Efficient query execution on broadcasted index tree structures

The continuous broadcast of data together with an index structure is an effective way of disseminating data in a wireless mobile environment. The index allows a mobile client to tune in only when relevant data is available on the channel and leads to reduced power consumption for the clients. This paper investigates the execution of queries on broadcasted index trees when query execution corresponds to a partial traversal of the tree. Queries exhibiting this behavior include range queries and nearest neighbor queries. We present two broadcast schedules for index trees and two query algorithms executed by mobile clients. Our solutions simultaneously minimize tuning time and latency and adapt to the client’s available memory. Experimental results using real and synthetic data compare results for a broadcast with node repetition to one without node repetition and they show how a priority-based data management can help reduce tuning time and latency.     

A scalable low-latency cache invalidation strategy for mobile environments

Caching frequently accessed data items on the client side is an effective technique for improving performance in a mobile environment. Classical cache invalidation strategies are not suitable for mobile environments due to frequent disconnections and mobility of the clients. One attractive cache invalidation technique is based on invalidation reports (IRs). However, the IR-based cache invalidation solution has two major drawbacks, which have not been addressed in previous research. First, there is a long query latency associated with this solution since a client cannot answer the query until the next IR interval. Second, when the server updates a hot data item, all clients have to query the server and get the data from the server separately, which wastes a large amount of bandwidth. In this paper, we propose an IR-based cache invalidation algorithm, which can significantly reduce the query latency and efficiently utilize the broadcast bandwidth. Detailed analytical analysis and simulation experiments are carried out to evaluate the proposed methodology. Compared to previous IR-based schemes, our scheme can significantly improve the throughput and reduce the query latency, the number of uplink request, and the broadcast bandwidth requirements.     

Effective Data Placement for Wireless Broadcast

This paper investigates how to place data objects on air for wireless broadcast such that mobile clients can access the data in short latency. We first define and analyze the problem of wireless data placement, and also propose a measure, named Query Distance (QD), which represents the coherence degree of data set accessed by a query. We show that the problem is NP-complete, and then propose an effective data placement method that constructs the broadcast schedule by appending each query's data set in greedy way. We show through performance experiments that the proposed method reduces the access time of mobile query.     

Approaches to reduce the effects of OOV queries on indexed spoken audio

We present several novel approaches to the Out of Vocabulary (OOV) query problem for spoken audio: indexing based on syllable-like units called particles and query expansion according to acoustic confusability for a word index. We also examine linear and OOV-based combination of indexing schemes. We experiment on 75 h of broadcast news, comparing our techniques to a word index, a phoneme index and a phoneme index queried with phoneme sequences. Our results show that our approaches are superior to both a word index and a phoneme index for OOV words, and have comparable performance to the sequence of phonemes scheme. The particle system has worse performance than the acoustic query expansion scheme. The best system uses word queries for in-vocabulary words and a linear combination of the phoneme sequence scheme and acoustic query expansion for OOV words. Using the best possible weights for linear combination, this system improves the average precision from 0.35 for a word index to 0.40, a result only obtainable if the weights could be learnt on a development query set. The next best system used a word index for in-vocabulary words and the phoneme sequence system otherwise and had average precision of 0.39.     

A wireless data clustering method for multipoint queries

By effective data clustering, the mobile clients can access the data objects of their interest in short latency. In this paper, we propose a clustering method of wireless data for multipoint queries, where wireless data objects are uniformly broadcasted.We first analyze the data clustering problem and propose a new measure, named the Query Distance, i.e., convenient to manipulate for the analyses of the average query performance. Then, we propose a clustering method that efficiently minimizes the Query Distance, based on the Gray coding scheme. We show that the Gray coding scheme has useful properties that can be utilized for clustering the data on the air. We also show the performance advantage of our method through experiments. Since, as far as we are aware of, there is no previous work that deals with multipoint queries in wireless data broadcasting, the experiments are in comparison with the random clustering method.     

Mobile broadcast services with MIMO antennae in 4G wireless networks

The deployment of wireless data broadcast to empower mobile information services as a resource-conserving means offers significant benefits due to the scalability feature offered by the technology. In this paper, we present a novel and holistic data broadcast management approach in 4 G wireless networks with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennae. The proposed scheme consists of three elements, namely: (i) broadcast ordering; (ii) Global indexing; and (iii) merging data structure. With the integration of these elements, we expect to obtain substantial efficiency for mobile computing clients when retrieving data on-air. We have experimentally evaluated the performance of the proposed model including comparison with the relevant schemes. The results from the experiments affirm the effectiveness of our proposed approach in respect to minimizing query access time and conserving energy utilization of the clients.     

PS+Pre/Post: A novel structure and access mechanism for wireless XML stream supporting twig pattern queries

XML data broadcast is an efficient way to disseminate XML data to a large number of mobile clients in mobile wireless networks. Recently, several indexing methods have been proposed to improve the performance of XML query processing in terms of access time and tuning time over XML streams. However, existing indexing methods cannot process twig pattern XML queries. In this paper, we propose a novel structure for streaming XML data called PS+Pre/Post by integrating the path summary technique and the pre/post labeling scheme. Our proposed XML stream structure exploits the benefits of the path summary technique and the pre/post labeling scheme to efficiently process different types of XML queries over the broadcast stream. Experimental results show that our proposed XML stream structure improves the performance of access time and tuning time in processing different types of XML queries.     

A hybrid scheduling scheme for data broadcast over a single channel in mobile environments

Various broadcast schemes have been proposed to reduce the data access time of mobile clients. However, they are based either on the mobile users’ data access frequencies or on the semantic relations of the data. In this paper, we present a hybrid data broadcast scheme based both on semantic relationships and access probabilities. The broadcast scheme we propose generates a broadcast sequence according to the semantic relationships and replicates popular data items several times according to the data access probabilities. The efficiency of our broadcast scheme is shown via performance evaluations.     

Adaptive Broadcasting for Similarity Queries in Wireless Content Delivery Systems

We present a new adaptive and energy-efficient broadcast dissemination model that supports flexible responses to client requests. In current broadcast dissemination models, clients must specify precisely what documents they require, and servers disseminate exactly those documents. This approach can be impractical, since in practice, clients may know the characteristics of the documents, but not the document names or IDs. In our model, clients specify the required document using attributes, and servers broadcast documents that match client requests at a prespecified level of similarity. A single document may satisfy several clients, so the server broadcasts a minimal set of documents that achieves a desired level of satisfaction in the client population. We introduce a mechanism for the server to obtain randomized feedback from clients to adapt its broadcast program to client needs. Finally, the server integrates a selective tune-in scheme based on approximate index matching to allow clients to conserve energy. Our simulation results show that our model captures client interest patterns efficiently and accurately and scales very well with the number of clients, while reducing overall client average waiting times. The selective tune-in scheme can considerably reduce the consumption of client energy with moderate waiting time overhead.     

基于广播空间数据安全查询方法

索引提供了选择性调优,为了节约电池,客户需等待并调优到最佳索引段。在位置感知移动服务里(LAMSs),由于晚查询响应可能包含过时的信息,重要的是要减少查询响应时间。因此提出一个基于广播空间查询方案,处理方案旨在支持最邻近查询处理。分配方案中,广播数据项按顺序进行排序,基于其位置和客户可以选择性地调整到所需的数据项,而不需要一个索引段。由此产生的延迟和调优时间已经接近最优值,作为分析和仿真结果显示。     

Energy- and Latency-Efficient Processing of Full-Text Searches on a Wireless Broadcast Stream

In wireless mobile computing environments, broadcasting is an effective and scalable technique to disseminate information to a massive number of clients, wherein the energy usage and latency are considered major concerns. This paper presents an indexing scheme for the energy- and latency-efficient processing of full-text searches over the wireless broadcast data stream. Although a lot of access methods and index structures have been proposed in the past for full-text searches, all of them are targeted for data in disk storage, not wireless broadcast channels. For full-text searches on a wireless broadcast stream, we firstly introduce a naive, inverted list-style indexing method, where inverted lists are placed in front of the data on the wireless channel. In order to reduce the latency overhead, we propose a two-level indexing method which adds another level of index structure to the basic inverted list-style index. In addition, we propose a replication strategy of the index list and index tree to further improve the latency performance. We analyze the performance of the proposed indexing scheme with respect to the latency and energy usage measures, and show the optimality of index replication. The correctness of the analysis is demonstrated through simulation experiments, and the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is shown by implementing a real wireless information delivery system.     

Broadcast-based group invalidation: An energy-efficient cache invalidation strategy

In a wireless environment, mobile clients may cache frequently accessed data to reduce the contention on the narrow bandwidth of the wireless channel. However, to minimize energy consumption, mobile clients may also often operate in a disconnected mode. As a result, the clients may miss some cache invalidation reports broadcast by a server. Thus, upon reconnection, a cache invalidation scheme must be employed to ensure the validity of the cached data. Existing techniques either require the clients to discard the cached data entirely, or require the clients to transmit uplink messages to a server. While the former eliminates the benefits of caching, the latter may lead to high energy consumption, poor channel utilization, and costs. In this paper, we present a new cache invalidation scheme, called Broadcast-Based Group Invalidation (BGI), that retains the benefits of caching while avoiding unnecessary transmissions (which translates to energy saving, better channel utilization, and lower costs). Under BGI, a pair of invalidation reports is broadcast periodically. While the object invalidation report enables the clients to salvage as many recently cached objects as possible, the group invalidation report cuts down on false invalidation. We conduct extensive studies based on a simulation model. The simulation results show that BGI consumes less energy and is superior over existing techniques.     

Mobile service oriented architectures for NN-queries

The ever-increasing number of mobile device users has also raised the users’ expectation of mobile services accordingly. This phenomenon has given pressures to the mobile service providers to improve their services in order to stay competitive in the market. The service oriented approach is seen to be a promising scheme for mobile services. This paper presents mobile service oriented architectures for Nearest-Neighbor (NN) queries that are classified into five categories, namely (i) intermittent query mobile services, (ii) continuous query mobile services, (iii) context-aware mobile services, (iv) continuous moving object query mobile services, and (v) data broadcast mobile services. These services incorporate query, location and context-aware services, ontological context model, and broadcast. The proposed architectures are concerned with mobile services for clients on the move requesting services based on their current location, which is arguably the most important feature in a wireless environment. Furthermore, we also discuss the Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirement for mobile services in which request latency time is one of the most important parameters to consider. Some analytical models for query latency measurement are presented and the results are compared with the simulation experiments.     

An efficient nonuniform index in the wireless broadcast environments

Data broadcast is an efficient dissemination method to deliver information to mobile clients through the wireless channel. It allows a huge number of the mobile clients simultaneously access data in the wireless environments. In real-life applications, more popular data may be frequently accessed by clients than less popular ones. Under such scenarios, Acharya et al.’s Broadcast Disks algorithm (BD) allocates more popular data appeared more times in a broadcast period than less popular ones, i.e., the nonuniform broadcast, and provides a good performance on reducing client waiting time. However, mobile devices should constantly tune in to the wireless broadcast channel to examine data, consuming a lot of energy. Using index technologies on the broadcast file can reduce a lot of energy consumption of the mobile devices without significantly increasing client waiting time. In this paper, we propose an efficient nonuniform index called the skewed index, SI, over BD. The proposed algorithm builds an index tree according to skewed access patterns of clients, and allocates index nodes for the popular data more times than those for the less popular ones in a broadcast cycle. From our experimental study, we have shown that our proposed algorithm outperforms the flexible index and the flexible distributed index.     

移动实时事务预留广播空间的验证协议

在无线数据广播环境中,从移动客户机到服务器的上行带宽非常有限,传统的并发控制协议不适合这种不对称通信环境.本文提出一种可变乐观并发控制协议,服务器周期性向移动客户机广播数据对象,同时把一个广播周期分成若干个子周期,在两个连续的子周期间,一个保留空间被预留来存放服务器更新事务在第一个子周期开始后修改的所有数据对象,移动只读事务通过比较服务器更新事务提交的写集合和自己读集合来自主进行一致性验证,如果只读事务不能通过部分验证,它不会被草率地夭折并重新启动,相反,应用一个改进的向前验证策略,帮助移动只读事务争取更多提交机会.最后,本文进行充分的实验对提出的算法性能进行了评价.     

An efficient stream structure for broadcasting the encrypted XML data in mobile wireless broadcast channels

In mobile wireless broadcast networks, XML data is encrypted before it is sent over the broadcast channel in order to ensure the confidentiality of XML data. In these networks, mobile clients must not have access to all the XML data; rather they should have access to some parts of the XML data that are relevant to them and to which they are authorized to have access. In this paper, a new encrypted XML data stream structure is proposed which supports the confidentiality of XML data over the broadcast channel. In our proposed stream structure, the size of encrypted XML data stream is reduced by grouping the paths, XML nodes, texts, and attributes together. The proposed structure includes several indexes to skip from irrelevant data over the broadcast channel. The experimental results demonstrate that the use of our proposed stream structure efficiently disseminates XML data in mobile wireless broadcast networks in a secure manner and the indexes in our proposed stream structure improve the performance of XML query processing over the encrypted XML data stream.

     

无线广播环境下的空间范围查询处理

为实现无线广播环境下快速且低能耗的空间范围查询,提出了一种基于网格空间索引的范围查询处理算法(RQGSI)。该算法在服务器端对空间数据对象建立网格空间索引以缩短调谐时间,并按Hilbert曲线填充顺序对划分后的网格进行调度以优化访问时间;在客户端设计了查询处理算法对数据对象进行过滤和剪枝;最后,通过模拟实验验证了RQGSI算法的性能。实验结果表明,RQGSI算法比基于R树的索引(RI)算法在调谐时间上降低约10%,在访问时间上降低约8%,RQGSI算法可以实现更快且更低能耗的范围查询。     

Grid-partition index: a hybrid method for nearest-neighbor queries in wireless location-based services

Traditional nearest-neighbor (NN) search is based on two basic indexing approaches: object-based indexing and solution-based indexing. The former is constructed based on the locations of data objects: using some distance heuristics on object locations. The latter is built on a precomputed solution space. Thus, NN queries can be reduced to and processed as simple point queries in this solution space. Both approaches exhibit some disadvantages, especially when employed for wireless data broadcast in mobile computing environments. In this paper, we introduce a new index method, called the grid-partition index, to support NN search in both on-demand access and periodic broadcast modes of mobile computing. The grid-partition index is constructed based on the Voronoi diagram, i.e., the solution space of NN queries. However, it has two distinctive characteristics. First, it divides the solution space into grid cells such that a query point can be efficiently mapped into a grid cell around which the nearest object is located. This significantly reduces the search space. Second, the grid-partition index stores the objects that are potential NNs of any query falling within the cell. The storage of objects, instead of the Voronoi cells, makes the grid-partition index a hybrid of the solution-based and object-based approaches. As a result, it achieves a much more compact representation than the pure solution-based approach and avoids backtracked traversals required in the typical object-based approach, thus realizing the advantages of both approaches. We develop an incremental construction algorithm to address the issue of object update. In addition, we present a cost model to approximate the search cost of different grid partitioning schemes. The performances of the grid-partition index and existing indexes are evaluated using both synthetic and real data. The results show that, overall, the grid-partition index significantly outperforms object-based indexes and solution-based indexes. Furthermore, we extend the grid-partition index to support continuous-nearest-neighbor search. Both algorithms and experimental results are presented. Edited by R. Guting     

Improvement of the client-centric approach for broadcasting popular videos

Periodic broadcast is a cost-effective solution for large-scale distribution of popular videos. Regardless of the number of video requests, this strategy guarantees constant worst service latency to all clients. An essential periodic broadcast method is the client-centric approach (CCA), which allows clients to use smaller receiving bandwidth to download broadcast data. An enhanced version, namely CCA+, was proposed to yield a shorter waiting time. This work further improves CCA+ by leveraging client bandwidth for more efficient video broadcast. The new scheme reduces the broadcast latency by as much as 39?% when compared to CCA+ and 78?% when compared to CCA. We prove the applicability of this new scheme and provide an analytical evaluation to demonstrate the performance advantage, as compared with particular schemes.     

Scheduling time‐critical requests for multiple data objects in on‐demand broadcast

On‐demand broadcast is an effective data dissemination approach in mobile computing environments. Most of the recent studies on on‐demand data broadcast assume that clients request only a single‐data‐object at a time. This assumption may not be practical for the increasingly sophisticated mobile applications. In this paper, we investigate the scheduling problem of time‐critical requests for multiple data objects in on‐demand broadcast environments and observe that existing scheduling algorithms designed for single‐data‐object requests perform unsatisfactorily in this new setting. Based on our analysis, we propose new algorithms to improve the system performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.