The early nineteenth century planning of Newcastle upon Tyne

This article seeks to re‐examine the social, political and economic factors involved in the redevelopment of central Newcastle between 1834–1840, and to suggest possible parallels with aspects of planning practice today. It emphasizes the contribution of the entrepreneur Richard Grainger and — utilizing the author's recent study — the architect John Dobson's possible advisory role. Using a number of previously unpublished maps and plans, earlier replanning schemes by Dobson and others are analysed in the context of the history and development of the town. In particular, attention is paid to ways in which these differed from, but may have influenced, the central area redevelopment scheme. This itself is assessed in terms of both the planning principles involved and its essentially commercial rationale, highlighted by details of the actual occupation of sites. Examination is also made of Grainger's relationship with the municipal authorities of the day and his financial methodology.     

The conservation of historic areas in the UK: A case study of “Grainger Town”, Newcastle upon Tyne

Conservation in the UK is generally regarded as having undergone a sea-change in the late 1960s and early 1970s, as policy- and decision-makers retreated from comprehensive development and embraced conservation. Using part of the city centre of Newcastle upon Tyne as a case study, this article examines this thesis. Beneath simple measures, such as the amount of the city centre which is classified as historic, a more complex picture emerges. A framework for interventions in the historic environment is theorised and there is found to be a continuing tension between conservation approaches which seek to visually manage the city and those which place stress on historic fabric and morphology.     

Recognising barriers to implementation of Blue-Green Infrastructure: a Newcastle case study

There is a recognised need for a fundamental change in how the UK manages urban water and flood risk in response to increasingly frequent rainfall events coupled with planned urban expansion. Approaches centred on ‘living with and making space for water’ are increasingly adopted internationally. Nonetheless, widespread implementation of Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) is currently hampered by barriers that impede uptake and innovation. We investigate the barriers to implementation of BGI in Newcastle, UK, through a series of semi-structured interviews with professional stakeholders. We identify and categorise 17 types of barrier and identify targeted strategies to overcome the dominant barriers. We recommend promotion of BGI’s capacity to meet the objectives of multiple organisations and Local Authority departments, in addition to managing urban water. We conclude that strong business cases, supported by monetised evidence of benefits, and collaborative, inter-agency working could advance implementation of BGI within the current flood risk management legislation.     

Transformation of the antiepileptic drug oxcarbazepine upon different water disinfection processes

Transformation of the pharmaceutical oxcarbazepine (OXC), a keto analogue of carbamazepine (CBZ) was investigated under different water disinfection processes (ozonation, chlorination and UV irradiation) to compare its persistence, toxicity and degradation pathways with those of CBZ. Analysis by LC-ion trap-MSⁿ allowed for the identification of up to thirteen transformation products (TPs). The major abundant and persistent TPs (10,11-dihydro-10,11-trans-dihydroxy-carbamazepine (DiOH-CBZ), acridine (ACIN) and 1-(2-benzaldehyde)-(1H, 3H)-quinazoline-2,4-dione (BQD)) were identical to those previously reported during water treatment of CBZ. Only one new compound arising from an intramolecular cyclisation reaction was identified during UV irradiation. OXC reacted quickly with hydroxyl radical and relatively rapidly with free chlorine while slow reaction rates were recorded in presence of ozone and upon UV irradiation. An increase of the acute toxicity of UV irradiated solutions, monitored by a Daphnia magna bioassay, was recorded, probably due to the accumulation of ACIN. The formation of ACIN is of concern due to the carcinogenic properties of this chemical. ACIN was also generated during the direct UV photo transformation of DiOH-CBZ and 10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-carbamazepine (OH-CBZ), two metabolites of OXC and CBZ widely detected in water resources. Analysis of tap water samples revealed the occurrence at ng/L levels of the major TPs detected under laboratory scale experiments, except ACIN.     

Integrating water and agricultural management: Collaborative governance for a complex policy problem

This paper examines governance requirements for integrating water and agricultural management (IWAM). The institutional arrangements for the agriculture and water sectors are complex and multi-dimensional, and integration cannot therefore be achieved through a simplistic ‘additive’ policy process. Effective integration requires the development of a new collaborative approach to governance that is designed to cope with scale dependencies and interactions, uncertainty and contested knowledge, and interdependency among diverse and unequal interests. When combined with interdisciplinary research, collaborative governance provides a viable normative model because of its emphasis on reciprocity, relationships, learning and creativity. Ultimately, such an approach could lead to the sorts of system adaptations and transformations that are required for IWAM.     

项目组合管理：关键概念、过程与工具

项目组合管理概述在当前的经济环境下,公司实施的项目越来越多,这些项目的实施结果成为重要的竞争因素。即使是在银行、保险公司或生产型公司等以运营业务为主的公司中,项目所扮演的角色也变得越来越重要。如今,项目已成为实施公司战略的业务工具。     

Procurement: A comparative analysis of construction management and traditional building processes

The authors studied the construction management process in such a way as to be able to compare the results with earlier studies of the traditional process. They found that the construction management process solves some of the problems of the traditional process but creates others, particularly when there is a difference between levels of sophistication of the various participants.     

Project management in small to medium-sized enterprises: Matching processes to the nature of the firm

Small to medium enterprises (SMEs) make a key contribution to the economy in terms of employment, innovation and growth. Project management can play a significant role in facilitating this contribution, but SMEs require less bureaucratic forms of project management than those used by larger, traditional organizations. We are undertaking this research to identify the nature of project management required by SMEs, and the results of the qualitative stage of our research are reported in this paper. We interviewed people from companies of the three sizes of SME, micro, small and medium, from a range of industries and from four countries. SMEs use project management both to manage operations, to deliver tailored or bespoke products to customers, and manage innovation and growth. We found similar project management approaches used for both purposes. The main differences occurred by size of company and country. Both Ireland and Sweden looked for more laissez-faire management styles, while people in Austria and Romania were willing to accept more autocratic styles. People in Sweden wanted more structure than people in Ireland. Also laissez-faire styles of management were more appropriate in micro and small companies, whereas more democratic or autocratic styles were needed in medium-sized companies. All three sizes of company wanted less bureaucratic versions of project management than traditional forms, but medium-sized companies, where people fulfil more specialist roles, need more structure than small and micro companies.     

Sydney airport's third runway: A case study of flawed EIS processes

How did an environmental impact statement, often described as 'the most comprehensive EIS ever in Australian history', get it so wrong? This paper argues that there are basic flaws in current EIS procedures that caused the community to be misled about the impacts of the third runway at Sydney Airport.     

基于GIS的煤炭资源管理系统设计

以MAPGIS为开发平台,SQL Server2000为开发语言,以国土资源局的业务为主,建立煤炭资源图形数据库与属性数据库,并对其进行了关联,旨在推动山西省煤炭经济发展,对利用计算机进行煤炭资源现代化管理具有重要的社会意义。     

EPC模式下基于HQFD的军队工程建设项目协同管理

在EPC模式下,军队工程建设项目各阶段并行实施,这为引入质量功能展开方法(QFD)奠定了基础.同时,引入犹豫模糊语言集(HFLTS)对QFD进行改进.结合QFD和HFLTS方法的优势,基于工程建设项目协同管理的思想,构建基于使用需求的军队工程建设HQFD协同管理模型,以有效提高军队工程建设项目质量和效益.     

Water demand management: implementation principles and indicative case studies

Current practices for the efficient use and management of water resources are based on the conjunctive application of water supply and demand measures. Even though options for the augmentation of water supply are widely analysed and assessed, water demand management remains an open field for study, as it is highly dependent on the socio‐economic features of a region and has a site‐specific character. This paper summarizes the guiding principles of demand management and presents some successful application examples of demand management measures from regions that cover a wide range of socioeconomic and environmental conditions in an effort to identify the critical factors for the efficient planning and implementation of demand management plans.     

Investments in project management are profitable: A case study-based analysis of the relationship between the costs and benefits of project management

Project management (PM) has progressed through several evolutionary stages and has become established as a well-known management method. Despite its increasingly widespread use in all industry sectors, a central question remains: what demonstrable economic benefit does PM provide? Because past research does not conclusively answer this question, we developed a model to determine the return on investment (ROI) of PM and to unite the costs and benefits of PM. As a case study, the necessary cost and benefit data were obtained from an insurance company over a nine-year period. The relationships between various aspects of costs and benefits were analyzed. The results show clear relationships both between the costs of and investments in PM as well as between the qualitative and quantitative benefits of PM.     

工程管理专业中的案例教学法

从工程管理专业课技术性、应用性、可操作性强的特点出发，探讨了在专业课中如何科学地应用案例教学法，旨在引导学生在实践中提炼理论，培养独立判断的能力和应变能力。     

Knowledge entrainment and project management: The case of large-scale transformation projects

An increasing number of change processes and initiatives are organized and implemented as projects, often through the formation of ‘large-scale transformation projects’ (LST), involving a great number of specialists, departments, partners, development work, and knowledge bases. The theoretical foundation that supports the choice of managing change as projects and, in effect, the role of project management has received surprisingly little attention in the current literature. In this paper, we present a model where the success of change initiatives is explained by the quality of project management, which in turn is determined by the quality of knowledge integration. The outlined model highlights knowledge integration as a process determined by the scope and speed of change, which typically result in problems with synchronization of activities within an LST project. Our model draws on the idea of ‘knowledge entrainment’ to explain the fact that different parts (organizations, teams, individuals) tend to develop different time orientations and hence rely on different cycles of knowledge processes. This has important effects on the absorptive capacity of the involved parts of the project and the amount of information and knowledge that the project can digest. This paper discusses different knowledge-entrainment mechanisms and their effects on the role and practice of project management. Empirical data from an LST project in Posten, one of Northern Europe’s largest messaging and logistics operators, illustrate the model. The paper contributes to the analysis of the relationships between knowledge integration and time, particularly in LST projects.     

Technology management in the air express industry-a case study

The air express industry moves not only physical packages but also shipment information. Keen market competition means that only those operating in an excellent quality environment will survive. Technology management is one major ingredient to help achieving quality excellence. The article discusses materials, methods and IT innovations, with real-life illustrations drawn from the DHL organisation in the Asia Pacific region