An investigation of machine learning techniques to estimate minimum horizontal stress magnitude from borehole breakout

Borehole breakout is a widely utilised phenomenon in horizontal stress orientation determination, and breakout geometrical parameters, such as width and depth, have been used to estimate both horizontal stress magnitudes. However, the accuracy of minimum horizontal stress estimation from borehole breakout remains relatively low in comparison to maximum horizontal stress estimation. This paper aims to compare and improve the minimum horizontal stress estimation via a number of machine learning (ML) regression techniques, including parametric and non-parametric models, which have rarely been explored. ML models were trained based on 79 laboratory data from published literature and validated against 23 field data. A systematic bias was observed in the prediction for the validation dataset whenever the horizontal stress value exceeded the maximum value in the training data. Nevertheless, the pattern was captured, and the removal of systematic bias showed that the artificial neural network is capable of predicting the minimum horizontal stress with an average error rate of 10.16% and a root mean square error of 3.87 MPa when compared to actual values obtained through conventional in-situ measurement techniques. This is a meaningful improvement considering the importance of in-situ stress knowledge for underground operations and the availability of borehole breakout data.     

Dynamic leakage mechanism of gas drainage borehole and engineering application

Borehole leakage not only affects the gas drainage effect but also presents considerable risk to human security. For the research on the leakage mechanism of gas drainage borehole, the rheological and visco-elastic-plastic characteristics were considered to establish the mechanical model of coal mass around borehole, which is used to analyze the leakage mechanism and deduce the dynamic leakage model. On the basis of the real coal seam conditions, the variation rules of the stress, leakage ring, and air leakage amount were analyzed through numerical simulation, and the influence factors of air leakage amount were also investigated to provide the theoretical basis for the sealing technology. Results show that the air leakage amount of borehole is inversely proportional to the increase in supporting stress and sealing length, and directly correlated with the increase in borehole radius and softening modulus. Using theoretical analysis, we design a novel active supporting sealing technology that can use grouting material to seal the fractures to reduce the leakage channels and also provide supporting stress to prevent borehole deformation. The engineering test results indicate that the average gas concentration with the novel active supporting sealing technology is increased by 162.12% than that of traditional polyurethane sealing method. Therefore, this technology not only effectively resolves borehole leakage but also significantly improves the gas drainage effect.     

Experimental and measured research on three-dimensional deformation law of gas drainage borehole in coal seam

Using self-researched gas drainage borehole stability dynamic monitoring device, three-dimensional deformation characteristics of borehole under steady vertical load were researched experimentally and systematically. This research indicated that under the action of steady loading, the mechanical deformation path of the simulated gas drainage borehole is gradually complicated, and the decay of the borehole circumferential strain is an important characterization of the prediction and early warning of borehole instability and collapse. The horizontal position of borehole occurs compressive strain, and the vertical of which occurs tensile strain under the action of vertical stress. At the initial stage of loading, the vertical strain is more sensitive than that in the horizontal direction. After a certain period of time, the horizontal strain is gradually higher than the vertical one, and the intersection of the borehole horizontal diameter and the hole wall is the stress concentration point. With the increase of the depth of hole, the strain shows a gradual decay trend as a whole, and the vertical strain decays more observably, but there is no absolute position correlation between the amount of strain decay and the increase in borehole depth,and the area within 1.5 times the orifice size is the borehole stress concentration zone.     

The influence of borehole arrangement of soundless cracking demolition agents(SCDAs) on weakening the hard rock

The hard roof difficult to collapse easily causes gas accumulation, which threatens the production safety of coal mine. Therefore, roof pre-cracking is required. Although blasting and hydraulic fracturing can also crack the roof, blasting can easily induce rock bursts, whereas hydraulic fracturing needs complex equipment. In contrast, soundless cracking demolition agents(SCDAs) with noise-free, dust-free, and safe characteristics have obvious advantages. The main component of SCDA is calcium oxide, which reacts with water to produce higher expansion pressure. In this paper, focused on the angles of the borehole, the effect of SCDA is analyzed by numerical simulation based on Pingdingshan coal mine. The research results showed that the azimuthal angle a(between borehole projection and the roadway direction) does not significantly affect the efficacy of SCDAs, whereas the influence of borehole elevation angle b is far more significant than that of the azimuthal angle. Therefore, the angle b is a dominant factor influencing the effect of SCDAs. Based on different effects of SCDAs at different angle of boreholes, the weakening unit was established, so the SCDAs could give full play to roof fracturing. Moreover, field tests validated the importance of borehole angle on weakening the hard roofs.     

Numerical Simulation and Prediction for Sticking Type Breakout Behavior in Slab Contiuous Casting

A two-dimensional heat transfer model was developed to calculate the mould wall temperature field under normal operations condition and to determine its changing behavior when breakout occured. On the numerical simulation of sticking type breakout process and the breakout related wall temperature evolution, parameters of prediction were suggested.     

裂缝面及井眼附近的应力分析

从力学角度出发,建立了川西致密气层井眼,裂缝面及地层的有限元模型,应用ANSYS软件仿真模拟了裂缝面与水平面面夹角的变化引起裂缝面上及井眼附近的应力变化,重点研究了水平裂缝面上及井眼附近的主应力和等效应力的应力等值线变化规律,随着地层裂缝倾角的增加,裂缝面上井眼附近的最大等效应力逐渐转移到井眼椭圆截在的短轴两端附近,研究结果对进一步研究井眼稳定,井壁崩落方向或裂缝面上的应力敏感性具有指导意义。     

Analysis on the multi-phase flow characterization in cross-measure borehole during coal hydraulic slotting

Hydraulic slotting in a gas drainage borehole is an effective method of enhancing gas drainage performance. However, it frequently occurs that a large amount of slotting products(mainly the coal slurry and gas) intensely spurt out of the borehole during the slotting, which adversely affects the slotting efficiency. Despite extensive previous investigations on the mechanism and prevention-device design of the spurt during ordinary borehole drilling, a very few studies has focused on the spurt in the slotting process. The slotting spurt is mainly caused by two reasons: the coal and gas outburst in the borehole and the borehole deslagging blockage. This paper focuses on the second reason, and investigates the hydraulic deslagging flow patterns in the annular space between the drill pipe and borehole wall.Results show that there are six deslagging flow patterns when the drill pipe is still: pure slurry flow, pure gas flow, bubble flow, intermittent flow, layering flow and annular flow. When the drill pipe rotates, each of those six flow patterns changes due to the Taylor vortex effect. Outcomes of this study could help to better understand the slotting-spurt mechanism and provide guidance on the anti-spurt strategies through eliminating the borehole deslagging blockage.     

竖直地埋管换热器热作用半径的估算方法

为了在设计过程中合理布置换热器和估计它们之间的热干扰程度,提出估算竖直埋管换热器影响半径的方法.通过几种简单负荷条件下换热器周围土层中过余温度的分布特征分析了过余温度随距离衰减的一般性规律,指出土层对短周期冷热交替负荷具有“过滤”作用,即短周期冷热交替负荷引起的过余温度会随距离很快衰减,周期越短则衰减越快.基于该“过滤”作用,得到了离换热器一定距离处最大过余温度的估算公式和换热器热作用半径的估算方法.通过实际算例表明:该估算方法能快速和较准确地确定换热器的热作用半径,在设计过程中可利用其确定换热器的间距;换热器的热作用范围主要受两方面影响：一是土层的综合热扩散系数和导热系数,二是其负荷的冷热不平衡率和所包含的长周期冷热交替成分的大小.     

Numerical and experimental evaluation on methods for parameter identification of thermal response tests

Several parameter identification methods of thermal response test were evaluated through numerical and experimental study. A three-dimensional finite-volume numerical model was established under the assumption that the soil thermal conductivity had been known in the simulation of thermal response test. The thermal response curve was firstly obtained through numerical calculation. Then, the accuracy of the numerical model was verified with measured data obtained through a thermal response test. Based on the numerical and experimental thermal response curves, the thermal conductivity of the soil was calculated by different parameter identification methods. The calculated results were compared with the assumed value and then the accuracy of these methods was evaluated. Furthermore, the effects of test time, variable data quality, borehole radius, initial ground temperature, and heat injection rate were analyzed. The results show that the method based on cylinder-source model has a low precision and the identified thermal conductivity decreases with an increase in borehole radius. For parameter estimation, the measuring accuracy of the initial temperature of the deep ground soil has greater effect on identified thermal conductivity.     

蒸压加气混凝土砌块温度裂缝防治措施探讨

采用有限元数值模拟方法,借助ANSYS有限元软件中的热-结构耦合模块进行蒸压加气混凝土砌块单片墙体的温度效应模拟,分析了墙体的受力、位移和裂缝情况。揭示夏热冬冷地区蒸压加气混凝土砌块墙体温度裂缝产生机理,进而完善设计理论和施工技术措施。     

土钉墙+水泥土桩墙联合支护结构的力学特性分析

为充分发挥水泥土桩墙的高强度特性,提出了一种土钉墙+水泥土桩墙的基坑联合支护结构,并介绍了其设计理念。基于有限元数值模型,结合南昌地区典型地质条件,系统地研究了联合支护结构对渗流场、土体水平位移、土钉轴力、水泥土桩墙桩身应力、基坑破坏模式的影响,以及坑底加固、水泥土桩墙距离对基坑支护性能的影响,并与传统土钉墙和复合土钉墙支护结构进行了对比分析。结果表明：在保证墙体安全的条件下,联合支护结构的受力机制更合理,开挖面处土体水平位移、桩身轴向及切向应力均小于传统的土钉墙和复合土钉墙;基坑破坏模式表现为重力式挡土墙破坏模式,对坑底进行加固处理可进一步显著改善其支护性能。     

Effect of pre-tensioned rock bolts on stress redistribution around a roadway-insight from numerical modeling

The importance of the pre-tensioned force of rock bolts has been recognized by more and more researchers. To investigate the effect of pre-tensioned rock bolts on stress redistribution around roadways, a numerical analysis was carded out using FLAC3D and a special post-process methodology, using surfer, is proposed to process the numerical simulation results. The results indicate that pre-tensioned rock bolts have a significant effect on stress redistribution around a roadway. In the roof, pre-tensioned rock bolts greatly increase vertical stress; as a result, the strength of the rock mass increased significantly which results in a greater capacity of bearing a large horizontal stress. The horizontal stress decreases in the upper section of the roof, indicating that pre-tensioned rock bolts significantly reduce the coefficient and the size of the region concentration of horizontal stress. At the lateral side, pre-tensioned rock bolts greatly increase the horizontal stress; therefore, the rock mass strength significantly increases which results also in a greater capacity of bearing a large vertical stress. The greater the size of pre-tensioned force, the larger the region of stress redistribution around a roadway is affected and the higher the size of the stress on the roadway surface the more the rock mass strength increases.     

基于孔内立体像对成像的地应力方向测量方法研究

深部岩体地应力的测量对岩土力学与工程地质具有重要的意义。由于传统的地应力测试过程较为复杂,在深孔中更是难以实现,因此,本文提出了一种利用全景立体钻孔成像技术和受力状态下钻孔形态特征来快速、有效、准确地确定地应力方向的测量方法。该方法利用基于双锥镜成像原理的全景立体钻孔成像技术获得钻孔孔壁同一位置不同视角的两幅立体像对图像,通过对像对图像构建钻孔孔径形态数值,进而刻画钻孔孔壁的几何形态特征。再根据地应力的作用下圆形钻孔孔壁变成椭圆形孔壁,进而推导并给出了圆形孔壁变成椭圆之后的标准椭圆方程,并建立了椭圆形态参数与地应力方向的关系。据此,再结合全景立体钻孔成像技术获得钻孔孔壁的几何形态（椭圆形孔径）,从而计算出椭圆长轴与坐标轴的方向,进而测得了孔内的地应力方向。最后利用标准模型进行模拟测试,结果表明该方法测量的钻孔几何形态方向与实际的应力方向保持一致,验证了该方法的正确性和可靠性。该方法应用了最新的钻孔成像技术,在不依赖于岩体物性参数的前提下,实现了基于钻孔形态的地应力方向的直接获取,为深部岩体地应力的测量提供了一种新的途径和测试方法。     

大风速下火源横向位置对缓坡隧道烟气特性的影响

隧道火灾中,火源位置往往是不固定的。对于具有一定坡度的隧道,由于其特殊的建筑结构,一旦发生火灾,造成的危害相比其他类型的火灾要大得多。本文基于FDS软件对缓坡隧道进行了模拟分析计算,研究火源横向位置对隧道顶棚烟气分布、人体平均身高1.6 m处烟气速度流场矢量分布和顶棚烟气沿程温降分布规律的影响,并且与水平隧道的数值模拟结果对比分析。结果显示:隧道内顶棚烟气随火源与隧道壁距离的减小,由V型对称运动转为不对称的S型运动,火源一侧的流场趋势由正S型变为反S型,缓坡隧道较为明显,顶棚烟气温度沿出风口均是呈指数型减小,温降系数随火源与隧道壁距离的减小而增大,顶棚低温区逐渐向隧道壁靠近且范围逐渐增大,水平隧道的低温区范围比缓坡隧道要大。     

地源热泵垂直埋管换热器性能的数值模拟研究

以地源热泵垂直埋管换热器为研究对象,建立地源热泵垂直埋管换热器的三维数值模型,通过实验对数值模型进行验证。利用已建的数值模型分析了埋管内水流流速,水温以及钻孔内不同埋管和回填材料对地埋管换热器性能的影响。研究结果表明:地埋管换热器的单位延米换热量随着回填材料导热系数,管内流速,进口水温,埋管的导热系数的增加而增大;埋管管壁的平均温度随着管内流速,进口水温,埋管的导热系数的增加而增大,但随着回填材料导热系数的增加而减小。     

Effect of faulting on coal burst——A numerical modelling study

Coal burst occurrence on roadways has always been a major concern in deep underground coal mines,especially under complex geological conditions. To evaluate the effect of faulting on coal burst, the stress concentration in the vicinity a reverse fault was analysed considering the geological history of the fault formation where high horizontal stresses led to the initiation and propagation of the reverse fault.Various in situ stresses and mechanical parameters of the fault, including the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress were used to analyse the state of fault. Numerical modelling was conducted using two and three dimensional distinct element models(UDEC and 3 DEC) based on a geotechnical conditions of an Australian underground coal mine. The formation process of reverse fault was simulated to evaluate the stress characteristics in the coal seam and the immediate roof and floor near the fault. The results show that, both the horizontal and vertical stress in footwall were higher than those in hanging wall after the formation of the reverse fault. The stress condition near fault was complicated due to complex geology in the coal measures, and the vertical stress peaked in the footwall at a distance of about 160 m from the fault. When a roadway was excavated, stress concentration occurred at both the roadway face and ribs, which reached as high as 38 MPa in the ribs at a depth of 500 m. This will significantly elevate the risk of dynamic instability of the roadway such as coal burst. The stress concentration zone in the footwall can be considered as a hazardous zone near the reverse fault. This study provides a general reference for analysis of roadway stability affected by faults.     

单侧道路加宽工程中软基处理范围数值模拟及实测研究

使用水泥搅拌桩进行地基处理已成为道路加宽工程中常用的软基加固方式,但是对于加固范围的确定鲜有研究.以某单侧填土加宽工程为背景,选取了软土地层厚度大、性质较差的典型断面进行分析.将填土简化为梯形荷载作用,根据均质土中的附加应力分布可以确定水泥搅拌桩的加固深度应不小于荷载的作用宽度.通过对不同加固方案的数值模拟分析发现,加固范围对道路边坡的整体稳定性、道路沉降和水平变形等都有明显的影响.对比研究后得出,对加宽后道路的坡脚至路肩范围下方的软土使用搅拌桩进行处理的效果比较明显.现场的实测研究表明提出的加固方案切实可行,可为同类加宽工程的设计和施工起到参考作用.     

Mechanism and control of water seepage of vertical feeding borehole for solid materials in backfilling coal mining

To solve the problem of water seepage of vertical feeding borehole for solid materials, we established the fluid-solid coupling dynamic model of groundwater flowing in rock mass adjacent to the vertical feeding borehole. Combining with the engineering geological conditions, we built a numeral model to study the influence rule of the aquifer hydraulic pressure and seepage location of feeding borehole on the amount of seepage with finite element numerical method. The results show that the nonlinear relationship is presented among the amount of seepage, the seepage location and aquifer hydraulic pressure. The higher the aquifer hydraulic pressure is, the closer the distance between seepage location and aquifer is, and the faster the harmful levels of aquifer will grow. In practice, we calculated the allowable seepage of feeding borehole by the optimum moisture content and natural moisture content of backfilling materials, and then determined the protection zone of feeding borehole, so the moisture content of backfilling materials can be controlled within the scope of optimum moisture content.     

动态负荷下地源热泵系统的优化设计

针对动态负荷下地源热泵地埋管换热器的设计问题,提出一种最佳负荷的设计方法,并通过数值模拟和实测实验的方法研究了6种不同负荷下钻孔壁中点处的温度响应.实验结果表明:1)在周期性脉冲热流的作用下,钻孔壁温度呈周期性震荡并逐渐升高;2)每一时刻,动态负荷作用下的温度响应均小于其最佳设计负荷的温度响应,即最佳设计负荷可以代替动态负荷,由此验证了最佳负荷设计公式的合理性.本设计方法考虑了建筑热负荷的动态变化特性,有效节省了换热器的埋管长度.     

墙锚支护下某病房综合楼基坑变形的数值分析

为研究数值方法在模拟深基坑支护结构变形中的应用,利用FLAC3D对某墙锚支护下的基坑开挖进行了模拟,分析了边开挖边支护工序下基坑北侧墙顶水平位移和紧邻的门诊楼沉降的变形情况,得出基坑周边土层由距离基坑的远近依次呈现较小和较大沉降的规律;坑底土体最大隆起产生在基坑中部,并以此为中心依次减小;连续墙顶水平位移随开挖不断增大,并存在两次位移急剧增长的情况,最终达到稳定;门诊楼监测点距离基坑越近,监测点的沉降越大.最后将模拟结果与监测数据对比,两者基本吻合.