Mechanical performance of rock bolts under combined load conditions

Rock bolts are subjected to different loading conditions along their lengths such as axial, bending, and/or shear forces, which can cause failure at lower loads than those considered for design purposes. The common existing methodologies do not consider the actual loading of the rock bolts and assume it is only pure axial or pure shear. This study was conducted to investigate the un-grouted rock bolt performance under combined load conditions. Two loading regimes were evaluated: the effect of initial shear displacement on axial load capacity and displacement, and the effect of axial displacement on the shear load capacity. The first regime was also conducted for shear with a gap, when there is a spacing between the shear interfaces. The results of this study showed that the rock bolt can resist higher axial loads than shear under pure or combined load conditions. Under combined load conditions, the rock bolt capacity decreased significantly for both regimes. However, when applying the shear load with a gap, the rock bolt load capacity was not affected significantly. Also, the total bar deformation was improved for shear and axial. The findings of this study show the need to improve the rock bolt design considering the complex loading conditions in situ with/without a gap.     

Stress evolution and support mechanism of a bolt anchored in a rock mass with a weak interlayer

By applying experimental method, the bolt stress and supporting mechanism is studied during the deformation process of a rock mass containing a weak interlayer. The force measuring bolt is installed manually and instrumented five pairs of symmetrical strain gauges. The experimental results show that the fully grouted bolt suffers tensile, compressive, bending and shear stress at the same time. The bolt stress evolution is closely related to the deformation stages of the rock mass which are very gradually varying stage, gradually varying stage at the pre-peak and suddenly varying stage at the post peak stage.The axial compressive stress in the bolt is mainly induced by the moment. Thus, in most cases the axial compressive stress is distributed on one side of the bolt. For axial stresses, induced by the axial force and the bending moment at the post-peak stage, three types of changing are observed, viz. increasingincreasing type, decreasing-increasing type and increasing-decreasing type. The stress characteristics of the bolt section in the weak interlayer are significantly different from those in the hard rock. The failure models of the anchored bolt are tensile failure and shear failure, respectively. The bolt not only provides constraints on the free surface of the rock mass, but also resists the axial and lateral loading by the bending moment. This study provides valuable guidelines for bolting support design and its safety assessment.     

Simplified design of rock cavern concrete lining to resist shock loading

A simplified method was proposed for the design of concrete lining in underground rock cavern/tunnel against shock loading. The loading may result from the detonation of explosives on ground surface or ground penetration projectiles exploding adjacent to the cavern/tunnel. The resulting problem necessitates the solution of the dynamics of a beam loaded by a transient pressure uniformly distributed over the span. According to mechanical characteristics of the system with rock bolt and shotcrete, a dynamic support design method based on equivalent single degree of freedom (SDOF) was put forward. The SDOF method was applied to obtaining the maximum displacement at the mid-span of the beam, which is often the controlling factor in the blast-resistant design. In the formulation of the problem, the proposed method combines the phenomena of spalling and structural dynamics theory. An example is provided to demonstrate the applicability of this simplified method.     

岩质边坡锚杆框架梁加固的有限元分析

针对石家庄至武汉铁路客运专线岩质边坡,采用有限元数值计算方法分析了锚杆（索）框架梁加固岩质边坡的受力情况.得到了边坡位移场和应力场分布规律和锚杆（索）轴向力的大小.计算结果表明：实际工程中采用锚杆、预应力锚索加抗滑桩这种新型的复合式支护结构能有效地限制边坡的水平位移,提高边坡的稳定性,锚索的布置和预应力设计值大小显著影响坡体内部的位移及应力场分布,研究结论对岩质边坡的工程设计具有一定的借鉴意义.     

浅埋偏压隧道边坡稳定性分析

基于有限元软件建立三维弹塑性模型，依托某隧道边坡工程，探讨了"锚杆+抗滑桩"联合支护参数对边坡稳定安全系数以及最大剪应变的影响，进而得到最佳支护方案。通过现场监测结合数值模拟，对比了有无该支护方案下边坡及隧道的围岩变形特征，利用抗滑桩应力与锚杆轴力的分布特征，再次明确该方案的支护效应。结果表明：最佳支护方案为方案A （抗滑桩14 m、锚杆14 m），支护后的边坡安全系数显著提高，抗滑桩与锚杆相比对边坡的安全系数影响更大；相较于无加固工况，联合支护下边坡的水平位移与竖直位移显著降低，土体变形区范围明显缩小；抗滑桩体主要承受压应力，最大值出现在桩中部，总体呈现"中端大，上下两端小"的分布模式；锚杆轴力随着锚固深度增加呈现线性减少趋势；隧道变形实测数据与数值模拟结果基本吻合，联合支护方案对控制隧道变形有显著效果。     

Numerical and analytical simulation of the structural behaviour of fully grouted cable bolts under impulsive loading

Designing reliable yielding support system to mitigate the effect of the kinetic energy in burst-prone conditions in mining and tunneling excavations is one of the challenges for geotechnical engineers. A combination of the support elements can be used to increase rock strength and minimise the displacement of unstable rock mass. It is important to understand how the support system works to ensure the stability of underground excavations. Cable bolts have been commonly used as an effective underground support system and an element of reinforcement to improve rock stability. Cable bolts are usually considered to be subjected to static loads under relatively low stress environments, however, in burst-prone conditions, they might be subjected to dynamic loads. Cable bolts as well as other support elements are used in burst-prone conditions to absorb the kinetic energy of the removed rock to avoid sudden and violent failures. This paper develops numerical and a novel analytical simulation technique for cable bolts to assess their structural behaviour under static and dynamic loading conditions. The numerical and analytical models are then validated against experimental observations reported in the literature, which demonstrates the reliability of the proposed models.     

Experimental and numerical studies on progressive debonding of grouted rock boltsOA

Understanding the mechanism of progressive debonding of bolts is of great significance for underground safety. In this paper, both laboratory experiment and numerical simulation of the pull-out tests were performed. The experimental pull-out test specimens were prepared using cement mortar material, and a relationship between the pull-out strength of the bolt and the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) of cement mortar material specimen was established. The locations of crack developed in the pul...     

A robust approach to identify roof bolts in 3D point cloud data captured from a mobile laser scanner

Roof bolts such as rock bolts and cable bolts provide structural support in underground mines. Frequent assessment of these support structures is critical to maintain roof stability and minimise safety risks in underground environments. This study proposes a robust workflow to classify roof bolts in 3 D point cloud data and to generate maps of roof bolt density and spacing. The workflow was evaluated for identifying roof bolts in an underground coal mine with suboptimal lighting and global navigation satellite system(GNSS) signals not available. The approach is based on supervised classification using the multi-scale Canupo classifier coupled with a random sample consensus(RANSAC) shape detection algorithm to provide robust roof bolt identification. The issue of sparseness in point cloud data has been addressed through upsampling by using a moving least squares method. The accuracy of roof bolt identification was measured by correct identification of roof bolts(true positives), unidentified roof bolts(false negatives), and falsely identified roof bolts(false positives) using correctness, completeness, and quality metrics. The proposed workflow achieved correct identification of 89.27% of the roof bolts present in the test area. However, considering the false positives and false negatives, the overall quality metric was reduced to 78.54%.     

Stability influence factors analysis and construction of a deep beam anchorage structure in roadway roof

Deep beam anchorage structures based on spatial distribution analysis of the cable prestressed field have been proposed for roadway roof support. Stability and other factors that influence deep beam structures are studied in this paper using mechanical calculations, numerical analysis and field measurements. A mechanical model of deep beam structure subjected to multiple loading is established, including analysis of roof support in the return airway of S1203 working face in the Yuwu coal mine, China. The expression of maximum shear stress in the deep beam structure is deduced according to the stress superposition criterion. It is found that the primary factors affecting deep beam structure stability are deep beam thickness, cable pre-tension and cable spacing. The variation of maximum shear stress distribution and prestressed field diffusion effects according to various factors are analyzed using Matlabòand FLAC3D~(TM) software, and practical support parameters of the S1203 return airway roof are determined.According to the observations of rock pressure, there is no evidence of roof separation, and the maximum values of roof subsidence and convergence of wall rock are 72 and 48 mm, respectively. The results show that the proposed roof support design with a deep beam structure is feasible and achieves effective control of the roadway roof.     

Evaluation of load transfer mechanism under axial loads in a novel coupler of dual height rock bolts

The effective reinforcement of two or more overlying layers of mine openings in a single installation is usually done by coupling of two standard rock bolts mainly during the extraction of medium-thick coal seams. However, field observations show that the couplers of multiple bolts often degrade or break mostly at their connections. These types of failures can be avoided by strengthening the couplers of such multi-bolts assemblies. To achieve this, a novel threaded coupler system with an expansion shell was suggested in this paper. The newly designed coupler consists of a threaded tapered-plug-cumconnector with an expansion shell for connecting and tightening two standard rock bolts. An analytical model for evaluating the load distribution along the coupler subject to axial load was derived. Numerical analysis was performed to analyse the load transfer, deformation, and strains across the coupler including the factor of safety for the bolt-coupler-resin and bolt-coupler-expansion shell. The results validated the analytical model of the proposed coupler design, which provides better anchorage near the interface of the host rock mass. Thus, the developed coupler design would reduce the failures of the proposed coupler and stabilize laminated roof strata above the medium-thick coal seams in underground mines.     

弹性拉拔中锚杆轴力和剪力分布力学计算

通过构建平面和三维力学模型,推导了弹性状态下沿杆长方向轴力和黏结剪应力的分布函数,提出了锚杆剪应力衰减系数的概念,并给出了力学算式;对比分析了围岩为砂岩和煤体时,水泥锚固和树脂锚固两种情况下,锚杆轴力和剪力的衰减特征.结果表明：软岩锚固中轴力和剪力为全长分布型,硬岩0.8-1.0m左右即衰减为拉拔力的5%,黏结剪应力的主要作用范围为0-0.5m,在0.4-0.5m处衰减为0.06MPa左右.     

在锚杆作用下顶板的破坏机理分析

采用离散单元法,分析了当荷载,岩体的摩擦角,锚杆间距,锚杆方向和岩体的性质变化时,顶板的稳定性,在分析的过程中,建立了水平层状,正交节理型顶板,结果表明,对于锚固型顶板和未来锚固型顶板,其破坏机理是不同的。     

An analytical analysis for the mechanical performance of fully-grouted rockbolts based on the exponential softening modelOA

This paper presented a novel bond-slip model to better reveal the mechanical behavior of the bolt-grout interface for fully-grouted rockbolts under tensile loads by considering the non-linear response in the softening stage. The exponential decay function is adopted for describing the non-linear response in the softening stage. Based on the improved bond-slip model, the corresponding analytical solutions for the interfacial shear stress and the axial force of the bolt under different loading sta...     

锚杆-围岩结构的耦合振动和减振

锚杆支护是隧道施工中常见的支护手段,而随着施工工况日趋复杂,锚杆与围岩的组合结构也承受着各类动力荷载的影响。针对隧道中单根锚杆的受力特性有较多研究,而对于锚杆和围岩组合体的动力特性研究较少。对锚杆-围岩结构进行整体分析,简化出一种巷道顶板锚杆支护模型,结合动力学双梁理论,建立并求解出模型动力学方程;运用MATLAB软件进行数值模拟,研究不同支护参数下结构的自振特性以及在外荷载作用下的动力响应,提出减振措施;利用有限元软件GTS NX建立二维模型,验证支护体系的安全性。结果表明：锚杆-围岩结构的动力特性与锚固段长度、锚杆间距和锚杆直径有关。在所建模型中,随着锚固段长度与锚杆间距的适当增加,结构动力响应明显减弱;随着锚杆直径的变化,结构动力特性的变化情况较复杂,结构不同部位的动力响应变化趋势差别较大。     

Bolt-grouting combined support technology in deep soft rock roadway

Analyzing the mineral composition, mechanical properties and ground stress testing in surrounding rock,the study investigated the failure mechanism of deep soft rock roadway with high stress. The boltgrouting combined support system was proposed to prevent such failures. By means of FLAC3D numerical simulation and similar material simulation, the feasibility of the support design and the effectiveness of support parameters were discussed. According to the monitoring the surface and deep displacement in surrounding rock as well as bolt axial load, this paper analyzed the deformation of surrounding rock and the stress condition of the support structure. The monitor results were used to optimize the proposed support scheme. The results of field monitors demonstrate that the bolt-grouting combined support technology could improve the surround rock strength and bearing capacity of support structure, which controlled the great deformation failure and rheological property effectively in deep soft rock roadway with high stress. As a result, the long term stability and safety are guaranteed.     

Excel在梁的内力计算中的应用

根据Excel的内置函数求梁在横截面上的剪力和弯矩.用Excel中图形处理的方法准确地绘出梁的剪力图和弯矩图,由计算出的数据可得到拟合曲线及其方程,并求其极值.这种求梁的内力方法简单、直观,便于梁的外荷载设计及梁的安全分析.     

中国钢筋混凝土柱的位移角统计分析

根据收集到的80根中国的钢筋混凝土柱在固定轴向荷载和水平反复荷载作用下的试验结果,分析回归出试验柱的延性系数和各位移角与剪跨比、轴压比、配箍特征值之间的关系．结果表明：钢筋混凝土柱的延性系数随着轴压比和剪跨比的增加而减小,随配箍特征值的增加而增加,且都近似呈线性关系;随着轴压比的增大,屈服位移角和极限位移角均增大,最大位移角则随着轴压比的增大而减小;随着剪跨比的增大,屈服位移角、最大位移角和极限位移角均增大;随着配箍特征值的增大,屈服位移角、最大位移角和极限位移角亦相应增大．通过对试验柱位移角进行频数统计分析可知,我国建筑抗震设计安全水准偏低,现行规范的屈服位移角和极限位移角限值有提高的余地．     

TENDAHO大坝溢洪道钢梁预应力锚杆断裂事故处理

针对TENDAHO大坝溢洪道在施工过程中出现共8根钢梁预应力锚杆断裂事故,根据工程特性及施工形象面貌,结合混凝土结构设计规范,建立了推荐牛腿方案和钢梁方案的ANSYS有限元分析模型,对闸墩结构应力和抗滑稳定性进行计算.根据分析结果,并考虑到预应力锚杆存在的安全不确定性及重新布设预应力锚杆较困难等因素,设计推荐采用钢筋混凝土牛腿方案进行事故处理.     

破裂岩石锚固组合拱承载能力及其合理厚度探讨

在分析软岩锚喷支护机理及其破坏特征的基础上，探讨了破坏岩石锚固组合拱承载能力、支护载荷、组合拱合理厚度和合理锚杆长度的理论计算问题．所建议的计算公式，与实际符合较好．研究成果对于分析软岩锚喷支护机理和软岩支护是有益的．     

A new analytical solution for calculation the displacement and shear stress of fully grouted rock bolts and numerical verifications

In presence of difficult conditions in coal mining roadways, an adequate stabilization of the excavation boundary is required to ensure a safe progress of the construction. The stabilization of the roadways can be improved by fully grouted rock bolt, offering properties optimal to the purpose and versatility in use. Investigations of load transfer between the bolt and grout indicate that the bolt profile shape and spacing play an important role in improving the shear strength between the bolt and the surrounding strata. This study proposes a new analytical solution for calculation displacement and shear stress in a fully encapsulated rock bolt in jointed rocks. The main characteristics of the analytical solution consider the bolt profile and jump plane under pull test conditions. The performance of the proposed analytical solution, for three types of different bolt profile configurations, is validated by ANSYS software. The results show there is a good agreement between analytical and numerical methods. Studies indicate that the rate of displacement and shear stress from the bolt to the rock exponentially decayed. This exponential reduction in displacement and shear stress are dependent on the bolt characteristics such as: rib height, rib spacing, rib width and grout thickness, material and joint properties.