长江口登陆台风增水数值模拟

1810号强台风“安比”是1990年以来直接登陆上海的最强台风,却并未诱发较大风暴增水。采用ERA-Interim数据集作为背景风场资料建立了双重嵌套的高分辨率风暴潮与天文潮耦合数学模型,研究了台风“安比”在长江口地区风暴潮增水特征及成因。结果表明:台风期间增水主要集中在长江口北支出口沿岸,而长江口南支在台风登陆后出现明显的减水过程,台风登陆位置导致了长江口南、北支增水分布的差异;移行风对台风路径右侧增水影响更大,除梯度风场的向岸风作用外,落潮期间移行风场的作用致使连兴港附近岸段风暴增水平均增幅26.8%;除台风强度外,台风路径也是影响长江口地区风暴增水大小的重要因素之一。     

长江口登陆台风增水数值模拟——以“安比”为例

1810号强台风"安比"是1990年以来直接登陆上海的最强台风,却并未诱发较大风暴增水。采用ERAInterim数据集作为背景风场资料建立了双重嵌套的高分辨率风暴潮与天文潮耦合数学模型,研究了台风"安比"在长江口地区风暴潮增水特征及成因。结果表明:台风期间增水主要集中在长江口北支出口沿岸,而长江口南支在台风登陆后出现明显的减水过程,台风登陆位置导致了长江口南、北支增水分布的差异;移行风对台风路径右侧增水影响更大,除梯度风场的向岸风作用外,落潮期间移行风场的作用致使连兴港附近岸段风暴增水平均增幅26.8%;除台风强度外,台风路径也是影响长江口地区风暴增水大小的重要因素之一。     

湍黏系数对浅滩海域三维风暴潮的影响

利用WRF大气模式和基于有限体积法的三维海洋数值模型FVCOM,建立了连云港及其附近浅滩海域的三维风暴潮流数学模型。运用k-ε和MY-2.5两种不同的湍流模型,对"韦帕"台风作用下的三维风暴潮流进行了数值模拟,并对计算得到的三维风暴潮流流场结果和垂向湍流黏性系数结果进行了对比分析。计算分析结果表明,两种不同湍流模型计算所得的风暴潮增水差别很小,可以忽略;但在风生流较强的时间段内,MY-2.5湍流模型计算所得的水平流速流向沿垂向分布并不一致,而k-ε湍流模型的计算结果较好,与实测分层潮流资料更为符合。研究结果表明,垂向湍流黏性系数沿水深的垂向分布对浅滩海域风暴潮流水平流速的垂向结构至关重要,建议选用k-ε湍流模型计算垂向湍流黏性系数和湍流扩散系数。     

台风天气下通州湾港区附近海域风暴增水分布研究

为规划通州湾港区建设,考虑极端天气下海域风暴增水的影响。以Holland台风模型和ERA5再分析气象资料作为驱动,基于Delft3D模型与ADCIRC模型构建大小嵌套的风暴潮数学模型。根据移行路径对1945—2021年间影响通州湾海域的台风进行科学分类,包括北侧掠过型、东侧掠过型、南侧掠过型、西侧掠过型和直接穿过型,每类选取3场典型台风,复演选取的15场典型台风过程,计算分析极端天气下通州湾港区海域的风暴增水分布特征。研究结果表明：通州湾港区附近海域在台风风暴极端天气下最大增水为0.5～1.0 m,以大洋港深槽、冷家沙外侧水道为中心往外海逐渐减小,南侧掠过型台风期间出现风暴增水极大值。通州湾增水大小与台风风场引起的风暴流场时空变化直接相关。     

“达维”台风作用下连云港海域台风浪数值模拟

为准确模拟"达维"台风过境期间连云港海域波浪场分布,采用Jelesnianski风场模式模拟的海面10m风速作为波浪模式MIKE-SW的驱动风场,再现1210号"达维"台风登陆连云港海域波浪变化过程。模拟计算结果表明,Jelesnianski风场模式成功复演了"达维"台风过境期间风动力变化过程,1210号"达维"台风与1209号"苏拉"台风形成明显的双台风效应;"达维"台风风暴潮期间,连云港海洋站最大风暴增水1.78m,连云港海域风暴增水现象十分明显;利用三重网格嵌套技术,考虑实时风暴潮增水效应的台风浪模型能够较好地模拟连云港近海波浪成长过程,台风过境期间徐圩海洋站处H1/3波高最大值为3.86m,近岸海域波高等值线分布较为密集,分布趋势与水下地形等深线基本一致,破波带以内水域衰减速度明显加快,与连云港海域属于淤泥质海岸类型的性质相吻合。     

波浪辐射应力对风暴增水的影响研究

波浪辐射应力引起的增水是风暴增水的重要组成部分,研究台风过程中波浪辐射应力在风暴增水中的作用对于准确预报风暴潮有十分重要的意义。选用藤田台风模型模拟台风场,采用SWAN模型模拟台风浪以及辐射应力,应用垂向积分的二维数学模型ADCIRC计算风暴潮。首先模拟理想地形条件下,规则波和不规则波斜向岸边入射过程中的波浪变化,研究波高、波浪辐射应力和增水的沿程分布特征;然后计算了台风Winnie过程中浙江沿海的波浪情况,通过计算得到了波浪辐射应力增减水的空间分布特征和随时间的变化趋势,并分析了其对风暴增水的影响。     

ELCIRC模型在番禺区台风暴潮数值模拟中的应用

基于水动力模型ELCIRC建立了珠江口天文潮与风暴潮耦合模型,风场计算采用QSCAT/NCEP混合风场和台风经验模型风场相加的方法,南中国海大范围模型提供外海边界,在对模型进行验证后,分别选取了"0313号"台风"杜鹃","0601号"台风"珍珠"和"0814号"台风"黑格比",代表登陆型、北进型和西进型路径的台风进行番禺区台风暴潮的数值模拟计算,计算结果表明能较准确地反映番禺区台风暴潮的增水值及出现时间。     

台风多发区域涉海工程设计极值流速的计算

半埋式海底输油管线等海洋工程建设以后,由于底层水流的作用,会导致管道附近海域海床遭受冲刷,给管道安全带来很大的隐患。为了给海底管道等涉海工程选址提供设计参数,避免因底层流速过大而造成管道冲刷悬空,影响到管道的安全,采用三维风暴潮流模型计算了管道区域重现期风暴潮流流速,并推算了海域表层、底层极值流速的分布情况。研究结果表明:2号站10 a一遇、20 a一遇和50 a一遇的表层最大流速分别为257,284 cm/s和323 cm/s,底层最大流速分别为188,203 cm/s和222 cm/s。20 a一遇的风暴潮流流速与潮流最大可能流速基本相近,因此风暴潮流影响不可忽略。     

琼州海峡台风风暴潮增水过程的数值分析

建立琼州海峡风暴潮与天文潮耦合数值模型,并通过1409号"威马逊"台风实测数据验证模型的可靠性,随后通过多组数值试验研究琼州海峡风暴潮与台风移动路径、最大风速半径及中心气压的关系。结果表明:台风移动路径与增水分布关系密切;随着台风最大风速半径的增大,琼州海峡区域风暴增水达到增水极值的时间提前且增水极值增大,但增水极值增加幅度逐渐减小,距离台风中心路径较近区域其增水极值受半径变化的影响相对较小。琼州海峡风暴增水极值随台风中心气压的降低而增大,台风中心气压降低10 h Pa,增水极值增加10%左右。     

麦莎台风期间渤海风暴潮数值模拟

利用平面二维水流模型反演了2005年麦莎台风期间渤海风暴潮、天文潮及最大增水时空分布,分析了风应力系数对渤海流场的影响,认为风应力系数取0.000 63比较合适.模拟结果表明:麦莎台风期间最大增水主要在渤海西岸,为0.8～1.6 m;最大增水发生时遭遇天文潮高潮,加剧了麦莎台风致灾的力度.     

Storm surge model based on variational data assimilation method

By combining computation and observation information,the variational data assimilation method has the ability to eliminate errors caused by the uncertainty of parameters in practical forecasting.It was applied to a storm surge model based on unstructured grids with high spatial resolution meant for improving the forecasting accuracy of the storm surge.By controlling the wind stress drag coefficient,the variation-based model was developed and validated through data assimilation tests in an actual storm surge induced by a typhoon.In the data assimilation tests,the model accurately identified the wind stress drag coefficient and obtained results close to the true state.Then,the actual storm surge induced by Typhoon 0515 was forecast by the developed model,and the results demonstrate its efficiency in practical application.     

基于台风参数模型的江苏海域风暴增减水研究

以正面袭击江苏的"达维"台风为例,运用台风参数模型、第三代波浪模型和基于浅水方程水动力模型对台风期间江苏沿海的风暴增减水进行模拟研究。首先,运用Je氏台风参数模型模拟了台风的梯度风场,并与NECP再分析风场数据对"达维"台风场进行合成,与观测值进行比较,拟合结果良好;然后,以模拟的台风风场为驱动,模拟台风经过期间江苏海域的波浪场,同时计算台风期间江苏海域的天文潮;最后,运用浅水方程计算江苏海域的增减水,并研究了沿海增减水分布情况。研究结果表明:灌河口附近最大风暴增水达1.9 m左右,由于台风中心位置的影响,江苏沿海最大增水从北往南呈先增大后递减的趋势。     

台风环境下海水抽水蓄能电站上水库超高计算评述

台风环境下海水抽水蓄能电站上水库的超高计算尚无成熟经验可循,如何合理计算超高是上水库设计急需解决的问题。在分析海水抽水蓄能电站超高计算关键问题及其特点的基础上,对台风风场、风暴潮及台风浪预报模型的研究进展进行了回顾与评述。分析指出在超高计算中应对上水库地形对台风边界层的影响、台风中心扫过上水库的极端情况、风速风向快速变化条件下风暴潮的动态响应等问题予以必要关注。为发展超高计算方法,建议加强小局域台风风场关键参数的概率分布研究和相关性分析,开展风暴潮及台风浪模型在小尺度孤立封闭水域的适应性研究,加强台风和风浪数据的观测。     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING

1. INTRODUCTION Coastal and continental shelf regions are characterized by intensive interaction between wave and current. These regions are of great economic significance to mankind. Therefore, the modeling of wave and current as well as their mutual int…     

Observation and modeling of tide- and wind-induced surface currents in Galway Bay

A high-frequency radar system has been deployed in Galway Bay, a semi-enclosed bay on the west coast of Ireland. The system provides surface currents with fine spatial resolution every hour. Prior to its use for model validation, the accuracy of the radar data was verified through comparison with measurements from acoustic Doppler current profilers(ADCPs) and a good correlation between time series of surface current speeds and directions obtained from radar data and ADCP data. Since Galway Bay is located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, it is subject to relatively windy conditions, and surface currents are therefore strongly wind-driven. With a view to assimilating the radar data for forecasting purposes, a three-dimensional numerical model of Galway Bay, the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code(EFDC), was developed based on a terrain-following vertical(sigma) coordinate system. This study shows that the performance and accuracy of the numerical model, particularly with regard to tide- and wind-induced surface currents, are sensitive to the vertical layer structure. Results of five models with different layer structures are presented and compared with radar measurements. A variable vertical structure with thin layers at the bottom and the surface and thicker layers in the middle of the water column was found to be the optimal layer structure for reproduction of tide- and wind-induced surface currents. This structure ensures that wind shear can properly propagate from the surface layer to the sub-surface layers, thereby ensuring that wind forcing is not overdamped by tidal forcing. The vertical layer structure affects not only the velocities at the surface layer but also the velocities further down in the water column.     

Numerical simulation of typhoon-induced storm surge along Jiangsu coast,Part Ⅱ:Calculation of storm surge

The Jiangsu coastal area is located in central-eastern China and is well known for complicated dynamics with large-scale radial sand ridge systems. It is therefore a challenge to simulate typhoon-induced storm surges in this area. In this study, a two-dimensional astronomical tide and storm surge coupling model was established to simulate three typical types of typhoons in the area. The Holland parameter model was used to simulate the wind field and wind pressure of the typhoon and the Japanese 55-year reanalysis data were added as the background wind field. The offshore boundary information was provided by an improved Northwest Pacific Ocean Tide Model. Typhoon-induced storm surges along the Jiangsu coast were calculated based on analysis of wind data from 1949 to 2013 and the spatial distribution of the maximum storm surge levels with different types of typhoons, providing references for the design of sea dikes and planning for control of coastal disasters.     

“烟花”台风影响下长江南通以下河段的增水分布特征

为探讨台风对河口区域的影响,构建了覆盖中国东南沿海大范围数学模型,对2106号台风“烟花”产生的风暴潮进行了模拟,与实测气象及水位数据对比表明该模型可靠、合理。基于此模型,研究了“烟花”台风在长江口地区风暴潮增水的时空分布特征。研究表明,“烟花”台风期间,长江口区域整体表现为增水状态,最大增水大于0.5 m区域北至连云港、南至台州。南通以下河段最大增水值分布较均匀,均在1.5 m左右;上游区域增水幅度随潮汐过程呈规律波动,增水在涨潮中间时刻达到最大,于落潮中间时刻降至最低,至下游区域,波动规律逐渐消失;0.5 m以上增水历时从上游至下游逐渐减小。