Enhanced acoustic damping in flexible polyurethane foams filled with carbon nanotubes

Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams, with loading fractions of up to 0.2 wt% carbon nanotubes (CNTs), were made by free-rising foaming using water as blowing agent. Electron microscopy revealed an open cellular structure and a homogeneous dispersion of CNTs, although the incorporation of nanofiller affected the foaming process and thus the final foam density and cellular structure. The compressive response of the foams did not show an unambiguous improvement with CNT content due to the variable foam structure. However, dense films generated by hot pressing the foams indicated a significant intrinsic reinforcement of the polymer, even at low loadings of CNTs. Most significantly, CNTs were found to increase the acoustic activity monotonically at concentrations up to 0.1 wt%.     

开孔型聚合物发泡材料的研究及应用进展EI北大核心CSCD

聚合物泡沫塑料以其优异的性能成为人们生活中必不可少的物品。开孔型聚合物发泡材料因独特的三维骨架形态被广泛应用于吸音材料、生物医药材料、光学材料和导电材料等领域。特别是聚合物纳米复合材料,为现代医学生产抗菌治疗、组织工程、癌症治疗、医学成像、牙科应用、药物传递等产品提供了新的机遇。本文综述了开孔发泡材料的制备方法、发泡机理及其应用领域,以及最近几年开孔发泡材料新的发展。最后,对材料制备和应用过程中存在的主要问题进行总结并对未来采用聚合物共混、形成微纳米复合材料、涂覆高阻隔材料和聚合物改性等手段制备高性能开孔聚合物发泡材料的发展趋势进行展望。     

锂离子二次电池纳米复合聚合物电解质研究进展

聚合物锂离子电池具有重量轻，比能量高，安全性能好等优点，是本世纪发展的理想能源。锂离子电池用聚合物电解质的研究包括全固态聚合物电解质（SPE），凝胶聚合物电解质（GPE）和复合聚合物电解质（CPE）。本文重点综述了纳米复合聚合物电解质在锂离子电池中的应用研究进展及展望。     

Polymer Microstructures: Modification and Characterization by Fluid Sorption

Polymer micro-organization can be modified by a combination of three constraints, thermal, hydrostatic, and fluid sorption. In selecting the fluid’s nature, chemically active or inert, and its physical state, liquid or supercritical, new “materials” can be generated. In addition, the interplay of temperature and pressure allows tailoring the obtained material structure for specific applications. Several complementary techniques have been developed to modify, analyze, and characterize the end products: scanning transitiometry, vibrating-wire (VW)-PVT coupling, thermoporosimetry, and temperature-modulated DSC (TMDSC). The great variety of possible applications in materials science is illustrated with different polymers which can produce materials from soft gel to rigid foams when submitted to fluid sorption, typical fluids being methane or a simple gas (CO₂ or N₂). Absorption of an appropriate fluid in a cross-linked polymer leads to a swelling phenomenon. Thermoporosimetry is a calorimetric technique developed to measure the shift by confinement of thermal-transition temperatures of the swelling fluids, which can be currently used solvents or mercury. Application of thermoporosimetry to a swollen cross-linked polymer allows calculation of the mesh size distribution and evaluation of the degree of reticulation of the polymer. The same technique can be applied to characterize the pore size distribution in a foamed polymer.     

Optical nonlinearity of CdSe-PMMA hybrid nanocomposite investigated via Z-scan technique and semi-empirical relations

CdSe-PMMA nanocomposite has been synthesized by ex-situ technique. The effect of different Ag doping concentrations on its structural and optical properties has been studied. X-ray diffraction reveals the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the polymer nanocomposites with preferential growth of the nanocrystals along (1 0 0) direction. Transmission electron micrograph shows the spherical CdSe nanoparticles embedded in polymer matrix. The nonlinear refractive index of the nanocomposites has been calculated using Tichy & Ticha semi-empirical relations and Z-scan technique. Z-scan results disclose the two photon absorption process in the hybrid nanocomposites with self focussing behaviour. With Ag doping, the nonlinearity is found to be increased up to 0.2% Ag doping concentration due to the confined effect of Surface Plasmon, Quantum confinement and thermal lensing. Above 0.2% Ag concentration, its value decreases due to the declined linear refractive index of the nanocomposites. Maximum two photon figure of merit is 76 for 0.2% Ag doped CdSe-PMMA hybrid nanocomposite. The present results accentuate the possibility of tuning the optical non-linearity of CdSe-PMMA hybrid nanocomposite by adjusting the doping concentration.     

Preparation and optical properties of titania/epoxy nanocomposite coatings

This work reports the preparation of TiO₂/Epoxy nanocomposites coatings with high refractive index and optical transparency. Highly dispersed titania nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method at room temperature. The TiO₂ nanoparticles can be dispersed directly into the polymer without the use of organic surfactant. Nanocomposite coating with refractive index of 1.668 can be obtained by adding 30 wt% TiO₂ nanoparticles into the polymer matrix. All coatings with different amount of TiO₂ exhibit excellent optical transparency of more than 90%. Although higher refractive index of the nanocomposite can be obtained by increasing the content of TiO₂ nanoparticles, cracks also appear in the surface of the hybrid coating.     

泡沫塑料成型机理研究

本文对泡沫塑料的成型机理进行了全面综合的分析，指出发泡成型各个阶段的机理及影响泡体性能和质量的因素，还把现有的各种发泡成型方法的成核过程归纳为三大类，指出每一类的成核机理，使用范围及主要影响参数，为进一步的深入研究提供参考。     

Synthesis of a thermoresponsive platinum nanocomposite using a three-layer onion-like polymer as template

Using a well-designed three-layer onion-like polymer as template, a one-pot procedure that led to stable, narrow-sized and thermoresponsive Pt nanocomposites is described. The polymer consists of an outer shell of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), an inner shell of crosslinked poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate) and a hyperbranched polyglycerol core. The core is physically trapped by the shell, with a few thiol groups located on the interface between the core and the shell. The polymer is used as a template for the synthesis of platinum nanoparticles, ¹H NMR and TEM analyses suggest that the in-situ produced, narrow-sized Pt nanoparticle is loaded in the core part of the polymer so that the nanocomposite retains thermoresponsive activity.     

Compressive properties of aluminum foam produced by powder-Carbamide spacer route

Effects of cell shape and size, and relative density of aluminum foam on its compressive behavior have been investigated. Aluminum foams were produced via aluminum powder-Carbamide spacer route. The results show that angular cells significantly reduce mechanical properties of the foam. They also indicate that compressive properties of the foams, including plateau stress (σ_pl), densification strain (ε_D), and energy absorption, increase by cell size and relative density of the foams. Experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions; they were fairly corresponded to theoretical conceptions; this arises from near-ideal architecture of the foams with almost spherical cells, in this study. Constant values of C, n and α in theoretical modulus and densification strain equations wear calculated as 1.22, 2.09 and 0.95, respectively. The values indicate compressive behavior approaches to ideal morphology foam via employing spherical space holder.     

Effect of processing parameters on cell structure of an aluminum foam

A closed cell aluminum foam with the same composition but different cell sizes and structures was prepared by changing air injection rate and impeller speed during foaming process to study the influence of air injection rate and impeller speed on cell structure. The foams prepared under the foaming conditions are characterized as roughly equiaxed polyhedral cells with density range of 0.1–0.22 g/cm³ and cell diameter of 4–11 mm with different cell wall thickness and Plateau border size. Cell size of the aluminum foam is increased with increasing air injection rate, and higher impeller speed results in a much smaller cell size at given air injection rate. Cell wall thickness and Plateau border size of the aluminum foams are decreased with the increase in cell size. Moreover, the higher impeller speed produces smaller size of the foam cells with thicker cell wall and Plateau border size, resulted in higher density foam in contrast to the foam with the same cell size prepared at lower impeller speed.     

Preparation and characterization of ultra-low density porous gold foams

We present a simple approach to generate ultra-low density porous gold foams with the density as low as 0.519 gcm^-3. In our work, gold nanoparticles with small grain sizes and good solubility were prepared and used as starting building blocks; afterwards, the freeze-dry technique was employed to prepare gold compound foams. Finally the gold compound foams were sintered to obtain porous gold foams with ultra-low density. The results show that the content of gold element in the foams is close to 99.2%. Even though the density is as low as 0.519 gcm^-3 the foams still have good intensity and can be machined to simple regular shapes. The microstructure analysis results indicate that the gold foams have continuous open structure, the average pores size is about 1-2 μm, and the framework of the gold foams is piled up with gold particles of different sizes. Our approach might give a way to produce low-density gold foams with simple fabrication procedures.     

Preparation of the acidic PVA/MMT nanocomposite polymer membrane for the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)

A novel nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membrane composed of PVA polymer matrix and nanosized Montmorillonite (MMT) filler, was prepared by a solution casting method. The characteristic properties of the PVA/MMT nanocomposite polymer membrane were investigated using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and the AC impedance method. The PVA polymer directly blended with nanosized MMT filler (2-20 wt.%) showed good ionic conductivity, thermal, and mechanical properties. The highest ionic conductivity value for the acidic PVA/10 wt.%MMT nanocomposite polymer membrane was around 0.0368 S cm^− 1 at 30 °C. The methanol permeability (P) value was 3-4 × 10^− 6 cm² s^− 1. It was revealed that the addition of nanosized MMT fillers into the PVA matrix could markedly improve the electrochemical properties of the PVA/MMT nanocomposite membrane. In fact, the PVA/MMT nanocomposite polymer membrane appears to be a good candidate for the DMFC applications.     

Statistical modeling of the mechanical alloying process for producing of Al/SiC nanocomposite powders

Mechanical alloying process was modeled by statistical approach for producing of Al/SiC nanocomposite powders. The process variables included two dimensionless variables TV where T and V are milling time and speed, respectively, and P1/P2 where P1 and P2 are balls weight and powders weight, respectively. Responses of the process were crystallite size of the aluminum matrix, lattice strain of the aluminum matrix, and mean particle size of nanocomposite powders. The response variables were obtained by X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and laser particle size analyzer (LPSA). Two statistical models namely, fixed effects and regression model were developed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% levels of significance for fixed effects model and 1% for regression model were performed. Results showed that P1/P2 has a significant effect on the crystallite size, and lattice strain of the aluminum matrix and TV has a significant effect on the crystallite size, and lattice strain of the aluminum matrix as well as mean particle size of nanocomposite powders. ANOVA for regression model showed that the linear effects of TV and P1/P2 variables were significant for crystallite size, lattice strain of the aluminum matrix, and mean particle size of nanocomposite powders. The final regression models were checked and accepted by residual analysis.     

Feasibility study of friction spot welding of dissimilar single-lap joint between poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate)-SiO2 nanocomposite

In this work, the feasibility of friction spot welding (FSpW) of a commercial poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) GS grade and a PMMA 6 N/2 wt% silica (SiO₂) nanocomposite was investigated. Single-lap joints welded at rotational speeds of 1000, 2000 and 3000 rpm were produced. The analysis of the joint microstructure and material flow pattern indicated that joints could be produced using all of the tested welding conditions. However, the joint produced at 1000 rpm displayed sharp weld lines (weak links), indicating insufficient heat input, while the welds produced at 3000 rpm displayed excessive plastic deformation (bulging of the bottom plate), volumetric defects and a lack of material mixing in the welded area, associated with higher heat input. The weld produced at a rotational speed of 2000 rpm resulted in improved material mixing, which was indicated by the absence of weld lines and volumetric defects due to the more correct heat input. This welding condition was selected for further mechanical testing. Lap shear testing of PMMA GS/PMMA 6 N/2 wt% SiO₂ nanocomposite single lap joints welded at 2000 rpm resulted in an average ultimate lap shear strength of 3.9 ± 0.05 MPa. These weld strength values are equal to or better than those obtained using state-of-the-art welding techniques for PMMA materials, thereby demonstrating the potential of friction spot welding for thermoplastic nanocomposites.     

由中间相沥青制备泡沫炭:Fe(NO3)3的影响

以中间相沥青为前驱体制备高性能泡沫炭，在考察中间相沥青、Fe（NO3）3及其混合物热分解行为的基础上，着重研究了Fe（NO3）3对制备中间相沥青基泡沫炭的影响，揭示了Fe（NO3）3对泡沫炭孔泡结构的影响规律及其作用机制，初步研究了在泡沫炭炭化过程中形成的Fe／C之物相结构及其石墨化行为。结果表明，在不同的炭化温度下，Fe在泡沫炭中的存在形态各异；Fe物种的存在有利于提高泡沫炭的石墨化程度。     

Cr对纳米晶复合Nd2Fe14 B/α-Fe永磁材料磁性能的影响

采用快淬和晶化退火法制备了成分为Nd8.5Fe75-xCo5Cu1Nb1Zr3CrxB6.5(x=0.5,1,2)的纳米晶复合永磁合金.研究了Cr的添加对合金晶粒尺寸及磁性能的影响,结果表明适量Cr的添加能有效抑制磁性相晶粒长大,提高了合金的矫顽力.Cr含量为1%(at%),快淬速度为15.0m/s的合金经690℃/4min的晶化处理,由晶化磁粉粘结所得到的磁体最佳磁性能为:Br=0.62T,jHc=806.4kA/m,(BH)max=69.0kJ/m3.     

相对密度对泡沫铝力学性能和能量吸收性能的影响

对不同相对密度的两种胞孔结构--开孔和闭孔泡沫铝进行了单轴压缩试验,研究了相对密度对泡沫铝力学性能和能量吸收性能的影响.结果表明:随着相对密度的增大,泡沫铝的屈服强度与流动应力也相应增加,通过对本实验结果进行拟合,得出泡沫铝的屈服强度与相对密度的关系式.泡沫铝材料吸收的能量随着应变量的增大而增加,在相同应变量下,高密度开孔泡沫铝的吸收能比低密度闭孔材料多.吸能效率反映材料本身的一种属性,高的理想吸能效率表明泡沫铝是一种优良的吸能材料.     

Hybrid nanocomposite based on cellulose and tin oxide: growth,structure, tensile and electrical characteristics

Abstract

A highly flexible nanocomposite was developed by coating a regenerated cellulose film with a thin layer of tin oxide (SnO₂) by liquid-phase deposition. Tin oxide was crystallized in solution and formed nanocrystal coatings on regenerated cellulose. The nanocrystalline layers did not exfoliate from cellulose. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy suggest that SnO₂ was not only deposited over the cellulose surface, but also nucleated and grew inside the cellulose film. Current–voltage characteristics of the nanocomposite revealed that its electrical resistivity decreases with deposition time, with the lowest value obtained for 24 h of deposition. The cellulose–SnO₂ hybrid nanocomposite can be used for biodegradable and disposable chemical, humidity and biosensors.     

镀铜碳纤维增强铝基泡沫材料结构的特性表征

以纯铝为基体材料,TiH2为发泡剂,镀铜碳纤维为添加剂,制备了不同孔隙率的泡沫铝材料。研究了发泡时间、镀铜碳纤维掺杂量对泡沫铝相对密度、孔径和微观结构的影响。结果表明,在碳纤维含量相同情况下,发泡时间越短,泡沫铝试样的相对密度越大,孔径越小。发泡时间相同时,碳纤维含量越多,泡沫铝的相对密度越大。SEM检测表明,碳纤维在Plateau边界内随机分布,而在气泡壁中和气泡壁表面基本呈平行分布,未发生团聚现象。