一种新的数字阵列雷达接收机技术

高速ADC和先进DSP器件的进展使数字波束形成智能天线的实现成为现实。在传统的M单元天线阵系统中,每一单元都有各自的接收通道和ADC,设备量大。文中提出了一种适合于多通道数字阵列雷达接收系统的新型数字接收机结构,其主要思想是基于多个不同信号的带通采样原理实现数字阵列雷达接收机,新接收机结构使IF接收通道和基带采样ADC显著减少,功耗大大降低。阐述了数字阵列接收的数据模型和工作原理,分析了多信号带通采样信号频率和采样率的关系,给出了采样率选取的约束条件。新接收机在降低设备量的同时,还减小了接收系统通道间幅一相不一致性失真。     

Cascaded Complex ADCs With Adaptive Digital Calibration for $I/Q$ Mismatch

A complex analog-to-digital converter (ADC) intended for digital intermediate frequency (IF) receiver applications digitizes analog signals at IFs with excellent power/bandwidth efficiency. However, it is vulnerable to mismatches between its in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) paths that can dramatically degrade its performance. The proposed solution mitigates I/Q mismatch effects using a complex sigma-delta (SigmaDelta) modulator cascaded with 9-bit pipeline converters in each of the I and Q paths. The quantization noise of the first stage complex modulator is eliminated using an adaptive scheme to calibrate finite-impulse response digital filters in the digital noise-cancellation logic block. Although low-pass SigmaDelta cascade ADCs are widely used because of their inherent stability and high-order noise shaping, the complex bandpass cascade architecture introduced herein maintains these advantages and doubles the noise shaping bandwidth. Digital calibration also reduces the effects of analog circuit limitations such as finite operational amplifier gain, which enables high performance and low power consumption with high-speed deep-submicrometer CMOS technology. Behavioral simulations of the complex SigmaDelta/pipeline cascade bandpass ADC using the adaptive digital calibration algorithm predict a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 78 dB over a 20-MHz signal bandwidth at a sampling rate of 160 MHz in the presence of a 1% I/Q mismatch.     

基于QPSK的智能天线固定多波束基带DBF算法

射频(RF)波束形成算法,难以直接采用数字信号处理(DSP)技术,实时完成数字波束形成(DBF)计算.对于相移键控(PSK)调制方式,本文认为RF波束形成算法可等效在基带实现.针对四相相移键控(QPSK)调制方式,本文提出了一种新的智能天线固定多波束基带DBF算法.与RF波束形成算法相比,提出的算法可实现同样的辐射方向图,但需要的计算量却大幅度地降低.基带DBF算法,使智能天线的实现更为简单、应用更为灵活、性能更为优良,对推动智能天线技术实用化发展具有重大意义.     

Compensation of RF impairment in multi-band receiver based on RF sub-sampling

This paper is studied about multi-band receiver using sub-sampling and time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques. Software defined radio (SDR) has a goal that places the analog to digital converter (ADC) as near the antenna as possible. But current technique actually cannot process ADC about radio frequency (RF) band signals. So one method is being studied that samples RF band signals to intermediate frequency (IF) band. As one of the ways, sub-sampling technique can convert signals from RF band to IF band without oscillator. If sub-sampling technique is used, over 2 bands can convert signals from RF band to IF band. However, due to the filter performance in RF band, it is possible that interference is generated between signals that are converted to low frequency band. And the problem degrades performance. In this paper, we propose one method that uses TDM technique as a solution to avoid interference between signals. By processing TDM and sub-sampling at the same time, the method can get signals without large changes from the conventional structures.     

带通采样在数字多通道中频接收机中的应用

论述了带通信号采样定理,在对带通采样后的频谱结构做了详细分析的基础上,提出中频频率、采样频率的选取方法。将带通欠采样技术运用到软件无线电中频接收机设计中,并给出了带通采样定理在的不同条件下Matlab仿真的结果,验证了带通采样技术在宽带数字多通道、多速率、多模式软件无线电中频接收机设计中的可行性和实用性,在工程应用中具有较大的参考意义。     

Code-modulated path-sharing multi-antenna receivers: theory and analysis

Conventional multi-antenna receiver front-ends require multiple RF/baseband chains and analog-to-digital converters (ADC). This increases power consumption and chip area substantially. In this letter, we introduce a new Code-Modulated Path-Sharing Multi-Antenna (CPMA) receiver architecture suitable for any multi-antenna scheme including spatial multiplexing, spatial diversity, and beamforming. The receiver uses code modulation to distinguish the antenna signals before combining them in the analog domain. The combined signal propagates through shared-path blocks and all the original signals are later recovered in the digital domain for further processing. Due to the spread spectrum nature of code modulation, a larger bandwidth is needed for the blocks in the shared path. To alleviate this effect, the use of non-orthogonal coding is examined. An effective channel matrix is derived and the system capacity is evaluated in terms of the cross-correlation between signature codes. Implementation and code selection issues are discussed. Analysis and simulation results indicate that by properly selecting non-orthogonal code sets, the spreading factor, and therefore, the overall analog signal bandwidth is reduced while incurring minimal performance degradation.     

A novel method for down-conversion of multiple bandpass signals

Simultaneous down-conversion of multiple band-pass signals is desirable for a number of wireless applications. Bandpass sampling technique can be used for this purpose, but it is difficult to implement and has several drawbacks. In this paper we propose a novel front-end technique to directly down-convert multiple frequency- division multiplexed (FDM) signals separated by certain minimum frequency. A special downconversion function is derived to achieve simultaneous downconversion of the received signals. The technique requires simpler bandpass filters and the ADC has a baseband input as compared to bandpass sampling, which imposes strict requirements on bandpass filters and requires an ADC which can handle RF inputs. The performance of the method has been evaluated by simulating a BPSK receiver employing this technique.     

一个基于软件无线电的智能天线接收系统

智能天线技术是第三代移动通信中的核心技术之一,最初主要应用于雷达和军用抗干扰通信。随着软件无线电技术的发展,采用全数字处理,在基带通过对接收和发送信号的波束赋形,可以极大提高无线通信系统的容量和抗干扰能力。文中在讨论智能天线的基本原理和设计思路的基础上,提出并实现了一个适于扩频通信的智能天线接收系统。系统硬件平台的搭建以及固定波束形成的实现,为以后的软件算法的性能评估打下了基础。     

A novel smart antenna system implementation for broad-band wirelesscommunications

A novel design of smart antenna system with adaptive beamforming capability is introduced for broad-band wireless communication. To achieve high data throughput of the multi-antenna system, a parallel analog-digital (A/D) signal processing scheme is proposed. The essential idea is to realize the real-time beamforming using heterodyne RF and IF circuitry. The bottleneck of digital signal processor (DSP) I/O and processing speed is thus relieved, while the advanced signal processing capability of the DSP chip is utilized. Based on this idea, a 5.8 GHz smart antenna receiver is implemented. Various experiments are carried out to examine the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation, beam synthesis, and bit error rate (BER) performances of the system. A 20-Mb/s data throughput using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation is demonstrated for this eight-element adaptive array     

Relationship between ADC performance and requirements of digital-IF receiver for WCDMA base-station

The recent rapid development of digital wireless systems has led to the need for multistandard, multichannel radiofrequency (RF) transceivers. The paper presents the relationship between the performance of a bandpass-sampling analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and the requirements of a digital intermediate-frequency receiver for a wideband code-division multiple-access (WCDMA) base-station. As such, the ADC signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the derivation of the receiver sensitivity using the SNR/spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of the ADC, the effect of the ADC clock jitter and receiver linearity, plus the relationship between the receiver IF and the ADC sampling frequency are all analyzed. As a result, when a WCDMA base-station receiver has a data rate of 12.2 kbps, bit error rate (BER) of 0.001, and channel index, k, of 5 (sampling frequency of 122.88 MHz and IF of 92.16 MHz), the performance of a bandpass-sampling ADC was analytically determined to require a resolution of 14 bits or more, SNR of 66.6 dB or more, SFDR of 86.5 dBc or more, and total jitter of 0.2 ps or less, including internal ADC jitters and clock jitters.     

强干扰情况下用于CDMA系统的时空域联合处理

本文提出了一个时空域联合处理技术来对抗码分多址通信系统中的多址干扰.它由智能天线和多用户联合检测结合而成,智能天线可以压制与有用信号来向不同的干扰,余下的与用户信号来向相同的干扰可以被多用户联合检测系统消除.这种结构在干扰严重的信道仍能得到令人满意的效果.     

Electronically scanned RF-to-bits beam aperture arrays using 2-D IIR spatially bandpass digital filters

A beamforming system based on two-dimensional (2-D) spatially bandpass infinite impulse response (IIR) plane wave filtering is presented in a multi-dimensional signal processing perspective and the implementation details are discussed. Real-time implementation of such beamforming systems requires modeling of computational electromagnetics for the antennas, radio frequency (RF) analog design aspects for low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), mixed-signal aspects for signal quantization and sampling and finally, digital architectures for the spatially bandpass plane wave filters proposed in Joshi et al. (IEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr Syst 20(12):2241–2254, 2012). Multi-dimensional spatio-temporal spectral properties of down-converted RF plane wave signals are reviewed and derivation of the spatially bandpass filter transfer function is presented. An example of a wideband antipodal Vivaldi antenna is simulated at 1 GHz. Potential RF receiver chains are identified including a design of a tunable combline microstrip bandpass filter with tuning range 0.8–1.1 GHz. The 1st-order sensitivity analysis of the beam filter 2-D $\mathbf z $ -domain transfer function shows that for a 12-bits of fixed-point precision, the maximum percentage error in the 2-D magnitude frequency response due to quantization is as low as $0.3\,\%$ . Monte-Carlo simulations are used to study the effect of quantization on the bit error rate (BER) performance of the beamforming system. 5-bit analog to digital converter (ADC) precision with 8-bit internal arithmetic precision provides a gain of approximately 16 dB for a BER of $10^{-3}$ with respect to the no beamforming case. ASIC Synthesis results of the beam filter in 45 nm CMOS verifies a real time operating frequency of 429 MHz.     

孔径抖动对中频采样系统信噪比影响的研究

孔径抖动对中频(或射频)带通采样系统信噪比的影响非常严重.理论上,尽管相同带宽的中频信号和基带信号可以用相同的频率进行采样,但中频采样受孔径抖动等因素的影响更大,其采样技术要求也更高.如果在中频采样系统中解决不好孔径抖动问题,很可能根本采集不到正确的信号.本文通过分析孔径抖动产生的原因,孔径抖动与ADC (模数转换器)的信噪比以及与被采样信号上限频率之间的关系,找出了由孔径抖动决定的被采样信号的上限频率与ADC模拟带宽之间存在差距的原因,并发现了过采样率与处理增益及孔径抖动之间的关系.最后,介绍了几项减小孔径抖动的具体措施.     

Direct downconversion of multiband RF signals using bandpass sampling

Abstract-Bandpass sampling can be used by radio receivers to directly digitize the radio frequency (RF) signals. Although the bandpass sampling theory for single-band RF signals is well established, its counterpart for multiband RF signals is relatively immature. In this paper, we propose a novel and efficient method to find the ranges of valid bandpass sampling frequency for direct downconverting multiband RF signals. Simple formulas for the ranges of valid bandpass sampling frequency in terms of the frequency locations of the multiple RF bands are derived. The result can be used to design a multiband receiver for software defined radios.     

机场天气雷达双通道数字中频处理系统的实现

机场天气雷达要求能够从复杂的天气环境中识别不同的天气状况以保障航空飞行安全,其接收机大动态以及抗噪性能设计对雷达至关重要。在分析模数转换器（ADC）对雷达中频接收机动态范围制约的基础上,根据中频带通采样和数字下变频的原理,实现了基于现场可编程门阵列的双通道ADC采样数字中频处理系统,并给出了系统的设计原理、方法以及测试结果。通过对双通道ADC采样的数字中频处理系统的实现,能够很好地提高天气雷达接收机的动态范围,并应用于机场多普勒天气雷达数字中频接收机。     

基于24 GHz FMCW 雷达的二维近场成像系统

为进行隐藏危险金属制品的安检,文中提出了一种24 GHz 低成本毫米波成像系统。该系统采用低成 本24 GHz 商用调频连续波(FMCW)雷达作为扫描源,在方位角和仰角上合成大孔径,使用二维十字扫描平台,经 FMCW 雷达信号处理以及合成孔径雷达(SAR)处理使隐藏物体成像。低成本的射频外设只提供了一路中频实信号 供ADC 采样量化,在图像重建中,文中提出将单路ADC 采样量化后的中频数字信号通过希尔伯特变换成复信号,对 复信号加布莱克曼窗优化频谱,再对信号序列补零以减小频域栅栏效应,后采用空间匹配滤波器补偿相位偏差,通 过FMCW 雷达近场成像原理对目标成像。改进后的算法适用于低成本的雷达前端系统,只需一路ADC 采集的中频 数字信号即可使成像系统达到理论的合成孔径成像分辨率。     

A highly digitized multimode receiver architecture for 3G mobiles

A highly digitized multimode receiver architecture is described. It is configured primarily for the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) modes, but has the potential to operate in other modes such as cdma2000 as well. The receiver uses a single down conversion to mix the RF signal to a zero intermediate frequency (IF) for UMTS mode and a low IF for GSM. It uses a reconfigurable analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to digitize the IF signals as early as possible and to transfer most of the channel filtering into the digital domain. Only a minimum of automatic gain control (AGC) is employed. The architecture aims to maximize reuse of common hardware and to make significant gains in terms of design costs, size, and adaptability. System simulations confirm the feasibility and performance of the new concept.     

一种适用于电视频段的接收系统

提出了一种基于软件无线电思想的硬件接收系统.该系统主要由射频电视信号接收高频头、模拟中频处理单元、宽带A/D转换单元、数字下变频器和高速信号处理器组成.针对电视信号的特点,给出了模拟中频增益分配方案、中频采样方案和数字下变频方案.经过现场测试,接收系统能够检测到正在广播的电视信号并且具有传输电视信号的能力.该系统硬件结...     

Array Calibration for CDMA Smart Antenna Systems

In this paper, we investigate array calibration algorithms to derive a further improved version for correcting antenna array errors and RF transceiver errors in CDMA smart antenna systems. The structure of a multi‐channel RF transceiver with a digital calibration apparatus and its calibration techniques are presented, where we propose a new RF receiver calibration scheme to minimize interference of the calibration signal on the user signals. The calibration signal is injected into a multichannel receiver through a calibration signal injector whose array response vector is controlled in order to have a low correlation with the antenna response vector of the receive signals. We suggest a model‐based antenna array calibration to remove the antenna array errors including mutual coupling errors or to predict the element patterns from the array manifold measured at a small number of angles. Computer simulations and experiment results are shown to verify the calibration algorithms.     

A compact digital beamforming SMILE array for mobile communications

A compact spatial multiplexing of local elements (SMILE) scheme smart antenna array with adaptive beamforming is presented. Low-noise amplifiers are implemented as switching elements to maintain a low system noise figure and allow fast switching. The switching scheme effectively reduces N RF channels to one, reducing the amount of costly RF hardware by a factor of N. The sampling rate must be higher than the signal bandwidth based on the Nyquist criterion to ensure proper restoration of the original signal. Measured data for destination of arrival estimation, beamforming, and digital data recovery demonstrate the capability and benefits of digital beamforming with this architecture.