚糖-酪蛋白组和大豆多糖-酪蛋白组,葡聚糖-酪蛋白W/O/W型多重乳液稳定性最好。高浓度的葡聚糖能够明显提升葡聚糖-酪蛋白多重乳液的贮藏稳定性,当葡聚糖添加量为1.2%时,多重乳液平均粒径最小,可达623.03±5.21 nm（P<0.05）;电位绝对值最高（P<0.05）,平均电位为?37.3±0.46 mV;对酪蛋白乳化性质提升最大（P<0.05）;对红景天苷的包埋率最高（P<0.05）,可达92.8%,载药量为162.89±4.21 μg/g。模拟消化研究发现葡聚糖-酪蛋白多重乳液不仅能有效地保护红景天苷,还能够靶向地在模拟肠道内传递和释放,葡聚糖添加量为1.2%的葡聚糖-酪蛋白负载体系的稳定性和控释效果最佳。该研究结果可为红景天苷在食品和医药中的应用提供理论支撑。     

蛋白种类对大豆皂苷-蛋白W/O/W型乳液稳定性的影响

将大豆皂苷添加至内水相（W1）,大豆蛋白添加至外水相（W2）,以玉米油为油相（O）,两步乳化法制备W/O/W型多重乳液。探究乳液的整体稳定性、粒径特性、电位特性、微观结构、流变学特性、界面张力以及长期稳定性的变化情况。结果表明：随着时间的延长,乳液的稳定性动力指数值呈上升趋势,粒径集中在6 μm附近,大豆分离蛋白乳液的电位绝对值最大（－30.2 mV）,该体系表现出假塑性的剪切稀化行为,大豆分离蛋白乳液的黏度值最大（0.029 Pa?s）;15 d后,所有蛋白乳液都出现了一定的分层现象,大豆分离蛋白乳液的稳定性动力指数最小（21.51）。在1%蛋白质量分数下,大豆分离蛋白制备的W/O/W型乳液稳定性优于大豆11S和7S蛋白。     

响应面法优化酪蛋白酸钠——豌豆分离蛋白纳米乳液制备工艺

通过超声处理技术制备酪蛋白酸钠—豌豆分离蛋白纳米乳液,并利用响应面优化法确定了最优制备工艺为豌豆分离蛋白添加量4%(w/v)、酪蛋白酸钠添加量4%(w/v)、超声功率400 W、超声时间5min,此条件下,酪蛋白酸钠—豌豆蛋白纳米乳液的平均粒径为149.82 nm、TSI为3.008、乳化产率为91.28%。     

肉桂精油纳米乳液的抑菌性和稳定性研究

为改善精油的稳定性及抑菌性能,利用羟丙基-β-环糊精(HPCD)与酪蛋白酸钠(SC)共同乳化肉桂精油(CEO)制备纳米乳液,探究乳液的粒径、抑菌性的变化及乳液在不同温度下的储存稳定性。结果表明：相比单独使用酪蛋白酸钠稳定的乳液,HPCD的添加可以显著降低酪蛋白酸钠-精油乳液的粒径及PDI值。1%酪蛋白酸钠和3%HPCD共同稳定的肉桂精油纳米乳液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的生长有良好的抑制作用,当精油添加量为10%时,大肠杆菌浓度降低了2.62 Lg(CFU/mL),金黄色葡萄球菌浓度降低了0.85 Lg(CFU/mL);乳液在4、25和40℃下储存过程中的粒径、乳化指数的变化表明1%酪蛋白酸钠和3%HPCD共同乳化的肉桂精油纳米乳液具备良好的稳定性。仅当精油浓度10%时,乳液的粒径、乳化指数随着储藏时间的延长有所增加,但荧光显微镜显示乳液中油滴仍然分布相对均匀。     

胭脂虫红W/O/W乳液工艺

采用双乳化法制备胭脂虫红W/O/W复合乳液,以纯胭脂虫红酸水溶液作为内水相,大豆油为油相,司盘80、磷脂为亲油性乳化剂,将内水相、油相、亲油性乳化剂混合,在高剪切分散乳化机上以10 000 r/min的转速搅拌10 min,得到初乳。阿拉伯胶溶于水作为外水相,与初乳混合后用均质机均质后得到胭脂虫红W/O/W复合乳液。结果表明,采用双乳化法制备胭脂虫红W/O/W复合乳液,不仅能提高胭脂虫红在酸性条件下的稳定性,还能解决胭脂虫红在食品中形成色斑、不易涂抹问题,并能扩大胭脂虫红在食品领域的使用范围。     

以南极磷虾油为天然乳化剂制备O/W型乳液的工艺优化

南极磷虾油(AKO)在HLB值为6～16时具有较好的乳化能力,且在HLB值为8～11时表现最佳,倾向于形成水包油(O/W)型乳液。以南极磷虾油为乳化剂,鱼油为油相,制备O/W型乳液。研究了剪切速率、油相含量、AKO含量对乳液体系的影响,并利用单因素实验优化制备条件。结果表明:在南极磷虾油含量为3%,剪切速率为12 000 r/min,乳化时间为5 min,鱼油含量为60%条件下制备的乳液综合表现最好。     

外水相中天然大分子对W/O/W型多重乳状液性质的影响

通过添加天然大分子提高W/O/W型多重乳状液的稳定性。外水相中添加的乳清分离蛋白(WPI)与羧甲基纤维素(CMC)两种物质形成的混合物,可作为亲水性稳定剂来提高乳状液的稳定性。采用两步法制备W/O/W型多重乳状液,研究不同的外水相pH值、WPI与CMC的比例和添加量对W/O/W型多重乳状液性质的影响;以粒径、zeta-电位、黏度、稳定性等指标确定W/O/W型多重乳状液的最优制备条件。研究结果表明:当pH=6时,WPI与CMC的比例10∶1,添加量4.4%,WPI与CMC相互作用形成的混合物吸附在油水界面,形成的界面膜的厚度及韧性较好,W/O/W型多重乳状液的粒径较小,稳定性较高(79%)。     

负载碳酸钙的水包油包固乳液稳定性及相互作用研究

碳酸钙由于分散稳定性差,很难在食品基质中传递。水包油包固(solid-in-oil-in-water, S/O/W)三相载体乳液作为食品营养素的载体,具有制备成本低、工艺简单等优点。为提高碳酸钙在液态食品中的分散稳定性,实现较高品质利用,该文以黄原胶(xanthan gum, XG)和海藻酸丙二醇酯(propylene glycol alginate, PGA)复凝聚为水相,精制猪油为油相,通过高速剪切分散构建负载碳酸钙的S/O/W钙-脂质乳液,考察PGA和XG复凝聚的界面活性和相互作用,研究不同配比PGA-XG复合物制备乳液的物理稳定性、Zeta电位、表观黏度、粒径分布及微观结构。结果表明,PGA与XG以氢键的方式产生相互作用,复凝聚后显著降低了XG在油水界面的表面张力;m(PGA)∶m(XG)=4∶6时,乳液Zeta电位为(-43.3±0.1) mV,平均粒径为(1.59±0.08)μm,有较好的物理稳定性和流变学特性,碳酸钙位于油相内部。该研究结果可丰富构建S/O/W传递系统理论,为开发新型营养素输送载体提供参考。     

常用食品乳化剂对复合骨汤乳化稳定效果的影响

以稳定系数R值、平均粒径D_[4,3]及粒径分布系数PDI、Zeta电位和乳液黏度为指标,探究了不同食品乳化剂(蔗糖酯、单甘酯、吐温80、大豆卵磷脂和酪蛋白酸钠)及其添加量对复合骨汤乳化稳定效果的影响。研究结果表明,与原复合骨汤相比,添加乳化剂后复合骨汤乳液的稳定性都得到显著提高(P<0.05);5种乳化剂的最佳乳化效果添加浓度分别为蔗糖酯2.5%、单甘酯2.5%、吐温80 0.5%、大豆卵磷脂2.5%、酪蛋白酸钠2.0%;不同乳化剂对复合骨汤乳液的乳化、稳定效果和机制不同,优劣次序为吐温80>大豆卵磷脂>蔗糖酯>单甘酯>酪蛋白酸钠;结合乳液稳定性及感官评价结果,复合骨汤中分别添加2.5%蔗糖酯和1.5%大豆卵磷脂时稳定性和感官品质最好。     

乳清分离蛋白-黄原胶复合乳化剂制备南瓜籽油O/W型乳液及其稳定性北大核心CSCD

为提高南瓜籽油(PSO)的稳定性,以及提高由单一乳清分离蛋白(WPI)作为乳化剂制备的水包油(O/W)型乳液的稳定性,制备了黄原胶(XG)与乳清分离蛋白协同稳定的南瓜籽油O/W型乳液,探究了黄原胶添加量及添加顺序对乳液性质及其稳定性的影响。结果表明:黄原胶质量浓度为2.0 mg/mL时,乳液平均粒径最小,为(10.53±0.06)μm,而ζ-电位绝对值最大,为(37.92±0.61)mV,乳液稳定性最好;黄原胶添加顺序不同,乳液稳定性有所差别,其中乳液WPI-PSO-XG(乳清分离蛋白与南瓜籽油乳化得粗乳液,再加黄原胶二次分散得到的乳液)的物理和化学稳定性最好;加速氧化实验显示,乳液的过氧化值(POV)及硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)值均低于南瓜籽油,其中乳液WPI-PSO-XG的POV和TBARS值最低,与南瓜籽油相比,分别降低了16.13 mmol/kg和17.63μmol/L,表现出良好的氧化稳定性。说明南瓜籽油与乳清分离蛋白制备成初乳液,再加入黄原胶,可使乳液稳定性提高。     

酒精对酪蛋白酸钠溶液及O/W乳状液的影响

介绍了酒精对酪蛋白酸钠溶液及酪蛋白稳定的O/W乳状液性质的影响 .试验表明酒精在一定程度上可以降低酪蛋白酸钠的溶解度 .界面张力的测定则表明酒精的存在在很大程度上可以降低油—水界面和油—酪蛋白溶液界面的界面张力 .含酒精的乳状液体系的粘度会由于酒精的存在而提高 ,在酒精体积分数达 3 0 %时 ,乳状液体系的粘度会突然大幅度升高 .通过O/W乳状液的分层稳定性测定可发现 ,低浓度的酒精可以提高酪蛋白稳定的乳状液的分层稳定性 ,但酒精质体积分数超过 3 2 %时 ,乳状液的分层稳定性会受到破坏 .含酒精的O/W乳状液体系中油相含量的提高在一定范围内可以提高乳状液的稳定性 ,但高分散相浓度的含酒精的乳状液体系中由于连续相中酒精浓度的提高使乳状液体系稳定性下降 .     

Release rate profiles of magnesium from multiple W/O/W emulsions

Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions were formulated based on rapeseed oil, olive oil, olein and miglyol. Polyglycerol polyricinoleate and sodium caseinate were used as lipophilic and hydrophilic emulsifiers, respectively. Magnesium was encapsulated in the inner aqueous droplets. Emulsion stability was assayed through particle sizing and magnesium release at two storage temperatures (4 and 25 °C) over 1 month. Irrespective of the oil nature, both the primary W/O and W/O/W emulsions were quite stable regarding the size parameters, with 10-μm fat globules and 1-μm internal water droplets. Magnesium leakage from W/O/W emulsions was influenced by the oil type used in the formulation: the higher leakage values were obtained for the oils characterized by the lower viscosity and the higher proportion of saturated fatty acids. Magnesium release was not due to droplet–globule coalescence but rather to diffusion and/or permeation mechanisms with a characteristic rate that varied over time. In addition, W/O/W emulsions were resistant to various thermal treatments that mimicked that used in pasteurization processes. Finally, when W/O/W emulsions were placed in the presence of pancreatic lipase, the emulsion triglycerides were hydrolysed by the enzyme. These results indicated a possible use of W/O/W emulsions loaded with magnesium ions in food applications.     

Effect of Aqueous Phase Composition on Stability of Sodium Caseinate/Sunflower oil Emulsions

The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of aqueous phase composition on the stability of emulsions formulated with 10 wt% sunflower oil as fat phase. Aqueous phase was formulated with 0.5, 2, or 5 wt% sodium caseinate, or sodium caseinate with the addition of two different hydrocolloids, xanthan gum or locust bean gum, both at 0.3 or 0.5 wt% level or sodium caseinate or with addition of 20 wt% sucrose. Emulsions were processed by Ultra-Turrax and then further homogenized by ultrasound. Creaming and flocculation kinetics were quantified by analyzing the samples with a Turbiscan MA 2000. Emulsions were also analyzed for particle size distribution, microstructure, viscosity, and dynamic surface properties. The most stable systems of all selected in the present work were the 0.3 or 0.5 wt% XG or 0.5 wt% LBG/0.5 wt% NaCas coarse emulsion and the 20 wt% sucrose/5 wt% NaCas fine emulsion. Surprisingly, coarse emulsions with the lower concentration of NaCas, which had greater D _4,3, were more stable than fine emulsions when the aqueous phase contained XG or LBG. In these conditions, the overall effect was less negative bulk interactions between hydrocolloids and sodium caseinate, which led to stability. Sugar interacted in a positive way, both in bulk and at the interface sites, producing more stable systems for small-droplet high-protein-concentration emulsions. This study shows the relevance of components interactions in microstructure and stability of caseinate emulsions.     

Synergistic effects of polyglycerol ester of polyricinoleic acid and sodium caseinate on the stabilisation of water–oil–water emulsions

The inherent thermodynamic instability of water–oil–water (W/O/W) emulsions has restrictions for their application in food systems. The objective of this study was to develop a food grade W/O/W emulsions with high yield and stability using minimal concentrations of surfactants. Emulsions were prepared using soybean oil, polyglycerol ester of polyricinoleic acid (PGPR) alone or in combination with sodium caseinate (NaCN) as emulsifier(s) for primary water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions and NaCN as the sole emulsifier for secondary W/O/W emulsions. Increasing the concentration of PGPR (0.5–8%w/v) had no effect on the droplet sizes of the resulting W/O/W emulsions. However, significant increases in droplet sizes of W/O/W emulsions were observed when the concentration of NaCN in external phase was reduced from 0.5 to 0.03% (w/v) (p<0.05). Percentage yields of emulsions (using a water-soluble dye) improved when PGPR concentration in the inner phase was increased from 0.5 to 8% (w/v). A stable W/O/W emulsion with a yield >90% could be prepared with 4% (w/v) PGPR alone as primary hydrophobic emulsifier and 0.5% (w/v) NaCN as external hydrophilic emulsifier. The concentration of PGPR in the inner phase could be reduced to 2% (w/v) without affecting the yield and stability of the W/O/W emulsion by partially replacing PGPR with 0.5% (w/v) NaCN, which was added to the aqueous phase of the primary W/O emulsion. The results indicate that a possible synergistic effect may exist between PGPR and NaCN, thus allowing formulation of double emulsions with reduced surfactant concentration.     

Development of multiple emulsions based on the repulsive interaction between sodium caseinate and LBG

The stability of oil-in-water, water-in-water and multiple emulsions containing sodium caseinate (Na-CN) and/or locust bean gum (LBG) at pH 5.5 was investigated with different compositions using a visual analysis (creaming and/or phase separation), optical microscopy and rheological measurements. Oil-in-water emulsions (O/W) were produced by high pressure homogenization, which promoted the formation of very small droplets (∼0.4 μm) and hindered the destabilization process. In the second step of this study, a visual phase diagram was constructed in order to identify the concentrations of sodium caseinate (Na-CN) and locust bean gum (LBG) that led to phase separation at pH 5.5. A mixed solution composed of 3% (w/v) Na-CN and 0.3% (w/v) LBG was chosen to produce the water-in-water and multiple emulsions. After centrifugation, the solution was separated into an upper phase rich in polysaccharide (PS) and a bottom phase rich in protein (PR), which were mixed in different proportions (1:3, 1:1, 3:1), forming the water-in-water (W/W) emulsions. The stability, microstructure and rheological properties of the W/W emulsions depended strongly on the composition of the biopolymers. An increase in the polysaccharide concentration in the W/W emulsions led to the production of more viscous and stable systems. Multiple emulsions with different characteristics were prepared and also depended on the biopolymer composition. The system with the highest polysaccharide content was the only one that showed an O/W/W structure, while the others presented the microstructure of an O/W-W/W emulsion.     

Influence of xanthan gum on the formation and stability of sodium caseinate oil-in-water emulsions

Studies have been made of the changes in droplet sizes, surface coverage and creaming stability of emulsions formed with 30% (w/w) soya oil, and aqueous solution containing 1 or 3% (w/w) sodium caseinate and varying concentrations of xanthan gum. Addition of xanthan prior to homogenization had no significant effect on average emulsion droplet size and surface protein concentration in all emulsions studied. However, addition of low levels of xanthan (≤0.2 wt%) caused flocculation of droplets that resulted in a large decrease in creaming stability and visual phase separation. At higher xanthan concentrations, the creaming stability improved, apparently due to the formation of network of flocculated droplets. It was found that emulsions formed with 3% sodium caseinate in the absence of xanthan showed extensive flocculation that resulted in very low creaming stability. The presence of xanthan in these emulsions increased the creaming stability, although the emulsion droplets were still flocculated. It appears that creaming stability of emulsions made with mixtures of sodium caseinate and xanthan was more closely related to the structure and rheology of the emulsion itself rather than to the rheology of the aqueous phase.     

Effect of a new emulsifier containing sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate and carrageenan on the functionality of meat emulsion systems

The emulsion capacity and stability of a new emulsifier containing sodium stearoyl lactylate plus iota carrageenan (SSL/iC) in comparison to caseinate and soy isolate was analysed. The emulsion capacity and stability of SSL/iC in oil/water (O/W) model system emulsions was higher than shown by caseinate and soy isolate. However, the O/W emulsion stability was negatively affected by sodium chloride addition, but positively affected by an increase in temperature. Meat batters were made with caseinate, soy isolate, and SSL/iC at the minimum concentration that showed a good performance (>75% stability) in the O/W emulsions. The emulsifier SSL/iC produced high cook yields and good stability when used in meat batters. However, the cooked meat batters containing SSL/iC showed texture characteristics highly detrimental to the sensory analysis. On the other hand, the addition of 2% potato starch reduced the differences in texture parameters among the samples made with the different emulsifiers.     

STABILITY OF OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS. 2. Effects of Oil Phase Volume, Stability Test, Viscosity, Type of Oil and Protein Additive

SUMMARY –Stability of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized in sodium caseinate, gelatin and soy sodium proteinate was found to be increased by either an increase in the aqueous phase protein concentration (0.5–2.5%) or oil phase volume (20–50%). Both factors were significantly interrelated. Emulsions stabilized by soy sodium proteinate were generally higher in stability as compared to those stabilized by gelatin or sodium caseinate. With emulsions containing gelatin, greater stability occurred when the stability testing temperature was increased from 37–70°C and when the time interval was decreased from 24 hr to 90 min. Maximum relative viscosities of emulsions stabilized by gelatin and sodium caseinate were 2.0 and 2.5, respectively. Emulsions stabilized by soy sodium proteinate were quite viscous, with relative viscosity from 1.5–30 depending on both protein concentration and oil phase volume. Interchanging the emulsified oil among corn, soybean, safflower and peanut oils did not alter emulsion stability when examined at three concentrations of soy sodium proteinate. Changing the oil to olive oil significantly increased emulsion stability at each soy sodium proteinate level with oil phase volumes of 30, 40 and 50%.     

Preparation and Characterization of Water/Oil/Water Emulsions Stabilized by Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate and Whey Protein Isolate

ABSTRACT: In this study we tried to prepare stable water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions using polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) as a hydrophobic emulsifier and whey protein isolate (WPI) as a hydrophilic emulsifier. At first, water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions was prepared, and then 40 wt% of this W/O emulsion was homogenized with 60 wt% aqueous solution of different WPI contents (2, 4, and 6 wt% WPI) using a high-pressure homogenizer (14 and 22 MPa) to produce W/O/W emulsions. The mean size of final W/O/W droplets ranged from 3.3 to 9.9 μm in diameter depending on the concentrations of PGPR and WPI. It was shown that most of the W/O/W droplets were small (<5 μm) in size but a small population of large oil droplets (d > 20 μm) was also occasionally observed. W/O/W emulsions prepared at the homogenization pressure of 22 MPa had a larger mean droplet size than that prepared at 14 MPa, and showed a microstructure consisting of mainly approximately 6 to 7-μm droplets. When a water-soluble dye PTSA as a model ingredient was loaded in the inner water phase, all W/O/W emulsions showed a high encapsulation efficiency of the dye (>90%) in the inner water phase. Even after 2 wk of storage, >90% of the encapsulated dye still remained in the inner water phase; however, severe droplet aggregation was observed at relatively high PGPR and WPI concentrations.     

Influence of pH and biopolymer ratio on sodium caseinate—guar gum interactions in aqueous solutions and in O/W emulsions

Many colloidal food systems contain both proteins and polysaccharides. In the present study, the phase behaviour of mixed sodium caseinate—guar gum aqueous solutions was investigated: segregative phase separation was observed in solutions containing at least 0.04% of guar gum and 1.6% of sodium caseinate, thus indicating the limited compatibility of the polysaccharide and the protein.In addition, the functionality of guar gum as gravitational stabilizer in sodium caseinate stabilized 25% O/W emulsions was checked. At pH conditions significantly larger than the iso-electric point (IEP) of sodium caseinate, addition of small amounts of guar gum (0.1–0.2%) gave raise to fast serum separation, which was thought to be due to depletion flocculation. Increasing the polysaccharide concentration and/or the oil volume fraction limited the degree of phase separation, since depletion flocculation induced a sufficiently strong three-dimensional network to withstand gravity effects.Considering different guar gum concentrations at pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5, it became obvious that the phase separation behaviour in the absence of guar gum was largely affected by the pH, whereas in the presence of at least 0.1% of guar gum it became mainly affected by the guar gum concentration. Hereby, higher guar gum concentrations introduced a longer delay time before separation could effectively be detected. As laser diffraction particle size analysis results were not significantly affected by guar gum addition, it was concluded that the guar gum-induced flocculation was weak in nature and largely reversible.Combining all results, it was concluded that guar gum could effectively be used to prevent phase separation problems that could occur due to flocculation around the protein's IEP, provided that at least 1.0% of guar gum is added to ensure depletion stabilization by formation of a sufficiently strong three-dimensional network to overcome separation effects. Increasing the ionic strength through addition of salt further reinforces the network in order to prevent its collapse due to gravity.