Finding optimal ventilation control for highway tunnels

A control scheme for highway tunnels is designed based on a static model of the highway tunnel. The controller is designed to keep the exhaust levels inside the tunnel below given limits. The control is then simulated on a dynamical model of a highway tunnel.     

The influence of longitudinal ventilation systems on fires in tunnels

Many tunnels are equipped with longitudinal ventilation systems to control smoke in the event of a fire. However, the influence of such ventilation on fire development and fire spread has rarely been considered. This paper presents the results of a study investigating the influence of forced longitudinal ventilation on car fires, pool fires and heavy goods vehicle fires in tunnels. A Bayesian probabilistic approach is used to refine estimates, made by a panel of experts, with data from experimental fire tests in tunnels. Results are presented and the implications are discussed. The influence of longitudinal ventilation on heavy goods vehicle fires is predicted to be much larger than the experts’ estimates, causing a fire to grow ten times larger than if natural ventilation was used. The effect of ventilation on a pool fire in a tunnel depends on the size of the pool; the heat release rate of small pool fires may be reduced by forced ventilation, whereas it may be enlarged for large pool fires. The size of a car fire is not expected to be greatly affected by forced ventilation at low ventilation velocities.     

如何解决地铁站台隧道的通风排烟问题

介绍了防排烟设计在地铁建筑设计及火灾中的重要性 ,以及目前国内地铁防排烟设施的情况 ,并详细地分析了地铁建筑的防排烟方面存在的问题及防火设计的对策     

Longitudinal ventilation for smoke control in a tilted tunnel by scale modeling

Longitudinal ventilation systems are commonly installed in new tunnels in large cities of the Far East including Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Many tunnels are found in big cities and some of them are inclined at an angle to the horizontal. However, smoke movement in tilted tunnels is not fully understood. In some of the tunnels, the ventilation system was designed based on presumed smoke movement pattern without experimental demonstration. Smoke movement pattern in a tilted tunnel model was studied by using a scaled model. A 1/50 tunnel model of length 2 m with adjustable angle to the horizontal was constructed by transparent acrylic plastics. A small 0.097 kW propanol pool fire was used as the heat source combined with burning pellets generating smoke. A fan placed at the upstream end was used to create longitudinal ventilation. Different ventilation rates were set using a transformer to control or adjust the fan speed. Experiments were performed with the tunnel angle varying up to 30° to the horizontal. Effect of smoke screens was also studied. The observed smoke movement patterns indicated that the shape of the buoyant plume inside the tunnel depends on the tilted angle. Smoke would flow along the tunnel floor due to gravity. The bending angle of the plume depends on the tunnel angle. Tunnel inclined at greater angles to the horizontal would give larger amount of smoke flow. Smoke movement pattern for a tilted tunnel with smoke screens was observed to be very different from some design projects. All results will be reported in this paper.     

公路隧道火灾排烟设计探讨

为解决特长隧道常规火灾排烟方法的局限性,介绍了国内外常用隧道火灾通风和排烟设计方式,提出了特长隧道通风设计和防灾设计区别对待的设计理念,优化设计了火灾发生后的排烟方案,对今后的隧道火灾排烟设计工作有一定参考意义。     

Variation of heat release rate with forced longitudinal ventilation for vehicle fires in tunnels

Many tunnels are equipped with longitudinal ventilation systems to control smoke in the event of a fire. However, the influence of such ventilation on fire development and fire spread has rarely been considered. This paper presents the results of a study using a Bayesian methodology to estimate the effect of forced longitudinal ventilation on heat release rate (HRR) for fires in tunnels. The behaviour of car and heavy goods vehicle (HGV) fires with a range of forced ventilation velocities is investigated. Results are presented and the implications are discussed. It has been found that forced ventilation has a great enhancing effect on the HRR of HGV fires, but has little effect on the HRR of car fires.     

简述城市下穿隧道的消防设计

以中山三路隧道为例,分别介绍城市下穿隧道消防设计的组成、消防设备的设置,以及各消防设备之间的联动控制等,对今后同类城市下穿隧道消防设计具有指导意义。     

Experimental study of water mist fire suppression in tunnels under longitudinal ventilation

This paper studies water mist fire suppression under different longitudinal ventilation velocities in tunnels by small-scale experiments. After a scaling study, two mist nozzles are used for suppressing crib fires under 5 ventilation speeds. The result comes out that fire suppression process can be divided into three stages including flame unitary restraining stage, surface flame extinguishing stage and inside flame suppression stage. Several factors influencing efficiency are investigated. When the interval between mist nozzle and fire source enlarges, the relationship curve between fire suppression time and ventilation velocity shows a ‘V’ figure. The best ventilation speed exists. Following the rules summarized, a coupling system of water mist and ventilation may increase fire suppression efficiency remarkably.     

Influence of tunnel width on longitudinal smoke control

The objective is to carry out experiments on scale models and CFD calculations in order to study the influence of tunnel width W on critical velocity (for a given tunnel height H). By definition, the critical velocity is the minimum longitudinal velocity needed to prevent smoke back flow when a fire occurs in a tunnel. Two different experimental reduced scale models are used: the first one is a thermal model using a propane gas flame to simulate the fire and the second one is a densimetrical model in which the fire-induced- smoke is represented by a continuous release of an isothermal buoyant mixing. In both approaches, for aspect ratios W/H greater than unity, it is noticed that the critical velocity decreases when the width increases, as predicted by theory, but for low values of the aspect ratio (i.e. when W<H) and for high enough fire heat release rates, the critical velocity significantly increases with tunnel width. This can be associated to a change in the transverse flow pattern close to the buoyant source. Complementary CFD calculations are also presented in order to describe the influence of the lateral confinement on smoke plume spreading and then, on critical velocity.     

Study of the critical velocity in tunnels with longitudinal ventilation and spray systems

Based on the Froude similarity law, a small-scale tunnel model (1/14) was built based in this study to investigate critical velocities of tunnels. Critical velocity is the minimum air velocity required to resist the spread of smoke from a fire upstream in a tunnel. A set of experiments was conducted to investigate the critical velocities under different experimental conditions by varying the heat release rate of the fire, ambient temperature, operating pressure and arrangement of the nozzles. The results of the tests with no spray indicated that the ambient temperature has little impact on the critical velocity. Moreover, based on the dimensionless analysis method, a new correlation was established to predict the critical velocities in the tunnel without Water spray-based Fixed Fire Fighting Systems (WFFFS). The accuracy of the correlation was illustrated by the results of the present tests and a number of tests on different scales published by other scholars. Furthermore, 60 tests with WFFFS activation were carried out. The results show that the critical velocity is significantly reduced after the water spray discharged from the nozzles. The maximum reduction of the critical velocity is approximately 31%. The reduction of the critical velocity strongly depends on the number, positions and operating pressures of the nozzles. The mechanisms of the reduction of the critical velocity caused by spraying were discussed. The cooling effect of the water droplets on hot gas is not the only mechanism for decreasing the critical velocity caused by spraying. Spraying increases the inertial force of the longitudinal airflow and is the other mechanism for the reduction.     

谈地下汽车库通风排烟系统设计

从设计的角度分析了地下汽车库通风排烟设计过程中的一些常见问题,提出了这些问题的解决方法,达到了使通风排烟系统设计技术先进、经济合理、满足消防要求的效果。     

地铁长大山岭隧道通风及防排烟系统方案

结合中梁山地铁隧道工程,对地铁长大山岭隧道平时通风、火灾时通风和防排烟系统方案,以及人员疏散方案进行了探讨.消防性能化论证结果表明,中梁山隧道采用的无竖井通风及防排烟系统方案是合理可行的.     

Experimental studies on smoke movement in a model tunnel with longitudinal ventilation

Results from a series of fire tests carried out in a horizontal model tunnel (1:10) with longitudinal ventilation are presented. Pool fire with methanol as the fuel was used to simulate the fire source. Temperature and velocity distribution in the model tunnel were measured. The heat release rate, maximum gas temperature under the ceiling, back-layering length and critical velocity were investigated and compared with models proposed previously. Predicted maximum gas temperature under tunnel ceiling by Kurioka’s model agreed well with the experimental data with maximum discrepancy less than 20%. Dimensionless back-layering length was found decreased with the increase of the dimensionless ventilation velocity nearly linearly. Due to the difference between the experimental conditions and validating conditions of models proposed previously, diversities were found between the experimental results and predicted values base on Froude modeling. Maximum discrepancy on critical velocity might be about 40%. Models considering the effect of boundaries and heat loss of smoke more detailedly remain to be further developed.     

A numerical study on smoke movement in longitudinal ventilation tunnel fires for different aspect ratio

In this study, numerical simulation was carried out to analyze the effect of the aspect ratio on smoke movement in tunnel fires using FDS 3.0. Temperature distribution under the ceiling showed a relatively good agreement with experimental results within 10 °C. It confirmed the possibility of application of FDS code to tunnel fires. Results from varying of the aspect ratio showed good agreement with experimental data. Temperature near the fire source decreased with the increase of the aspect ratio. But, the rate of the temperature decrease was reduced by the decrease of the heat loss in the spanwise direction. Clear height of the simulation by the analysis of the velocity distribution was about 3% higher than that of the experimental result. Numerical results predicted the back-layering distance and the critical velocity reasonably.     

城市快速通道入口匝道火灾反向通风烟气控制研究

利用数值模拟研究城市快速通道入口匝道火灾反向通风烟气控制模式下人员疏散的安全性。选取匝道长度为500 m，坡度为6%，火灾规模为22.5 MW的典型火灾场景，以2 m高处的温度及能见度作为判据，采用FDS和Pathfinder分析不同匝道火源位置情况下的人员疏散安全性。结果表明：当火源位置距离匝道入口处较近时，直接采用反向通风模式能够保证人员安全疏散。火源与匝道入口的距离会影响人员疏散的安全裕度，若火源位置距离匝道入口处较远，采用反向通风模式将影响匝道内人员的安全疏散。     

防排烟系统与通风空调系统兼用的相关技术措施

为实现风机的兼用,提出通过划分防烟分区,使排烟风量与通风风量保持一致的方法。强调排烟工况下管网总阻力、漏风量均远大于通风空调工况,必须严格认真地计算。     

The use of impulse ventilation for smoke control in underground car parks

Impulse ventilation systems (IVS) are used to provide ventilation for covered car parks and to control the smoke in the event of fire. In this paper the interaction between the fire ceiling jet and the flow driven by jet fans is studied using CFD simulations. A sensitivity analysis considering important parameters as position and intensity of fire source, transversal distance between jet fans, restriction of exhaust flow rate and dimension of car park exhaust opening is carried out and rules for the design of 50 N thrust jet fans are deduced. An analytical model for the flow field near the ceiling is developed and compared with CFD simulations. This model is intended to support a first approach of the design of IVS.     

纵向通风隧道内火灾烟气流动的控制

讨论了纵向通风隧道火灾和相关烟气形成现象。利用计算机流体动力模型模拟烟气流动，获得可以与试验数据进行比较的预测结果。在Richardson数字基础上，采用了不同参考稳定值，结果发现，直接利用火灾热释放速率所获得的温度值会产生最有用的结果。试验结果与数值预测结果的比较发现，两者吻合较好。笔者验证了利用容积测定火源模拟火灾的情况。结果的准确性很大程度上取决于对墙和屋顶的热传递。     

关于防排烟系统设计的几点探讨

结合工作实践,从加压送风系统、机械排烟系统、楼梯间及汽车库排烟等方面分析了民用建筑防排烟系统设计过程中出现的一些问题,并提出了自己的见解,以确保防排烟系统设计合理,保证人员安全。